CH 13 A&P2 unit 4
14) Cells of the adrenal medulla are closely associated with preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
3) The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
9) The thalamus controls the secretion of pituitary hormones. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
A tropic hormone prevents endocrine glands from releasing their hormones thereby maintaining homeostasis. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
Human growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and travels via the bloodstream to affect target cells all throughout the body. Thus it is an autocrine secretion. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
23) A sweat gland is an example of a(n) __________ gland. A) exocrine B) paracrine C) endocrine D) autocrine
A
25) How can a hormone have effects on some cells but not on other cells? A) Because target cell receptors are unique for each hormone. B) Because target cell receptors are found near the endocrine gland. C) Because target cell receptors are only present during certain times. D) Because target cell receptors bind certain neurotransmitters and hormones.
A
29) Which of the following is true for steroid hormones? A) They are soluble in lipids. B) They circulate free in the blood not bound to any carriers. C) Their receptors are found on the cell membranes of target cells. D) They include epinephrine and norepinephrine.,
A
31) How does a nonsteroid hormone effect change in a target cell? A) By causing synthesis of a second messenger B) By stimulating cell division C) By promoting phagocytosis D) By directly stimulating protein synthesis
A
37) What can cause upregulation of a target cell's receptors? A) Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone B) Prolonged elevated concentration of a hormone C) Signals from inhibitory hormones D) Signals from the posterior pituitary
A
46) What is an action of growth hormone? A) Enhances the movement of amino acids into cells B) Increases the rate of carbohydrate use C) Stimulates the reabsorption of sodium D) Decreases the rate at which the body uses fat for energy
A
47) A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that results in low estrogen production causing her to skip menstrual periods and not to ovulate. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone? A) Follicle-stimulating hormone B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone C) Prolactin-releasing factor D) Growth hormone,
A
51) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the _________. A) intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland B) anterior lobe of the pituitary gland C) pineal gland D) the hypothalamus
A
59) Dopamine, released from the __________, inhibits secretion of prolactin. A) hypothalamus B) anterior pituitary C) posterior pituitary D) adrenal cortex
A
61) Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it's a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is a hormone Kristin will need to be supplemented with? A) Cholecalciferol B) Triiodothyronine C) Calcitonin D) Thyroxine
A
67) What is the cause infantile hypothyroidism? A) A deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth B) Hyperthyroidism in an adult C) Hypothyroidism in an adult D) Lack of prolactin
A
72) What hormone stimulates calcium deposition into bone? A) Calcitonin B) Parathyroid hormone C) Thyroxine D) Insulin
A
74) Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to __________. A) conserve sodium and excrete potassium B) excrete sodium and conserve potassium C) excrete sodium and potassium D) conserve sodium and potassium
A
76) Why is cortisol useful in controlling inflammatory reactions? A) Cortisol decreases the permeability of capillaries. B) Cortisol increases synthesis of prostaglandins. C) Cortisol destabilizes lysosomal membranes. D) Cortisol decreases blood flow to area of inflammation.
A
79) What is the action of insulin? A) Decreases concentration of blood glucose B) Decreases permeability of cell membranes to glucose C) Increases breakdown of glycogen to release glucose D) Increases concentration of blood glucose
A
81) Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? A) Pancreas B) Anterior pituitary C) Liver D) Thyroid gland
A
Diane has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes physiological effects she that might develop? A) Fatty acids and ketone bodies will accumulate in her blood if she forgets/refuses her treatment. B) She will urinate less frequently. C) An excessive amount of glucose enters skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes. D) She may develop hypoglycemia.
A
Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. What effect did alcohol have on the hormonal control of urination? A) It inhibited secretion of ADH. B) It stimulated secretion of ADH. C) It inhibited secretion of ACTH. D) It stimulated secretion of ACTH.
A
Removal of the anterior pituitary gland would affect the functioning of which gland(s) or structure(s)? A) Thyroid gland B) Pancreatic islet cells C) Adrenal medulla D) Parathryoid glands
A
What is a cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus? A) A deficiency of insulin B) An insensitivity of cells to insulin C) An excess production of glucagon D) An infection
A
When comparing levels of ACTH in the blood, ACTH levels during times of stress would be _________ during times of relaxation. A) higher than B) lower than C) the same as
A
20) Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed _________. A) endocrine B) paracrine C) exocrine D) autocrine
B
21) During early embryonic development a protein called sonic hedgehog is released from a cell and travels through the interstitial fluid to nearby cells. This helps to establish the path and direction of development for the nervous system and limbs. Knowing this, sonic hedgehog must be a(n) __________ signal. A) endocrine B) paracrine C) autocrine D) nervous,
B
24) What does "endocrine" mean? A) Hormone synthesis B) Internal secretion C) Acts upon target cells D) Fast-acting compound
B
26) What is a function of hormones? A) To catalyze reactions by physically bringing two reactants closer together B) To stimulate growth reproduction, and development C) To protect the body by fighting of diseases D) To generate action potentials to send signals through the body,
B
27) Compared to the nervous system the endocrine system __________. A) does not use receptors B) may have a longer lasting effect C) effects are immediate D) is not essential to life,
B
33) Along with insulin amylin is a hormone that a diabetic pancreas fails to produce. It is comprised of a long chain of amino acids. It cannot cross the cell membrane, so it binds to a receptor on the cell surface to elicit an action. Which hormone class is amylin? A) A steroid hormone B) A protein hormone C) A peptide hormone D) A prostaglandin,
B
35) Where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized? A) Posterior pituitary B) Hypothalamus C) Thalamus D) Anterior pituitary
B
38) What can cause downregulation of a target cell? A) Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone B) Prolonged elevated concentration of a hormone C) Signals from inhibitory hormones D) Signals from the posterior pituitary
B
39) What controls most hormone concentrations? A) Positive feedback B) Negative feedback C) Musclecontraction D) Exposure tosun
B
40) Choose the example that demonstrates a positive feedback loop of hormonal control. B) Pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix. They stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. This causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. Hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease.
B
42) A hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour __________ percent of the original number of molecules remains. A) 0 B) 12.5 C) 25 D) 50,
B
48) Where are the target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones located? A) Adrenal cortex B) Anterior pituitary gland C) Posterior pituitary gland D) Thyroid gland
B
49) Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion? A) Oxytocin B) Prolactin C) Antidiuretic hormone D) Melatonin
B
55) Why is oxytocin administered to women during childbirth? A) To inhibit milk production B) To stimulate uterine contractions C) To inhibit uterine contractions D) To stimulate ACTH production
B
57) Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the __________. A) pancreas B) liver C) spleen D) pituitary gland
B
64) Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of what condition? A) Hypothyroidism B) Hyperthyroidism C) Hypoparathyroidism D) Hyperparathyroidism
B
66) What is an action of the thyroid hormone? A) To reduce the rate at which carbohydrates are utilized B) To enhance the rate at which proteins are synthesized C) To inhibit responses of the nervous system D) To inhibit the rate at which calcium enters body fluids
B
68) What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism? A) Low blood level of calcium B) A tumor C) A traumatic injury D) Surgical removal of the thyroid gland
B
71) What is the primary control for the secretion of parathyroid hormone? A) Hormone from the hypothalamus B) Concentration of blood calcium C) Hormone from the thyroid gland D) Hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
B
77) Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to __________. A) Cushing syndrome B) Addison disease C) a buffalo hump D) a moon face
B
78) What is a result of Addison disease? A) Hyperactivity and high metabolism B) Decreased blood sodium levels C) Decreased blood potassium levels D) Increased blood glucose levels
B
83) What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? A) Dopamine B) Melatonin C) Epinephrine D) Beta endorphin
B
A 78-year-old male takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. Why might he be disappointed with the results? A) Because GH increases the red blood cell supply, raising blood pressure. B) Because GH decreases fat and increases muscle mass, but does not improve strength. C) Because GH will make him urinate more often. D) Because GH increases the risk of developing cancer
B
Dave has diabetes mellitus. If untreated, which of the following describes how the disease affects his bodily fluids? A) He urine has protein in it. B) His urine has high osmotic pressure. C) He urinates less than the average person. D) His blood sugar is low if untreated.
B
Molecules that are produced within one tissue that then regulate another tissue within the same organ are called _________ secretions. A) autocrine B) paracrine C) endocrine D) exocrine
B
What stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex? A) Thyroid hormone B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone C) Antidiuretic hormone D) Epinephrine
B
Which control pathway was responsible for the adrenaline release Goldilocks experienced when she woke up surrounded by three bears? A) A hormone stimulated the release of another hormone. B) The nervous system directly stimulated an endocrine gland. C) Changing plasma levels of a substance directly stimulated an endocrine gland.
B
With age, levels of GH _________ and levels of ADH __________. A) increase; decrease B) decrease; increase C) decrease; decrease D) increase; increase
B
19) A hormone is a __________ and the target cell is __________. A) protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions B) regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes hormones C) molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones D) molecule; a cell that does not have receptors
C
22) How do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands? A) Exocrine glands secrete substances into the bloodstream. B) Exocrine glands secrete local hormones. C) Exocrine glands secrete through ducts or tubes to a free surface. D) Exocrine glands only secrete salts.
C
30) Nonsteroid hormones cause __________ in their target cells. A) conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP B) decomposition of cyclic AMP C) activation of adenylate cyclase D) inactivation of adenylate cyclase
C
34) Estradiol is a type of estrogen whose hormone effects promote female sex characteristics. Its structure consists of various carbon-hydrogen rings and it is a lipid but not a prostaglandin. Knowing the structure, how would you expect this hormone to cause a response in a target cell? A) Estradiol will bind to a receptor on the surface of its target cell, causing a secondary messenger to be activated. B) Estradiol will act as a second messenger in a receptor-mediated pathway after a primary messenger binds to a membrane receptor. C) Estradiol will enter the target cell and bind to an intercellular receptor, causing a change in gene expression. D) Estradiol will act as a paracrine signal and inactivate adenylate cyclase inside the cell, stopping production of cAMP.,
C
41) A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a __________. A) short half-life B) no half-life C) long half-life D) whole life
C
43) What are tropic hormones? A) Hormones that function in the tropics B) Hormones that function in only one sex C) Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones D) Hormones that block the actions of other hormones
C
45) A patient develops a cyst in the pars intermedia as a child which grows over time. The resulting shape of the cyst puts significant pressure only on the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes defective hormonal production and secretion. Which of the following symptoms would you predict? A) The patient will produce and secrete less estrogen than normal and won't ovulate regularly. B) The patient will have hypothyroidism since the thyroid gland will not be stimulated to release its hormones. C) The patient will have abnormal/high risk labors and may be forced to undergo Csections instead of vaginal labor due to weak uterine contractions. D) The patient will have muscle weakness and other effects of low protein production.
C
50) What is another name for antidiuretic hormone? A) Intermedin B) Oxytocin C) Vasopressin D) Aldosterone
C
58) Growth hormone stimulates the release of __________. A) TGF B) PTH C) IGF-1 D) FSH
C
60) How do the hormones T3 and T4 differ? A) T 4 has a higher free concentration in the plasma than T 3. B) T 4 is more important physiologically than T 3. C) T 4 is converted to T 3 in peripheral tissues. D) T 4 is more potent than T 3.
C
70) In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, identify another symptom of hypoparathyroidism. A) Decreased vitamin D concentration B) Increased PTH secretion C) Muscle cramps D) Kidney stones
C
75) What is the action of cortisol? A) To increase the permeability of capillary walls B) To increase the permeability of lysosomal membranes C) To stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates D) To promote the storage of amino acids in the form of proteins
C
80) What is the action of glucagon? A) Increased production of fat B) Increased permeability of the cell membrane to glucose C) Increased blood glucose concentration D) Increased in glycogen production
C
82) Where is the pineal gland located? A) Behind the thyroid gland B) Attached to an adrenal gland C) Attached to the thalamus D) In the pancreas
C
A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their __________, which is controlled by the hormone __________. A) metabolic rate; thyroxine B) circulatory system; dopamine C) circadian rhythm; melatonin D) limbic system; thymosin
C
As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine __________ and blood concentrations of cortisol _________. A) increase; decrease B) decrease; increase C) increase; increase D) decrease; decrease
C
Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________. A) insulin deficiency B) excess insulin C) ADH deficiency D) excess ADH
C
In response to high blood calcium levels, the thyroid gland releases a hormone that works to lower blood calcium. This is an example of which endocrine control method? A) The hypothalamus and pituitary stimulate a peripheral endocrine gland. B) The nervous system stimulates a gland directly. C) Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly.
C
The use of erythropoietin (EPO) is banned for use by Olympic and professional ahtletes. Why would an athlete what to take EPO? A) EPO decreases the number of red blood cells. B) EPO increases the number of white blood cells. C) EPO increases the number of red blood cells. D) EPO adds protein to plasma.
C
What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus? A) Excess sugar in the diet B) Obesity C) A disorder of the immune system D) An effect of aging
C
28) What do all hormones have in common? A) They are steroids. B) They are proteins. C) They are inorganic compounds. D) They are organic compounds.
D
32) What is the effect of a steroid hormone binding to a receptor in a target cell? A) It causes a second messenger to be formed. B) It causes the cell to divide. C) It promotes phagocytosis of the cell. D) It directly causes protein synthesis.
D
36) An upregulated cell has an increase in __________. A) the amount of DNA in the nucleus B) the number of molecules the cell secretes C) the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors D) the number of receptors available for binding
D
44) What do nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete? A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone C) Growth hormone D) Antidiuretic hormone
D
52) Concentration of growth hormone is not constant throughout life. When do fluctuations in blood levels occur? A) Increases in females after menopause B) Varies greatly in males during adulthood C) Decreases at puberty and increases after adolescence D) Increases at puberty and levels off after adolescence
D
56) ADH and oxytocin are secreted by __________. A) neuromuscular cells B) neurons C) neuroglia D) neurosecretory cells
D
62) What is a common symptom of Graves' Disease? A) Weight gain B) Increased thirst C) Decreased appetite D) Goiter
D
63) What endocrine gland secretes triiodothyronine? A) Adrenal gland B) Pancreas C) Parathyroid gland D) Thyroid gland
D
65) Graves' disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by __________. A) a lack of iodine B) an excess of iodine C) an improper diet D) an autoimmune disorder
D
69) The opposing roles of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secretion? A) The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will increase. B) The amount of calcium ions in the blood will increase and the amount of phosphate ions will decrease. C) The amount of calcium ions in the blood will decrease and the amount of phosphate ions will increase. D) The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease.
D
73) Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla? A) Mineralocorticoid B) Glucocorticoid C) Aldosterone D) Epinephrine
D
The thymus gland secretes hormones called __________ that __________. A) thyroxines;control metabolism B) melatonins;control circadian rhythms C) prostaglandins; control skeletal muscle strength D) thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells
D
Which of the following will increase as a result to stress? A) Activity of the spleen and other lymphatic organs B) Number of lymphocytes in the blood C) Resistance to infections D) Blood pressure
D
Nonsteroid hormones include peptides proteins, glycoproteins, and amines. ⊚ true ⊚ false,
True
11) Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
13) Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts. ⊚ true ⊚ false
false
10) Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
12) If an abnormal thyroid gland were to develop without extrafollicular cells secretion of calcitonin would be severely diminshed. ⊚ true ⊚ false,
true
15) The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are amines. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
16) The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
17) Norepinephrine and epinephrine are amines. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
18) A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
4) If the adrenal medulla were to lose the ability to secrete hormones, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate would be affected. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
6) Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors whereas nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on the target cell membrane. ⊚ true ⊚ false,
true
8) The target cells of hypothalamic releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
A hormone is a molecule secreted into the bloodstream that acts on target cells that have the specific receptors for that hormone. ⊚ true ⊚ false
true
