Ch 13 - Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves (ultimate study)

The direct pathways

-convey impulses for voluntary motor contraction -are the lateral and anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts -originate in the cerebral cortex

Reflexes help to control

-digestive activities. -heart rate. -blood pressure. -respiratory rate.

reflex

-fast -automatic -unplanned -integrated in the brain stem or spinal cord

reflex

-may activate skeletal muscles -may activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands -may be for protection -may regulate homeostasis

The accessory nerve

-provides innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. -has both a cranial and a spinal component. -is cranial nerve XI. -has fibers that join the vagus nerve.

In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes I. contraction of the effector muscle. II. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. III. contraction of the antagonist muscle. IV. relaxation of the effector muscle. 1 only 2 only 3 only 4 only 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 4

1 and 2

Spinal nerves I. Are part of the PNS. II. connect the CNS to sensory receptors and effectors in all parts of the body. III. are named according to the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge. IV. are mixed nerves. V. only transmit sensory information. VI. only transmit motor information. 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 6 1 and 3 1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off? (1) muscles of the back are stretched (2) the muscle spindle is stretched (3) action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase (4) action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase (5) skeletal muscle of the back contract

1,2,3,4,5

A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? 1 2 3 4 5 1

2

In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes I. contraction of the effector muscle. II. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. III. contraction of the antagonist muscle. IV. relaxation of the effector muscle. 1 only 2 only 3 only 4 only 3 and 4 1 and 2

3 and 4

Place the reflex arc components in order from detecting a stimulus to response. I. motor neuron II. effector III. sensory neuron IV. integration center V. sensory receptor 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 2, 1, 4, 3, 5

5, 3, 4, 1, 2

Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) motor neuron (2) interneuron (3) effector (4) sensory neuron (5) sensory receptor

5, 4, 2, 1, 3

Christopher Reeve, a famous actor and competitive equestrian, suffered fractures to the top two vertebra and could not breathe without the help of a respirator. Which of the nerves in this diagram were likely damaged? A C D E G

A

In this diagram, respiratory distress can occur if damage occurs to which group of spinal nerves? A C E F H

A

ipsilateral

A crossed extensor reflex is all of the following except ipsilateral polysynaptic intersegmental contralateral

monosynaptic

A flexor reflex is all of the following except ipsilateral intersegmental monosynaptic polysynaptic

a single sensory neuron, and a single motor neuron.

A monosynaptic reflex arc would involve a pathway consisting of

polysynaptic

A reflex arc that contains at least one association neuron is defined as

intersegmental

A reflex arc that involves more than one region of the spinal cord is defined as

plexus

A structure that contains a network of axons from several anterior rami is known as a

stretch reflex

An example of a monosynaptic reflex pathway is the

In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as incoming axons of sensory neurons? B C D H I 1

C

Spinal nerve C8 exits between which two vertebrae: C7 and C9 C7 and T1 C7 and L1 C7 and S1

C7 and T1

A pupillary reflex is integrated in the brain stem so it is classified as a ________ reflex. The smooth muscle of the iris is the effector, so this is classified as a(n) ___________. Spinal; somatic Spinal; autonomic Cranial; somatic Cranial; autonomic Spinal; visceral

Cranial; autonomic

Which of the nerves in this diagram only have anterior and posterior rami branches and do not form plexuses? A B D E G

D

Which of the nerves in this diagram would be involved with 'flexing' the chest wall to bring the ribs together? A C D E G

D

Which type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles? a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindle

Direct Pathway

In this diagram which structure is the conus medullaris? E F G H I

E

In this diagram, where is the space that contains a buoyant liquid to form a hydraulic cushion that absorbs shock? E F G H I

E

Which of the labeled structures is composed of squamous to cuboidal cells and is very vascular? D E F G H

E

A gymnast has damaged their hip flexor muscles. The nerve that innervates these muscles arise from which group of spinal nerves in this diagram? A C F H I 1

F

In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies that regulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands? B C D F H

F

In this diagram, where is the space that contains interstitial fluid? E F G H I 0

F

Which of the labeled structures would receive injections to cause loss of sensation to control pain in childbirth? B C F G H 1

F

Which of the nerves in this diagram innervates muscles that extend the toes and if damaged results in foot drop (plantar flexion)? A C F E G

F

True/False - Winged scapula is the result of a nerve that affects the interosseous muscles.

False

True/False- The lumbar enlargement extends from L1 to L4 and contains nerves that travel to and from the lower limbs.

False

True/False- The patellar reflex is an example of an autonomic reflex.

False

In the diagram which structure contains nerve roots that arise from the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal region of the spinal cord? C D E F G 0

G

In this diagram, where is the structure that adheres to the spinal cord and brain? E F G H I

G

The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the

Golgi tendon reflex

the reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the

Golgi tendon reflex.

If you had a rash on the anterior surface of your trunk, what labeled structure would serve the muscles and skin of that area? B C G H F

H

In this diagram where would somatic motor nuclei be located? B C E F H

H

In this diagram, where is the avascular structure located between the subdural and subarachnoid space? E F G H I

H

In this diagram where would the medial reticulospinal tract be located? B C H I F

I

In this diagram, which layer is the thickest protective covering? E F G H I 1

I

upper and lower limbs on one side of the body are paralyzed

If someone is a hemiplegic due to a spinal cord injury, then ___.

A

In this diagram, respiratory distress can occur if damage occurs to which group of spinal nerves?

median nerve

Injury to which nerve or nerves can result in numbness, tingling, and pain in the palm and fingers?

True

Intercostal nerves directly connect to the structures they supply while plexuses are networks of nerves that supply a general area of the body. T/F?

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex? It is a polysynaptic reflex. It involves an inhibitory interneuron. An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar reflex. It is an ipsilateral reflex.

It is a polysynaptic reflex.

-is know as sciatica -may be caused by a herniated disc -may be caused by improper administration of a gluteal intramuscular injection

Pain that extends from the buttock down the leg and possibly into the foot

Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm? Lesser occipital Transverse cervical Phrenic Anse cervicalis Supraclavicular

Phrenic

sciatic nerve

Pressure from the uterus during pregnancy sometime causes damage to the

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

A child was in a diving accident. When brought into the emergency room, the doctor used sharp and blunt objects to determine if there was any sensation on the bottom of the foot and the lateral aspect of their palm. The child stated they could not feel the stimulus in either area. What nerves were most likely damaged? L3 and C8. L5 and C6. S2 and T1. C7 and L4. S1 and C6.

S1 and C6

the location of the initiation and termination of the nerve impulses they conduct

Sensory and motor tracts within the spinal cord have names that indicate

-are mixed nerves -contain axons going to skeletal muscles -contain sensory axons carrying information from the skin -might contain autonomic motor axons

Spinal nerves in the thoracic region of the cord

A patient who has loss of pin prick sensation starting at the level of the nipple and downward on the right side would have a lesion in the spinal cord at which level? C7-C8 T4-T5 T6-T7 T10-T12 S1-S2

T6-T7

autonomic nervous system

The cardiac muscle is primarily controlled by

enteric nervous system

The digestive tract is primarily controlled by

What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?

The dorsal root has a ganglion.

axons

The endoneurium surrounds the

filum terminale and denticulate ligaments

The spinal cord is held in place by the

Why is a spinal tap performed below L2 of the spinal cord? The spinal cord is present ensuring there will be a subarachnoid space present. The spinal meninges and spinal cord are not present, ensuring no damage to the nervous system. The spinal meninges and spaces extend passed the proper spinal cord, allowing fluid to be withdrawn with a minimal risk of damage to the spinal cord. There is more space between the vertebrae in a flexed position below L2. The supracristal line is the only way to determine placement of the needle in spinal taps.

The spinal meninges and spaces extend passed the proper spinal cord, allowing fluid to be withdrawn with a minimal risk of damage to the spinal cord.

brachial

The ulnar nerve arises from which plexus?

Which of the following statements concerning the structure of spinal nerves is true?

The ventral root contains motor or efferent fibers.

the lateral and anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar

Which is NOT an indirect pathway?

phrenic

Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm?

spinal

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuron? sensory motor spinal association

crossed extensor

Which of the following reflexes is contralateral?

L1-L4

Which of the following spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

Which of the labeled structures allows doctors to safely introduce antibiotics or anesthetics and measure CSF pressure?

F

Which of the nerves in this diagram innervates muscles that extend the toes and if damaged results in foot drop (plantar flexion)?

brachial plexus

Which plexus arises from the structure labeled B in the diagram?

tendon reflex

Which reflex protects a muscle and tendon from damage due to developing excess tension (e.g. causing you to drop a heavy load)

-dermatomes covering the face are supplied by the trigeminal nerve -dermatomes may lose sensation due to spinal nerve damage -the nerve supply in adjacent dermatomes may overlap -dermatomes are areas of skin that send sensation to the brain via one pair of spinal nerves

Which statement about dermatomes is TRUE?

association/interneuron

Which type of neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord?

fasicles

Within a nerve, axons are bundled into

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves is called a dermatome. a microtome. perineurium. a fascicle. an epitome

a dermatome

A mixed spinal nerve has: a dorsal and posterior root two sizes of neurons a sensory and an afferent component a posterior and anterior root a motor and an efferent component

a posterior and anterior root

All reflexes have

a reflex arc.

During childbirth, anesthesia is administered into the epidural space of the spinal column between which of the following vertebrae? 1. L4 and L5 2. T3 and T4 3. S4 and S5 4. C3 and C4 a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) Both 1 and 4

a. 1 only

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerve is called a) a dermatome. b) a microtome. c) perineurium. d) a fascicle. e) an epitome.

a. A Dermatome

Which of the following is a degenerative disease of the spinal cord? a) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis b) shingles c) poliomyelitis d) areflexia e) all of these are degenerative diseases of the spinal cord

a. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Which white matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information? a) Ascending tracts b) Descending tracts c) Integration tracts d) Columnar tracts e) Epidural tracts

a. Ascending Tracts

Which of the following spinal nerves DOES NOT travel through an intervertebral foramen to reach its destination? a) cervical spinal nerve 1 b) thoracic spinal nerve 12 c) lumbar spinal nerve 2 d) sacral spinal nerve 1 e) cervical spinal nerve 7

a. Cervical spinal nerve 1

Which type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance? a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindles

a. Indirect Pathway

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex? a) It is a polysynaptic reflex. b) It involves an inhibitory interneuron. c) An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar reflex. d) It is an ipsilateral reflex.

a. It is a polysynaptic reflex

What spinal cord feature is the area where the nerves that supply the lower limb emerge? a) Lumbar enlargement b) Filum terminale c) Cauda equina d) Cranial nerve XII e) Cervical enlargement

a. Lumbar Enlargement

Which region of the spinal cord carries nerve impulses for proprioception? a) Posterior white column b) Anterior gray horn c) Anterior white column d) Lateral white column e) Dermatome tract

a. Posterior White Column

Which of the following lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order? a) endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium b) endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium c) perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium d) epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium

a. endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue?

accessory

Which of the following are sensory tracts: lateral spinothalamic and lateral corticospinal posterior columns and vestibulospinal anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns anterior corticospinal and anterior spinothalamic posterior spinocerebellar and lateral corticospinal

anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns

Reflex arcs

are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.

The abducens nerves

are involved in eye movement

Sensory information travels to the brain via Ascending tracts Descending tracts Integration tracts Anterior roots Direct motor pathways

ascending tracts

Which nerve innervates the muscle that abducts the arm at the shoulder and the skin overlying the deltoid? phrenic nerve axillary nerve intercostal nerve ulnar nerve common fibular nerve

axillary nerve

A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5

b. 2

Spinal nerve C8 exits between which two vertebrae: a) C7 and C9 b) C7 and T1 c) C7 and L1 d) C7 and S1

b. C7 and T1

Which of the following regions of the spinal cord contains a conspicuous enlargement? a) filum terminale b) cervical region c) thoracic region d) sacral region e) coccygeal region

b. Cervical Region

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of dermatomes? a) Can be used clinically to determine area of spinal cord damage b) Each dermatome is only served by a single spinal nerve c) Complete anesthesia of a single dermatome often requires blocking three adjacent spinal nerves d) Dermatomes are designated based on the cranial or spinal nerve that serves that area of the skin e) The dermatome serving the face is supplied by the trigeminal cranial nerve

b. Each dermatome is only served by a single spinal nerve

Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of a) arachnoid mater. b) pia mater. c) dura mater. d) interstitial fluid. e) subdural space.

b. Pia mater

A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column? a) Anterior root of spinal nerve b) Posterior root of spinal nerve c) Tectospinal tract d) Central canal e) Lateral reticulospinal tract

b. Posterior root of spinal nerve

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the posterior root ganglion? a) Sensory receptor cell b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Interneuron

b. Sensory Neuron

Which of the following is a virus infection of the peripheral nervous system caused by herpes zoster, a virus that also causes chickenpox? a) areflexia b) shingles c) poliomyelitis d) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis e) menigitis

b. Shingles

Which of the structures listed below contains cerebrospinal fluid? a) Epidural space b) Subarachnoid space c) Dural space d) Meninx e) Pia mater

b. Subarachnoid Space

The spinal cord ends between L1 and L2 at T12 at S5 at L5 between T9 and T10

between L1 and L2

What parts of a neuron within a nerve is/are wrapped in a protective endoneurium? I. Myelinated axon II. Unmyelinated axon III. Dendrites 1 only 2 only 3 only Both 1 and 2 1, 2 and 3

both 1 and 2

The ulnar nerve arises from which plexus? sacral cervical lumbar brachial

brachial

Which plexus arises from the structure labeled B in the diagram? cervical plexus brachial plexus thoracic nerves lumbar plexus sacral plexus

brachial plexus

The epineurium

bundles fascicles into nerves

Where are the spinal meninges located? 1. covering the brain 2. covering the vertebral column 3. covering the spinal cord a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) only 1 & 3

c. 3 only

Which of the following are sensory tracts: a) lateral spinothalamic and lateral corticospinal b) posterior columns and vestibulospinal c) anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns d) anterior corticospinal and anterior spinothalamic e) posterior spinocerebellar and lateral corticospinal

c. Anterior sponothalamic and posterior columns

The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the: a) filum terminale b) lumbar enlargement c) conus medullaris d) cauda equina e) spinal root

c. Conus Medullaris

Which of following is NOT a function of the spinal reflexes that use muscle spindles and tendon organs as sensors? a) Awareness of muscle tension in body b) Prevention of damage to muscles c) Protection of spinal nerves d) Prevention of damage to tendons e) Maintenance of muscle tone

c. Protection of spinal nerves

Which statement best describes reciprocal innervation: a) contraction of antagonist with simultaneous relaxation of agonist b) contraction of agonist with delayed relaxation of antagonist c) relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist d) simultaneous relaxation of agonist and antagonist e) simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist

c. Relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist

Intercostal nerves originate primarily from which area of the spine: a) cervical b) thoracic and lumbar c) thoracic d) lumbar e) sacral

c. Thoracic

Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate nerve damage.

The phrenic nerves arise from the

cervical plexuses

Which of the following spinal nerves does not travel through an intervertebral foramen to reach its destination? cervical spinal nerve 1 thoracic spinal nerve 12 lumbar spinal nerve 2 sacral spinal nerve 1 cervical spinal nerve 7 1

cervical spinal nerve 1

In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to

contract and the antagonist muscles, the hamstrings, to relax.

The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the: filum terminale lumbar enlargement conus medullaris cauda equina spinal root

conus medullaris

The spinothalamic tract

conveys impulses of pain, temperature, itch and tickle

The posterior column

conveys impulses of touch and conscious proprioception

Which type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and allows you to use your fingers for sewing and sign language? vestibulospinal tract corticospinal tract reticulospinal tract spinothalamic tract

corticospinala tract

When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called

crossed extensor reflex.

A mixed spinal nerve has: a) a dorsal and posterior root b) two sizes of neurons c) a sensory and an afferent component d) a posterior and anterior root e) a motor and an efferent component

d. A posterior and anterior root

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the spinothalamic tract? a) Begins in the spinal cord b) Terminates in the thalamus c) Found in the white matter of the spinal cord d) Carries motor information down the cord e) Is composed of multiple axons carrying information in the spinal cord

d. Carries motor information down the cord

Which of the following parts of a nervous reflex arc is usually a muscle or gland? a) Sensory receptor b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Integration center

d. Effector

Injury to the common fibular nerve results in a condition known as: a) thoracic outlet syndrome b) calcaneovalgus c) winged scapula d) foot drop

d. Foot drop

A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury? a) Dorsal scapular nerve b) Intercostal nerve c) Lumbar plexus d) Median nerve e) Radial nerve

d. Median Nerve

Which branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk? a) Meningeal branch b) Rami communicantes c) Brachial plexus d) Posterior ramus e) Anterior ramus

d. Posterior Ramus

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the a) anterior white commissure. b) central canal. c) lateral gray horn. d) posterior root ganglion. e) posterior gray horn.

d. Posterior root ganglion

Which of the following structures contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs to the CNS? a) Spinal nerves b) Cauda equina c) Anterior root of spinal nerves d) Posterior root of spinal nerves e) Conus medullaris

d. Posterior root of spinal nerves

A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called _____ innervation. a) reversal b) relaxed c) representative d) reciprocal e) relegated

d. Reciprocal

The space between the middle layer of the meninges and the deepest layer of the meninges is: a) epidural space b) epiarachnoid space c) subdural space d) subarachnoid space e) subpia space

d. Subarachnoid Space

A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body? a) Cervical b) Thoracic c) Lumbar d) Thigh e) Arms

d. Thigh

The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a

dermatome.

The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a

dermatome.

Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in

difficulty breathing.

The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as

dorsal root.

Which spinal meninges is composed of collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern that is very strong? Arachnoid mater Dura mater epineurium Pia mater

dura mater

In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. contraction of the agonist muscle. 2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. 3. contraction of the antagonist muscle. 4. relaxation of the agonist muscle. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 2

e. 1 and 2

Spinal nerves 1. Are parts of PNS. 2. connect the CNS to sensors and effectors in all parts of the body. 3. are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 & 3 e) 1, 2 & 3

e. 1, 2, &3

In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. contraction of the agonist muscle. 2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. 3. contraction of the antagonist muscle. 4. relaxation of the agonist muscle. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 3 and 4

e. 3 and 4

The thoracic nerves are also called the a) brachial nerves. b) lumbar nerves. c) sacral nerves. d) cervical nerves. e) intercostals nerves.

e. Intercostals nerves

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would be represented by the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle or the radial iris muscles? Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Integrating center

effectors

Muscles and glands that are capable of producing a response when stimulated by motor neurons are called

effectors.

Which of the following lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order? endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium

endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Which layer of protective connective tissue covers a nerve and fuses with the outer menix layer? dura mater pia mater endoneurium perineurium epineurium 1

epineurium

In reciprocal innervation of the tendon reflex stimulation of afferent fibers causes inhibition of effector muscles inhibition of antagonist muscles excitation of effector muscles excitation of antagonist muscles excitation of muscles on the contralateral side

excitation of antagonist muscles

If a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one leg, the crossed extensor reflex causes

extension of the opposite leg.

A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?

facial

Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right _____ nerve.

facial

When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?

facial

Facial expression is regulated by the

facial nerve

Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve.

facial, trigeminal

Injury to the common fibular nerve results in a condition known as: thoracic outlet syndrome calcaneovalgus winged scapula foot drop

foot drop

The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by

gamma motor neurons.

Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?

have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly

When the quadriceps muscle extends the lower leg in the patella reflex, what is occurring in the motor neuron to produce an action potential? Influx of sodium and efflux of potassium Influx of sodium and efflux of calcium Influx of potassium and efflux of sodium Influx of both sodium and potassium Efflux of both sodium and potassium 0

influx of sodium and efflux of potassium

The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

innervate the salivary glands.

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic? Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Integrating center

integrating center

The glossopharyngeal nerve

is involved in the sense of taste.

The white matter of the spinal cord is: located around the outside. in the center. composed of interneurons. composed of ganglia.

located around the outside

The nerves that supply the thigh and calf of leg emerge from the lumbar enlargement filum terminale cauda equina conus medullaris cervical enlargement

lumbar enlargement

In the 400 meter relay, runners handoff the baton to the person in front of them. The second runner in the relay team had to be replaced . They were unable to pronate their forearm to reach behind for the baton because of injury to their brachial plexus. What is the most likely site of their injury? Dorsal scapular nerve Intercostal nerve Phrenic nerve Median nerve Radial nerve

median nerve

An individual suffers a stroke and looses control over their left arm. The individual is affected with __________ paralysis. diplegia monoplegia paraplegia hemiplegia quadriplegia

monoplegia

The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the

muscle spindle.

The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?

muscles of the arm and forearm

Which of the following structures travels from the area labeled D in the diagram? obturator nerve phrenic nerve long thoracic nerve thoracodorsal nerve lesser occipital nerve

obturator nerve

Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the

oculomotor nerve

subarachnoid space

on a diagnostic spinal tap (lumbar puncture) of an adult, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed from the

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

only motor fibers.

Which branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk? Meningeal branch Rami communicantes Intercostal nerve Posterior ramus Anterior ramus

posterior ramus

A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to enter the integrating center? Anterior root of spinal nerve Posterior root of spinal nerve Tectospinal tract Gray commissure Lateral reticulospinal tract

posterior root of spinal nerve

If these structures were severed, the nerve impulses from pain and stretch receptors would not reach the CNS. white columns gray horns anterior root of spinal nerves posterior root of spinal nerves

posterior root of spinal nerves

Which region of the spinal cord allows a dancer to be aware of their movements and body position? Posterior white column Anterior gray horn Anterior white column Lateral white column Gray commissure

posterior white column

The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to

prevent the person from falling down

Improper use of crutches could cause compression of the _____ nerve.

radial

Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed _______ innervation. antagonist-effector ipsilateral crossed-extensor reciprocal Intersegmental

reciprocal

Gamma motor neurons

regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.

Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?

right hypoglossal

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the

sacral plexus.

Pressure from the uterus during pregnancy sometime causes damage to the femoral nerve sciatic nerve tibial nerve pudendal nerve

sciatic nerve

The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?

sensory and motor neurons

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would involve the posterior root ganglion? Integrating center Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Interneuron 1

sensory neuron

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors the rectus femoris muscle stretching? Sensory receptor Integrating center Motor neuron Effector Interneuron 1

sensory receptor

The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the ______, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the ______.

skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs

Cranial nerve function includes

somatic motor.

Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?

somatic receptor â†' afferent nerve fiber â†' interneuron â†' efferent nerve fiber â†' skeletal muscle

Which structure listed contains cerebrospinal fluid? epidural space subarachnoid space subdural space foramen magnum 1

subarachnoid space

The endoneurium

surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.

lateral horns

the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons are located in the

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

the sequence of the transmission of signals of a reflex arc

vertebral foramen

the spinal cord is enclosed within the

The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of

the stretch reflex.

located around the outside

the white matter of the spinal cord is

A patient is being examined for muscle weakness. To assess their condition, the doctor tests their knee-jerk reflex by tapping the patella tendon with a reflex hammer and tapping his lower jaw with your finger. Both pathways are considered monosynaptic. What do they have in common? They are both autonomic, cranial reflexes. They both a two neuron pathway, sensory to motor. They are both somatic, autonomic reflexes. The sensory neurons exit the same segment of the spinal cord.

they both a two neuron pathway, sensory to motor

A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body? Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Thigh Arms

thigh

Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglia?

touch

An individual with shingles presents with pain and lesions in the mouth, ears, and pharynx. Which dermatomal region would be sending the afferent signals? C2 C3 C1 trigeminal facial

trigeminal

Dentists anesthetize a portion of the _____ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.

trigeminal

A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the

trigeminal nerve.

When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.

ulnar

Damage to branches of the _____ nerve can interfere with normal speech.

vagus

Sensory impulses from the thoracic and abdominal organs are carried via the ________ nerve.

vagus

Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

vagus nerve

The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the

ventral root.

A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?

vestibulocochlear

Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

The ___ is mostly a sensory cranial nerve.

vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve

Which type of descending motor pathway excites antigravity muscles in order to exert control over postural changes necessary to compensate for tilts and movements of the body.? vestibulospinal tract corticospinal tract corticobulbar tract spinothalamic tract gracile fasciculus

vestibulospinal tract

caudal equina

which is not an extension of Pia mater? -the denticulate ligaments -the cauda equina -the forum terminal

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the

withdrawal reflex