Ch 1,2,3, 4 Questions
A recent review of the entire literature on social psychology concluded that the situational effect was about ________.
. .20
The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.
B
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
It is not controlled.
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance
L
One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?
Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms
Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data.
S
When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits ________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.
S data; B data
Based on recent research, what is likely to happen when an aggressive person plays a competitive multiplayer video game?
The aggressive person will evoke aggression from the other players.
What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?
Two
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and FAILS to find a statistically significant correlation between exercise and weight loss. However, there is a real association between exercise and weight loss in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?
Type II
Personality psychology shares with clinical psychology________.
a common obligation to try to understand the whole person
Reliability is ________ for validity.
a necessary but not sufficient condition
Which of the following is good practice for interpreting correlations? a. finding a method that demonstrates the size of the correlation in a concrete manner b. using terms such as small, medium, and large to describe the effect size c. simply looking at the sign of the correlation and ignoring the actual value d. squaring the value, so that you can interpret the value more easily
a.
Individuals in which age group are likely to have the greatest amount of stability in their personality traits?
adults between the ages of 50 and 70
The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.
aggregate your measurements
A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________.
as an example of a very small effect size
What is the psychological triad?
behavior, thoughts, feelings
A teacher is mistakenly told that one of his students is intellectually gifted. However, by the end of the year, this student has actually made substantial gains in her standardized test scores. This is an example of what psychological phenomenon?
behavioral confirmation
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality? a. psychoanalytic c. assessment b. learning d. phenomenological
c.
Which of the following is an example of L data? a. a description of Terry's personality provided by her mother b. an observer's count of the number of times Terry laughs during a videotaped laboratory interaction c. the number of times Terry has been hospitalized d. Terry's response of "True" to the questionnaire item "I enjoy interacting with other people"
c.
According to the text, the tendency of a group of people who lived at a particular time to differ in some way from those who lived earlier or later is called a ________.
cohort effect
Citizenship behavior at work is predicted by which trait?
conscientiousness
The Binomial Effect Size Display is a method for illustrating ________.
correlation coefficients
The traditional practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is affected by the situation has been to ________.
determine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 100 percent, and then assign that value to the situation
Based on recent research, what activity might signal a major concern when selecting a stockbroker?
evidence that the broker loses big money at poker games
The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.
expectancy
Because Jesse's teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school's achievement test than any other student. Jesse's enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.
expectancy effect
As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.
experience sampling
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
experimental
Peer acceptance is associated with what trait?
extraversion
Funder believes that it is easy to characterize findings from large literatures
f
Henry Murray wrote the book Personality and Assessment.
f
Individuals high in the trait of extraversion tend to die younger than individuals who are lower in extraversion.
f
Situationists are often concerned with precisely calculating how much situations affect behavior.
f
Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.
generalizability
According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.
indicators; clues
The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.
individual differences
Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are noteworthy because this work ________.
is credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as important as situational factors in behavioral prediction
I data are ________.
judgments made by knowledgeable observers
Someone who is ________ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to the next.
low in self-monitoring
The behavioral measurements used in the studies reviewed by Mischel were ________.
nearly all gathered in laboratory settings
According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward ________.
paper clips
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
people are inconsistent
What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
performance-based personality tests
According to recent research, individuals high in ________ might actually be more consistent.
preference for consistency
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.
reliable
Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________
reliable but not valid measure of intelligence
Egon Brunswik's concept that research should be designed to sample across all of the domains (e.g., people, methods, and stimuli) to which the investigator wishes to apply the results is referred to as ________.
representative design
Agreeableness is negatively associated with criminal behavior.
t
Individuals low on hostility are less likely to evoke laboratory aggression in a competitive game than individuals high on hostility.
t
Situationists are often concerned with precisely calculating how much situations affect behavior.
t
The person-situation debate reflects deep-seated views about human nature.
t
The trait of neuroticism is associated with unhappiness.
t
There is a tendency to equate a situationist perspective with a more optimistic view of the world.
t
A major disadvantage of L data is ________.
that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality
The number between -1 and +1 that indexes the linear association between any two variables is called ________.
the correlation coefficient
The situationist argument holds that ________.
thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict behavior from personality, situations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior, our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed
According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.
to teach what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
Personality psychologists who adhere to the ________ approach focus on identifying, conceptualizing, and measuring the ways in which people differ psychologically from one another.
trait
In observing human behavior, it is impossible to ________.
understand everything about a person all at once
