Ch 13 - Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves (ultimate study)
The direct pathways
-convey impulses for voluntary motor contraction -are the lateral and anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts -originate in the cerebral cortex
Reflexes help to control
-digestive activities. -heart rate. -blood pressure. -respiratory rate.
reflex
-fast -automatic -unplanned -integrated in the brain stem or spinal cord
reflex
-may activate skeletal muscles -may activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands -may be for protection -may regulate homeostasis
The accessory nerve
-provides innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. -has both a cranial and a spinal component. -is cranial nerve XI. -has fibers that join the vagus nerve.
In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes I. contraction of the effector muscle. II. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. III. contraction of the antagonist muscle. IV. relaxation of the effector muscle. 1 only 2 only 3 only 4 only 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 4
1 and 2
Spinal nerves I. Are part of the PNS. II. connect the CNS to sensory receptors and effectors in all parts of the body. III. are named according to the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge. IV. are mixed nerves. V. only transmit sensory information. VI. only transmit motor information. 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 6 1 and 3 1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off? (1) muscles of the back are stretched (2) the muscle spindle is stretched (3) action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase (4) action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase (5) skeletal muscle of the back contract
1,2,3,4,5
A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? 1 2 3 4 5 1
2
In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes I. contraction of the effector muscle. II. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. III. contraction of the antagonist muscle. IV. relaxation of the effector muscle. 1 only 2 only 3 only 4 only 3 and 4 1 and 2
3 and 4
Place the reflex arc components in order from detecting a stimulus to response. I. motor neuron II. effector III. sensory neuron IV. integration center V. sensory receptor 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
5, 3, 4, 1, 2
Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) motor neuron (2) interneuron (3) effector (4) sensory neuron (5) sensory receptor
5, 4, 2, 1, 3
Christopher Reeve, a famous actor and competitive equestrian, suffered fractures to the top two vertebra and could not breathe without the help of a respirator. Which of the nerves in this diagram were likely damaged? A C D E G
A
In this diagram, respiratory distress can occur if damage occurs to which group of spinal nerves? A C E F H
A
ipsilateral
A crossed extensor reflex is all of the following except ipsilateral polysynaptic intersegmental contralateral
monosynaptic
A flexor reflex is all of the following except ipsilateral intersegmental monosynaptic polysynaptic
a single sensory neuron, and a single motor neuron.
A monosynaptic reflex arc would involve a pathway consisting of
polysynaptic
A reflex arc that contains at least one association neuron is defined as
intersegmental
A reflex arc that involves more than one region of the spinal cord is defined as
plexus
A structure that contains a network of axons from several anterior rami is known as a
stretch reflex
An example of a monosynaptic reflex pathway is the
In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as incoming axons of sensory neurons? B C D H I 1
C
Spinal nerve C8 exits between which two vertebrae: C7 and C9 C7 and T1 C7 and L1 C7 and S1
C7 and T1
A pupillary reflex is integrated in the brain stem so it is classified as a ________ reflex. The smooth muscle of the iris is the effector, so this is classified as a(n) ___________. Spinal; somatic Spinal; autonomic Cranial; somatic Cranial; autonomic Spinal; visceral
Cranial; autonomic
Which of the nerves in this diagram only have anterior and posterior rami branches and do not form plexuses? A B D E G
D
Which of the nerves in this diagram would be involved with 'flexing' the chest wall to bring the ribs together? A C D E G
D
Which type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles? a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindle
Direct Pathway
In this diagram which structure is the conus medullaris? E F G H I
E
In this diagram, where is the space that contains a buoyant liquid to form a hydraulic cushion that absorbs shock? E F G H I
E
Which of the labeled structures is composed of squamous to cuboidal cells and is very vascular? D E F G H
E
A gymnast has damaged their hip flexor muscles. The nerve that innervates these muscles arise from which group of spinal nerves in this diagram? A C F H I 1
F
In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies that regulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands? B C D F H
F
In this diagram, where is the space that contains interstitial fluid? E F G H I 0
F
Which of the labeled structures would receive injections to cause loss of sensation to control pain in childbirth? B C F G H 1
F
Which of the nerves in this diagram innervates muscles that extend the toes and if damaged results in foot drop (plantar flexion)? A C F E G
F
True/False - Winged scapula is the result of a nerve that affects the interosseous muscles.
False
True/False- The lumbar enlargement extends from L1 to L4 and contains nerves that travel to and from the lower limbs.
False
True/False- The patellar reflex is an example of an autonomic reflex.
False
In the diagram which structure contains nerve roots that arise from the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal region of the spinal cord? C D E F G 0
G
In this diagram, where is the structure that adheres to the spinal cord and brain? E F G H I
G
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the
Golgi tendon reflex
the reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the
Golgi tendon reflex.
If you had a rash on the anterior surface of your trunk, what labeled structure would serve the muscles and skin of that area? B C G H F
H
In this diagram where would somatic motor nuclei be located? B C E F H
H
In this diagram, where is the avascular structure located between the subdural and subarachnoid space? E F G H I
H
In this diagram where would the medial reticulospinal tract be located? B C H I F
I
In this diagram, which layer is the thickest protective covering? E F G H I 1
I
upper and lower limbs on one side of the body are paralyzed
If someone is a hemiplegic due to a spinal cord injury, then ___.
A
In this diagram, respiratory distress can occur if damage occurs to which group of spinal nerves?
median nerve
Injury to which nerve or nerves can result in numbness, tingling, and pain in the palm and fingers?
True
Intercostal nerves directly connect to the structures they supply while plexuses are networks of nerves that supply a general area of the body. T/F?
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex? It is a polysynaptic reflex. It involves an inhibitory interneuron. An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar reflex. It is an ipsilateral reflex.
It is a polysynaptic reflex.
-is know as sciatica -may be caused by a herniated disc -may be caused by improper administration of a gluteal intramuscular injection
Pain that extends from the buttock down the leg and possibly into the foot
Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm? Lesser occipital Transverse cervical Phrenic Anse cervicalis Supraclavicular
Phrenic
sciatic nerve
Pressure from the uterus during pregnancy sometime causes damage to the
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?
Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
A child was in a diving accident. When brought into the emergency room, the doctor used sharp and blunt objects to determine if there was any sensation on the bottom of the foot and the lateral aspect of their palm. The child stated they could not feel the stimulus in either area. What nerves were most likely damaged? L3 and C8. L5 and C6. S2 and T1. C7 and L4. S1 and C6.
S1 and C6
the location of the initiation and termination of the nerve impulses they conduct
Sensory and motor tracts within the spinal cord have names that indicate
-are mixed nerves -contain axons going to skeletal muscles -contain sensory axons carrying information from the skin -might contain autonomic motor axons
Spinal nerves in the thoracic region of the cord
A patient who has loss of pin prick sensation starting at the level of the nipple and downward on the right side would have a lesion in the spinal cord at which level? C7-C8 T4-T5 T6-T7 T10-T12 S1-S2
T6-T7
autonomic nervous system
The cardiac muscle is primarily controlled by
enteric nervous system
The digestive tract is primarily controlled by
What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?
The dorsal root has a ganglion.
axons
The endoneurium surrounds the
filum terminale and denticulate ligaments
The spinal cord is held in place by the
Why is a spinal tap performed below L2 of the spinal cord? The spinal cord is present ensuring there will be a subarachnoid space present. The spinal meninges and spinal cord are not present, ensuring no damage to the nervous system. The spinal meninges and spaces extend passed the proper spinal cord, allowing fluid to be withdrawn with a minimal risk of damage to the spinal cord. There is more space between the vertebrae in a flexed position below L2. The supracristal line is the only way to determine placement of the needle in spinal taps.
The spinal meninges and spaces extend passed the proper spinal cord, allowing fluid to be withdrawn with a minimal risk of damage to the spinal cord.
brachial
The ulnar nerve arises from which plexus?
Which of the following statements concerning the structure of spinal nerves is true?
The ventral root contains motor or efferent fibers.
the lateral and anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar
Which is NOT an indirect pathway?
phrenic
Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm?
spinal
Which of the following is NOT a type of neuron? sensory motor spinal association
crossed extensor
Which of the following reflexes is contralateral?
L1-L4
Which of the following spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?
A
Which of the labeled structures allows doctors to safely introduce antibiotics or anesthetics and measure CSF pressure?
F
Which of the nerves in this diagram innervates muscles that extend the toes and if damaged results in foot drop (plantar flexion)?
brachial plexus
Which plexus arises from the structure labeled B in the diagram?
tendon reflex
Which reflex protects a muscle and tendon from damage due to developing excess tension (e.g. causing you to drop a heavy load)
-dermatomes covering the face are supplied by the trigeminal nerve -dermatomes may lose sensation due to spinal nerve damage -the nerve supply in adjacent dermatomes may overlap -dermatomes are areas of skin that send sensation to the brain via one pair of spinal nerves
Which statement about dermatomes is TRUE?
association/interneuron
Which type of neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord?
fasicles
Within a nerve, axons are bundled into
The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves is called a dermatome. a microtome. perineurium. a fascicle. an epitome
a dermatome
A mixed spinal nerve has: a dorsal and posterior root two sizes of neurons a sensory and an afferent component a posterior and anterior root a motor and an efferent component
a posterior and anterior root
All reflexes have
a reflex arc.
During childbirth, anesthesia is administered into the epidural space of the spinal column between which of the following vertebrae? 1. L4 and L5 2. T3 and T4 3. S4 and S5 4. C3 and C4 a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) Both 1 and 4
a. 1 only
The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerve is called a) a dermatome. b) a microtome. c) perineurium. d) a fascicle. e) an epitome.
a. A Dermatome
Which of the following is a degenerative disease of the spinal cord? a) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis b) shingles c) poliomyelitis d) areflexia e) all of these are degenerative diseases of the spinal cord
a. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Which white matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information? a) Ascending tracts b) Descending tracts c) Integration tracts d) Columnar tracts e) Epidural tracts
a. Ascending Tracts
Which of the following spinal nerves DOES NOT travel through an intervertebral foramen to reach its destination? a) cervical spinal nerve 1 b) thoracic spinal nerve 12 c) lumbar spinal nerve 2 d) sacral spinal nerve 1 e) cervical spinal nerve 7
a. Cervical spinal nerve 1
Which type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance? a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindles
a. Indirect Pathway
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex? a) It is a polysynaptic reflex. b) It involves an inhibitory interneuron. c) An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar reflex. d) It is an ipsilateral reflex.
a. It is a polysynaptic reflex
What spinal cord feature is the area where the nerves that supply the lower limb emerge? a) Lumbar enlargement b) Filum terminale c) Cauda equina d) Cranial nerve XII e) Cervical enlargement
a. Lumbar Enlargement
Which region of the spinal cord carries nerve impulses for proprioception? a) Posterior white column b) Anterior gray horn c) Anterior white column d) Lateral white column e) Dermatome tract
a. Posterior White Column
Which of the following lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order? a) endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium b) endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium c) perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium d) epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium
a. endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue?
accessory
Which of the following are sensory tracts: lateral spinothalamic and lateral corticospinal posterior columns and vestibulospinal anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns anterior corticospinal and anterior spinothalamic posterior spinocerebellar and lateral corticospinal
anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns
Reflex arcs
are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.
The abducens nerves
are involved in eye movement
Sensory information travels to the brain via Ascending tracts Descending tracts Integration tracts Anterior roots Direct motor pathways
ascending tracts
Which nerve innervates the muscle that abducts the arm at the shoulder and the skin overlying the deltoid? phrenic nerve axillary nerve intercostal nerve ulnar nerve common fibular nerve
axillary nerve
A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
b. 2
Spinal nerve C8 exits between which two vertebrae: a) C7 and C9 b) C7 and T1 c) C7 and L1 d) C7 and S1
b. C7 and T1
Which of the following regions of the spinal cord contains a conspicuous enlargement? a) filum terminale b) cervical region c) thoracic region d) sacral region e) coccygeal region
b. Cervical Region
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of dermatomes? a) Can be used clinically to determine area of spinal cord damage b) Each dermatome is only served by a single spinal nerve c) Complete anesthesia of a single dermatome often requires blocking three adjacent spinal nerves d) Dermatomes are designated based on the cranial or spinal nerve that serves that area of the skin e) The dermatome serving the face is supplied by the trigeminal cranial nerve
b. Each dermatome is only served by a single spinal nerve
Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of a) arachnoid mater. b) pia mater. c) dura mater. d) interstitial fluid. e) subdural space.
b. Pia mater
A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column? a) Anterior root of spinal nerve b) Posterior root of spinal nerve c) Tectospinal tract d) Central canal e) Lateral reticulospinal tract
b. Posterior root of spinal nerve
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the posterior root ganglion? a) Sensory receptor cell b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Interneuron
b. Sensory Neuron
Which of the following is a virus infection of the peripheral nervous system caused by herpes zoster, a virus that also causes chickenpox? a) areflexia b) shingles c) poliomyelitis d) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis e) menigitis
b. Shingles
Which of the structures listed below contains cerebrospinal fluid? a) Epidural space b) Subarachnoid space c) Dural space d) Meninx e) Pia mater
b. Subarachnoid Space
The spinal cord ends between L1 and L2 at T12 at S5 at L5 between T9 and T10
between L1 and L2
What parts of a neuron within a nerve is/are wrapped in a protective endoneurium? I. Myelinated axon II. Unmyelinated axon III. Dendrites 1 only 2 only 3 only Both 1 and 2 1, 2 and 3
both 1 and 2
The ulnar nerve arises from which plexus? sacral cervical lumbar brachial
brachial
Which plexus arises from the structure labeled B in the diagram? cervical plexus brachial plexus thoracic nerves lumbar plexus sacral plexus
brachial plexus
The epineurium
bundles fascicles into nerves
Where are the spinal meninges located? 1. covering the brain 2. covering the vertebral column 3. covering the spinal cord a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) only 1 & 3
c. 3 only
Which of the following are sensory tracts: a) lateral spinothalamic and lateral corticospinal b) posterior columns and vestibulospinal c) anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns d) anterior corticospinal and anterior spinothalamic e) posterior spinocerebellar and lateral corticospinal
c. Anterior sponothalamic and posterior columns
The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the: a) filum terminale b) lumbar enlargement c) conus medullaris d) cauda equina e) spinal root
c. Conus Medullaris
Which of following is NOT a function of the spinal reflexes that use muscle spindles and tendon organs as sensors? a) Awareness of muscle tension in body b) Prevention of damage to muscles c) Protection of spinal nerves d) Prevention of damage to tendons e) Maintenance of muscle tone
c. Protection of spinal nerves
Which statement best describes reciprocal innervation: a) contraction of antagonist with simultaneous relaxation of agonist b) contraction of agonist with delayed relaxation of antagonist c) relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist d) simultaneous relaxation of agonist and antagonist e) simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist
c. Relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist
Intercostal nerves originate primarily from which area of the spine: a) cervical b) thoracic and lumbar c) thoracic d) lumbar e) sacral
c. Thoracic
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they
can be used to help locate nerve damage.
The phrenic nerves arise from the
cervical plexuses
Which of the following spinal nerves does not travel through an intervertebral foramen to reach its destination? cervical spinal nerve 1 thoracic spinal nerve 12 lumbar spinal nerve 2 sacral spinal nerve 1 cervical spinal nerve 7 1
cervical spinal nerve 1
In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to
contract and the antagonist muscles, the hamstrings, to relax.
The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the: filum terminale lumbar enlargement conus medullaris cauda equina spinal root
conus medullaris
The spinothalamic tract
conveys impulses of pain, temperature, itch and tickle
The posterior column
conveys impulses of touch and conscious proprioception
Which type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and allows you to use your fingers for sewing and sign language? vestibulospinal tract corticospinal tract reticulospinal tract spinothalamic tract
corticospinala tract
When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called
crossed extensor reflex.
A mixed spinal nerve has: a) a dorsal and posterior root b) two sizes of neurons c) a sensory and an afferent component d) a posterior and anterior root e) a motor and an efferent component
d. A posterior and anterior root
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the spinothalamic tract? a) Begins in the spinal cord b) Terminates in the thalamus c) Found in the white matter of the spinal cord d) Carries motor information down the cord e) Is composed of multiple axons carrying information in the spinal cord
d. Carries motor information down the cord
Which of the following parts of a nervous reflex arc is usually a muscle or gland? a) Sensory receptor b) Sensory neuron c) Motor neuron d) Effector e) Integration center
d. Effector
Injury to the common fibular nerve results in a condition known as: a) thoracic outlet syndrome b) calcaneovalgus c) winged scapula d) foot drop
d. Foot drop
A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury? a) Dorsal scapular nerve b) Intercostal nerve c) Lumbar plexus d) Median nerve e) Radial nerve
d. Median Nerve
Which branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk? a) Meningeal branch b) Rami communicantes c) Brachial plexus d) Posterior ramus e) Anterior ramus
d. Posterior Ramus
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the a) anterior white commissure. b) central canal. c) lateral gray horn. d) posterior root ganglion. e) posterior gray horn.
d. Posterior root ganglion
Which of the following structures contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs to the CNS? a) Spinal nerves b) Cauda equina c) Anterior root of spinal nerves d) Posterior root of spinal nerves e) Conus medullaris
d. Posterior root of spinal nerves
A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called _____ innervation. a) reversal b) relaxed c) representative d) reciprocal e) relegated
d. Reciprocal
The space between the middle layer of the meninges and the deepest layer of the meninges is: a) epidural space b) epiarachnoid space c) subdural space d) subarachnoid space e) subpia space
d. Subarachnoid Space
A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body? a) Cervical b) Thoracic c) Lumbar d) Thigh e) Arms
d. Thigh
The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a
dermatome.
The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a
dermatome.
Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in
difficulty breathing.
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as
dorsal root.
Which spinal meninges is composed of collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern that is very strong? Arachnoid mater Dura mater epineurium Pia mater
dura mater
In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. contraction of the agonist muscle. 2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. 3. contraction of the antagonist muscle. 4. relaxation of the agonist muscle. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 2
e. 1 and 2
Spinal nerves 1. Are parts of PNS. 2. connect the CNS to sensors and effectors in all parts of the body. 3. are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 & 3 e) 1, 2 & 3
e. 1, 2, &3
In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes 1. contraction of the agonist muscle. 2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. 3. contraction of the antagonist muscle. 4. relaxation of the agonist muscle. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 3 and 4
e. 3 and 4
The thoracic nerves are also called the a) brachial nerves. b) lumbar nerves. c) sacral nerves. d) cervical nerves. e) intercostals nerves.
e. Intercostals nerves
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would be represented by the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle or the radial iris muscles? Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Integrating center
effectors
Muscles and glands that are capable of producing a response when stimulated by motor neurons are called
effectors.
Which of the following lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order? endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium
endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
Which layer of protective connective tissue covers a nerve and fuses with the outer menix layer? dura mater pia mater endoneurium perineurium epineurium 1
epineurium
In reciprocal innervation of the tendon reflex stimulation of afferent fibers causes inhibition of effector muscles inhibition of antagonist muscles excitation of effector muscles excitation of antagonist muscles excitation of muscles on the contralateral side
excitation of antagonist muscles
If a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one leg, the crossed extensor reflex causes
extension of the opposite leg.
A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?
facial
Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right _____ nerve.
facial
When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?
facial
Facial expression is regulated by the
facial nerve
Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve.
facial, trigeminal
Injury to the common fibular nerve results in a condition known as: thoracic outlet syndrome calcaneovalgus winged scapula foot drop
foot drop
The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by
gamma motor neurons.
Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?
have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly
When the quadriceps muscle extends the lower leg in the patella reflex, what is occurring in the motor neuron to produce an action potential? Influx of sodium and efflux of potassium Influx of sodium and efflux of calcium Influx of potassium and efflux of sodium Influx of both sodium and potassium Efflux of both sodium and potassium 0
influx of sodium and efflux of potassium
The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
innervate the salivary glands.
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic? Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Integrating center
integrating center
The glossopharyngeal nerve
is involved in the sense of taste.
The white matter of the spinal cord is: located around the outside. in the center. composed of interneurons. composed of ganglia.
located around the outside
The nerves that supply the thigh and calf of leg emerge from the lumbar enlargement filum terminale cauda equina conus medullaris cervical enlargement
lumbar enlargement
In the 400 meter relay, runners handoff the baton to the person in front of them. The second runner in the relay team had to be replaced . They were unable to pronate their forearm to reach behind for the baton because of injury to their brachial plexus. What is the most likely site of their injury? Dorsal scapular nerve Intercostal nerve Phrenic nerve Median nerve Radial nerve
median nerve
An individual suffers a stroke and looses control over their left arm. The individual is affected with __________ paralysis. diplegia monoplegia paraplegia hemiplegia quadriplegia
monoplegia
The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the
muscle spindle.
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?
muscles of the arm and forearm
Which of the following structures travels from the area labeled D in the diagram? obturator nerve phrenic nerve long thoracic nerve thoracodorsal nerve lesser occipital nerve
obturator nerve
Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the
oculomotor nerve
subarachnoid space
on a diagnostic spinal tap (lumbar puncture) of an adult, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed from the
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains
only motor fibers.
Which branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk? Meningeal branch Rami communicantes Intercostal nerve Posterior ramus Anterior ramus
posterior ramus
A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to enter the integrating center? Anterior root of spinal nerve Posterior root of spinal nerve Tectospinal tract Gray commissure Lateral reticulospinal tract
posterior root of spinal nerve
If these structures were severed, the nerve impulses from pain and stretch receptors would not reach the CNS. white columns gray horns anterior root of spinal nerves posterior root of spinal nerves
posterior root of spinal nerves
Which region of the spinal cord allows a dancer to be aware of their movements and body position? Posterior white column Anterior gray horn Anterior white column Lateral white column Gray commissure
posterior white column
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to
prevent the person from falling down
Improper use of crutches could cause compression of the _____ nerve.
radial
Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed _______ innervation. antagonist-effector ipsilateral crossed-extensor reciprocal Intersegmental
reciprocal
Gamma motor neurons
regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?
right hypoglossal
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the
sacral plexus.
Pressure from the uterus during pregnancy sometime causes damage to the femoral nerve sciatic nerve tibial nerve pudendal nerve
sciatic nerve
The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?
sensory and motor neurons
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would involve the posterior root ganglion? Integrating center Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Interneuron 1
sensory neuron
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors the rectus femoris muscle stretching? Sensory receptor Integrating center Motor neuron Effector Interneuron 1
sensory receptor
The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the ______, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the ______.
skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs
Cranial nerve function includes
somatic motor.
Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?
somatic receptor â†' afferent nerve fiber â†' interneuron â†' efferent nerve fiber â†' skeletal muscle
Which structure listed contains cerebrospinal fluid? epidural space subarachnoid space subdural space foramen magnum 1
subarachnoid space
The endoneurium
surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.
lateral horns
the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons are located in the
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
the sequence of the transmission of signals of a reflex arc
vertebral foramen
the spinal cord is enclosed within the
The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of
the stretch reflex.
located around the outside
the white matter of the spinal cord is
A patient is being examined for muscle weakness. To assess their condition, the doctor tests their knee-jerk reflex by tapping the patella tendon with a reflex hammer and tapping his lower jaw with your finger. Both pathways are considered monosynaptic. What do they have in common? They are both autonomic, cranial reflexes. They both a two neuron pathway, sensory to motor. They are both somatic, autonomic reflexes. The sensory neurons exit the same segment of the spinal cord.
they both a two neuron pathway, sensory to motor
A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body? Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Thigh Arms
thigh
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglia?
touch
An individual with shingles presents with pain and lesions in the mouth, ears, and pharynx. Which dermatomal region would be sending the afferent signals? C2 C3 C1 trigeminal facial
trigeminal
Dentists anesthetize a portion of the _____ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.
trigeminal
A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the
trigeminal nerve.
When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.
ulnar
Damage to branches of the _____ nerve can interfere with normal speech.
vagus
Sensory impulses from the thoracic and abdominal organs are carried via the ________ nerve.
vagus
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
vagus nerve
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the
ventral root.
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?
vestibulocochlear
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
The ___ is mostly a sensory cranial nerve.
vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve
Which type of descending motor pathway excites antigravity muscles in order to exert control over postural changes necessary to compensate for tilts and movements of the body.? vestibulospinal tract corticospinal tract corticobulbar tract spinothalamic tract gracile fasciculus
vestibulospinal tract
caudal equina
which is not an extension of Pia mater? -the denticulate ligaments -the cauda equina -the forum terminal
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the
withdrawal reflex
