Ch. 14: World War 1 and the Russian Revolution

What 3 slogans summed up the Bolshevik's program?

"Peace, Land, Bread." "Worker Control of Production" "All Power to the Soviets"

How did the war widen?

1. Bulgaria entered the war on the side of the Central Powers with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. The Allies then declared war on the. Ottomans. Their first campaign near Constantinople was a defeat. 2. By 1917, while stationed in the Middle East, a British officer known as Lawrence of Arabia, encouraged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords. in 1918, British forces form Egypt mobilized troops in India, Australia, and New Zealand and worked to destroy the Ottomans. 3. The Allies sized German colonies in the rest of the world. Japan, a British ally, seized. a number of German-held island and Australia seized German New Guinea.

What factors and events led to the Russian Revolution?

1. Russia was unprepared militarily and technologically for the total war of WWI. They had no military leaders, and Czar Nicholas II insisted on heading the armed forces despite his lack of ability and training. 2. Russian industry was unable to produce the weapons for the army. Many were trained with broomsticks and sent to the front without a weapon. They suffered incredible losses. The will to fight vanished. 3. The leadership was upset when Grigory Rasputin influenced the car's wife, Alexandra, and she made all important decisions after consulting Rasputin. 4. The Russian people became more upset with the czarist regime. They assassinated Rasputin, but it was too late to save to monarchy.

First Battle of the Marne

20 miles outside Paris the French halted the German advance and the beginning of the Western Front and trench warfare. It turned into a stalemate and with trench warfare, both sides kept the same position for 4 years.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership

How did the war on the Eastern Front differ from the Western Front?

A major difference between the Eastern and Western Fronts was their size. The larger Eastern Front meant that the war there was more fluid, and fighting was characterized by mobility and offensives. The smaller Western Front saw much less movement, and fighting was characterized by defensive trench warfare.

conscription

A military draft

Militarism

A nation's armed forces come to dominate a country's national policy A policy of building up a strong military to prepare (Arms Race)

reparation

A payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of war

Alliances

Agreements between nations to provide aid and protect one another Problem: One event could drag all countries into a conflict

Vladmir Ilyich Ulyanov

Also known as Lenin. He came into power in Russia and enforced Communism, this was the first test of Communism in real life. He led the Russian Social Democrats and enforced violent revolution. After the provisional government was created he saw an opportunity to seize power.

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Why might the promises of the Bolsheviks have been appealing to the Russian people?

Lenin promised peace, land, and bread to the Russian people; everything they dreamed for

Battle of Jutland (1916)

Only full scale naval battle of WWI between Britain and Germany. Neither side was a conclusive victory.

What made WWI much more deadly than previous wars?

Technology made WWI much more deadly. Modern weapons caused high casualties, such as airplanes, new guns, and bombings. It also turned into a war of attrition.

How was a final settlement of World War I established?

The Treaty of Versailles was signed by the Germans reaching a final settlement. In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris to make a final settlement of World War I.

What grievances did the Russian people have with the provisional government?

The country had been in war for so long it caused a lot of suffering and people were getting tired of war, which the government wanted to continue.

What happened to Austria-Hungary at the end of the war?

The empire ceased to exist and was re[laced by the independent republics of Austria. Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.

How did the Communist army fight? How did the war turn out?

The first threat was in Siberia, when an anti-Communist, or white force, attacked them. Also, Ukrainians and Balkans fought as the white forces attempted to overthrow the red. By 1920, the white forces lost and the old royal family was held as prisoners. Members of the local soviet murdered the czar and his family and burned their bodies in a nearby mineshaft.

What did 19nth century liberals believe?

They believed that if European states were organized along national lines, these states would;f work together and create a peaceful Europe. They were wrong.

Red Terror

a period of political repression and mass killings carried out by Bolsheviks after the beginning of the Russian Civil War in 1918

planned economy

an economic system directed by government agencies

trench warfare

fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, as in World War I

Friedrich Ebert

head of German Social Democratic Party; announced the creation of a democratic republic for Germany

mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Why did technology make it difficult for armies on the Western Front to mount a successful defensive attack?

- Machine guns made it difficult to make any offensive attacks, leaving troops at stalemate- Air warfare made attacks much easier. However, zeppelins use was extremely dangerous, killing many Germans by which they were used.

What was society like with total war?

1. In 1918, influenza became the deadliest epidemic in history. 2. It created more roles for women and they enjoyed jobs that were once considered beyond their capacity. 3. However, the place of women in the workforce was far from secure. Both men and women seemed to think these new jobs were temporary. 4. As the war ended, governments removed women from the jobs they were encouraged to take earlier. Wages for the women who were still employed were lowers and many were unemployed. 5. However, in some countries, women received positive effects, such as the right to vote in Germany, Austria, and the U.S. immediately after the war. British women over 30 gained the right to vote and the right to stand for Parliament in 1918.

What was the impact of total war?

1. Increased government powers over citizens (this included money, trade, manufacturing, and transportation). 2. More propaganda to encourage war efforts in countries when morale dropped. 3. Force to protecters of the war in authoritarian countries and beyond. 4. Influenza spread in 1918 from soldiers returning from the front. 5. Women worked in. new jobs that they typically wouldn't have. 6. After the war, some women received the right to vote, have certain jobs, and even the right to stand for Parliament in Britain.

What factors helped the Communists win the Russian civl war?

1. The Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force. This was due to the organizational genius of Leon Trotsky. He reinstated the draft and rigid discipline. 2. The anti-Communist forced weren't unified and this weakened their efforts. Political differences created distrust amount the Whites. 3. The Reds had a single-minded sense of purpose and had revolutionary zeal and strong convictions. They translated their revolutionary faith into practical instruments of power. A policy of war communism, ensured regular supplies. 4. The Communists had revolutionary terror. A new street police, known as the Cheka, began a Red Terror. 5. Foreign armies on the Russian soil enabled Communists. to appeal to the powerful force of Russian patriotism.

What factors contributed to the start of WWI?

1. The system of nation-states that emerged contributed to competition. Each state saw itself subject to a higher authority and guided ban its own interests and success. 2. Most leaders thought that war was an acceptable way to preserve the power of their national states. 3. The imperialistic expansion of the last 19nth century led to conflict and heightened existing rivalries among states. 4. Not all ethnic group had become nations in Europe. 5. Industrialization offered new methods of shipbuilding and the use of iron, steel, and chemicals for new weapons. Thus, armies and nays grew and heightened tensions. 6. Most Western countries also established a conscription, or military draft and armies doubled in size. The Russian army, with 1.3mil was the largest along with the French and Germans not far behind. 7. Militarism, the aggressive preparation for war, was growing. As armies grew, so did the military leaders influence. 8. Fearing any changes would cause chaos in armies, military leaders insisted that their plans not be altered and this left political leaders with little leeway. 9. A system of alliances formed and heightened the danger of militarism. (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance and France, Great Britain, and Russia created the Triple Entente) 10. In the early 1900s, a series of crisis tested the alliances, like the crisis in the Balkans. These events left European states angry at each other and the states came to believe that their allies were important. 11. Socialist labor movements also had grown more powerful. They were inclined to use strikes, even violent ones, to achieve goals. Some conservative leaders feared that European nations were on there verge of revolution. The desire to suppress internal disorder might have encouraged various leaders to take the plunge into war.

What was the Western Front?

400 miles of trenches across France and Belgium where most of the fighting took place. This was part of the Schlieffen Plan where the German army would make a vast encircling movement through Belgium and northern France. This would be where the Germans surrounded the French army. However, German advance was halted at the First Battle of the Marne.

Soviets

A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Grigori Rasputin

A Russian peasant and self-proclaimed mystic who gained significant influence over Czar Nicholas II's wife, Alexandra, prior to the revolutions of 1917. Rasputin's behavior caused scandals, and the Russian people began to believe that the czar himself was under Rasputin's influence. Supporters of the tsar had Rasputin killed in late 1916

What happened in Germany after its military defeat?

A group of radical socialists, unhappy with the Social Democrats' moderate policies, formed the German Communist Party. They tried to seize power in Berlin. The new Social Democratic gov. crushed the rebels. and murdered the leaders of the Communist revolution. The republic had been saved, but the attempt at revolution left the middle class with a deep fear of communism.

What was the Eastern Front?

A stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian border. Unlike the Western Front, the Eastern Front was marked by mobility. First, the Russian army moved. into eastern Germany but was defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of Masurian Lakes. The Russians were no longer a threat. However, Austria-Hungary, Germany's ally, fared less well at first. The Russians defeated them and they lost Serbia. Then, Italy betrayed the alliance and attacked Austria in 1915. Italy joined the previous Triple Entente, now Allied Powers. Then, the Germans aided Austria and defeated the Russians. Then, Serbia was elicited by Austria-Hungary and Germany from the war.

war of attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses, such as World War 1

total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefield

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

After Lenin got a hold of the government; he wanted to end the war between Germany. A third of old Russia's population was sliced away by the Germans in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It was the sacrifice of all of Russia's western territories.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, Italy and France during World War II.

How was there manipulation of public opinion?

As war moved on, the patriotism enthusiasm from the beginning began to wane. Civilian morale was being to crack. War governments, however, fought back against growing opposition to war. Authoritarian regimes, such as those of German, Russia. and Austria-Hungary, relied on force to subdue. With high pressures, though, even democratic states expanded their police powers. Wartime governments made active use of propaganda to increase enthusiasm for the war.

Battle of Tannenberg

Battle between Russia and Germany, one of the first battles of WWI, August 23 - September 2, 1914; Russia badly defeated

How did people's opinions of war before 1914 change verses after?

Before 1914, many political leaders saw war to be impractical due to the political and economic risks. Other believed the diplomats could easily prevent war. Then, German propaganda had stirred national hatreds before the war and in 1914, urgent. pleas for defense against aggressors fell on receptive ears in every nation at war. Most people thought their nation's cause was just. Also, in 1914 everyone though the war would be over in a few weeks, as most wars had been.

Lawrence of Arabia

British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Ottoman overlords

Lloyd George

British prime minister, he was re-elected for his popular campaign of making Germany pay for the war,

General Ludendorff

Commander of German armies on the Western Front. In the spring of 1918, he launched an all-out offensive on the Allies, gambling everything and lost

Clemenceau

French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)

Social Democratic Party

German Party headed by Friedrich Ebert who formed a democratic republic.

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

German plan that called for a two front war with France and Russia. Germany would conduct a small holding action against Russia while most of the army would carry out a rapid invasion of France. Then, German invaders would move east against Russia. German troops wouldn't mobilize its troops sped against Russia, thus declaring war on France.

What happened after Archduke Francis Ferdinand's assassination?

Germany gave Austria-Hungary a "blank check" promising their full support if war broke out between Russia and Austria-Hungary. Russia was determined to support Serbia's cause and ordered mobilization, assembling troops and. supplies for war, against Austria-Hungary. In 1014, mobilization was considered and act of war. Leader of the Russian army informed the czar that they wouldn't partially mobilize for these plans were based on way against Austria-Hungary and Germany. Mobilizing against one from would create chaos in the army, so the czar ordered full mobilization, knowing Germany would consider it an act of war.

Why did Great Britain declare war on Germany?

Germany invaded Belgian, which was neutral territory, and Great Britain declared war on Germany, since it cooled Belgian neutrality. In fact, Britain, which was allied with France and Russia, was concerned about maintains wold power. By August 4, all the Great Powers were at war.

How did the conflict broaden after initial war?

Germany reacted quickly and declared war on Russia. They had a military plan, and General Alfred von Schlieffen helped draw the plan, known as the Schlieffen Plan. It called for a two-front war with France and Russia because of the military alliance.

Describe the steps that resulted in the development of trench warfare.

Germany wanted to initially wanted a decisive victory in France, and then to focus all of its troops back on the eastern front. However, French troops meet the Germans and trenches were dug the eventually crossed the whole border. This left both countries in defensive positions and a stalemate.

The Russian Provisional Government was decided...

Headed by Aleksander Kerensky, it decided to carry on the war in Russia's honor. However this satisfied neither the workers nor the peasants, who were tired and wanted an end.

How did Vladmir seize power?

In 1917, German military leaders, hoping to create disorder in Russia, sent Lenin back to Russia. This sparked a new phase in the Russian Revolution. Lenin maintained that the soviets of soldiers, workers, and peasants were ready-made instruments of power. He believed the Bolsheviks should work toward controlling them and then overthrowing the provisional government.

How did strikes and uprisings begin the revolution?

In 1917, working-class women led a series of strikes. in the capital city of Petrograd, revolting against the rationing of bread and waiting in lines. On March 8, 100,000 women marched the city against the bread and autocracy. Workers sound joined Tham and they called for a general strike. All factories were shut down. Even soldiers joined this strike and refused to fire.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

What did the Duma, or legislative body, establish?

It established a provisional government, which mainly consisted of middle-class representatives and urged the czar to step down. He agreed ended the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty.

What was War Communism and why was it important?

It was a series of harshly restrictive economic measures implemented by Lenin irradicate capitalist elements and give the Bolsheviks more central control over the economy

Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)

Law passed in Britain during World War I that allowed public authorities to arrest those who caused dissent and censored newspapers that spoke ill of the war

What factors brought Lenin into power in 1917?

Lenin believed that the Bolsheviks should work together toward gaining control of the groups and over thew the temporary government. By the winter of 1917 the party membership had grown to almost a quarter million members, and on November 6th the Bolshevik forces seized the winter palace and overthrew the government

What caused WWI?

MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

How hd gov. powers increased due to the total war?

Many people thought the war would end quickly, and when the new war machines failed to achieve this goal, gov. had to respond quickly. Since many more men and supplies were needed, to meet these needs, governments had to expand their powers. Thus, tens of millions of young men were drafted. Wartime governments throughout Europe also expanded their power over economies. Governments set up price, wage, and rent controls. They rationed food supplies and materials, regulated imports and exports, and took over transportation systems and industries. European set up planned economies to mobilize all resources. As a result of total war mobilization, the differences between soldiers at war and civilians narrowed. Every person was a part of the war effort.

How is mobilization related to militarism?

Mobilization is the assembly of troops, therefor it contributes to the support of militarism. Militarism is the support of strong troops, the willingness to use the military to protect the nation.

What were Wilson's 14 points?

No secret diplomacy reducing armaments (military forced or weapons) ensuring self-determination (the right of each people to have their own nation) creating democratic governments and a "general association of nations"

How did alliances shift in WWI?

On the Western Front, Italians betrayed German and Austrian allies by attacking Austria in 1915. Italy thus shifted from its former allies to join the Triple Entente. Later in the war, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. Britain asked Arabs, India, Australia and New Zealand to help attack the Ottoman Empire. The United States also joined Britain against Germany.

Imperialism

Policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories (colonies) All the major powers were engaged in a scramble for empire Between Britain and Germany, and France and GermanyCountries competed for economic expansion in Africa; need foreign markets

Nationalism

Pride in countryIdea that people with same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states through self-determination

Battle of Masurian Lakes

Russia was defeated and the Russians were no longer a threat to German territory

Czar Nicholas II

Russian Czar during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; stepped down in 1917

soviets

Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

Cheka

Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution"

Why was Ferdinand assassinated and what happened?

Serbia, supported by Russia, wanted to create a large, indecent Slavic state in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary want dot prevent this from happening. When Ferdinand, the heir to the Hapsburg throne of Austria-Hungary, visited the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia, a group or conspirators waited. In that group was Gaverilo Princip, a memory of the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist group that wanted Bosnia free of Austria-Hungary. He assented the heir, but the Austro-Hungarian gov. didn't know if the Serbian gov. was behind it. So, they saw an opportunity to "render Serbia innocuous once and for all by a display of force". Austrian leaders wanted to attack but feared Russia would d intervene. So they received the backing of the Germans.

How might internal dissent in European States have led to WWI?

Socialist labor movements and the incline of strikes were a source of internal strife. Leaders trying to quell this might have been encouraged to take the plunge into war.

What happened at the Paris Peace Conference?

TIn 1919, delegates met to determine a peace settlement. However, complications arose as secret agreements made before the war raised hopes for territorial gains. These conflicted with the principle of self-determination put forth by Wilson. National interests also complicated it as each nation had their own ideas of payback and gains. For example, France was chiefly guided by its desire for national security and anted protection against future German attacks. Like Germans stripped of weapons and them making payments. The most important decisions were made by Wilson, Clemenceau, and Lloyd George acting on behalf of the Big Three.

During the civil war that followed the revolution, why did the Allies give aid to the anti-Communist forces?

The Allies aided the anti-Communist forces because they were concerned about the Communist takeover and hoped to bring Russia back into WWI.

How did the Bolsheviks take power in Russia? What problems arose?

The Bolsheviks gained the majority, and with Leon Trotsky as head of the Petrograd soviets, they could seize power. Bolshevik sized the Winter Palace, collapsed the government, and set up a meeting of all-Russian Congress of Soviets. Outwardly, Lenin gave up power, inwardly, he held all of it in a council seat. They renamed themselves the Communists. However, Lenin promised peace, but the solution was not so easy. It would mean a humiliating loss or territory, but they still surrendered. However, real peace didn't come due to civil war.

What was trench warfare characterized by and how was it used?

The Germans and the French each had hundreds of miles of trenches, protected by barbed-wire up to five feet high and thirty-yards wide. Concrete machine-gun nests and other gun batteries, supported by heavy artillery, protected the trenches. Trench warfare baffled military leaders who had been trained to move. Sometimes, the enemy would "soften up" the Peters defenses and a mass of soldiers would climb out the trenched and hope to work their way over. These attacks rarely worked and millions of young men died doing this. WWI had tuned into a war. of attrition: a war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses.

How did the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand spark the outbreak of war?

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand made Austria Hungary to declare war on Serbia. This way Russia supported Serbia, and Germany supported Austria Hungary. This led to other states of the alliances to join in. it turned out to be a world war.

What roles did the assassination of Francis Ferdinand and the existence of prior military plans play in leading quickly to the outbreak of WWI?

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand sped up developments because Austria then threatened to invade Serbia as punishment, and then Russia thought it should defend Serbia. The Schlieffen Plan was Germany's prior military plan in the event of war with France.

What challenge did the provisional government face?

The soviets: councils comprised of representatives from the workers and soldiers. The soviet of Petrograd was formed March 1917. At the same time, soviets sprang up in army units, factory towns, and rural areas. They were largely made up of Socialists, and represented the more radical interests of the lower class.

What was the last year of the war like?

The year 1917 wasn't a good one for the Allies (western front defeated and Russia's withdrawal) but the U.S. entering gave them a phycological boost. For Germany, the withdrawal of Russians sparked new hope and they gambled on a. major attack on the Western Front. However, they were stopped at the Second Battle of Marne and the Germans lost. With more than 1 million American troops in France, Allies began an advance on Germany and Ludenorff asked Germany to settle for peace. The Allies were unwilling to make peace with the autocratic imperial gov. of Germany. They wanted a liberal gov.. In Nov., sailers in Germany mutinied and councils of workers and soldiers took over civilian and military offices. Emperor William II gave into public demand and left and the Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert announced a democratic republic. Two days later, the Germans signed an armistice.

How did air warfare change during WWI?

These were first used to spot enemy positions, but soon began to attack ground targets, especially enemy communication. Fights for control of airspace occurred, and later machine guns were mounted, with created more danger. The Germans used their giant airships - the zeppelins - to bomb London and eastern England. Germany's enemies soon found out that when they hit these planes with aircraft guns, they became a raging inferno.

How did the Bolsheviks start to come to power?

They began a small faction of a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats. They were led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov and under his rule, became a party devoted to violent revolution. After the provisional gov. was created, Vladimir saw the opportunity to seize power. After Vladimir, or Lenin, influenced them with his thoughts, they Bolsheviks also reflected then discontent of the people. They wanted to end the war, redistribute all land to peasants, transfer factories and industries from capitalists to committees of workers, and trader gov. power to soviets.

Why did German military leaders return Lenin to Russia?

They believed that he would stir unrest in Russia which would help the cause of the German military; then they could focus all their war efforts on the Western Front. Also, they didn't want Lenin infecting the Germans with his ideas.

The Big Three after the war

U.S., Britain, and France

Why did trench warfare develop on the Western front but not on the Eastern Front?

Warfare on the Eastern Front was marked by mobility. On the west side, neither side could organize a successful offense, and formed defensive trenches to fight.

Why did the United States enter the war?

While Britain had used its superior navy to set up a blockade around Germany, Germany setts own blockade of Britain and enforced the use of unrestricted submarine warfare, including the sinking of passenger lines. In 1915, they sank the British ship Louisiana who had 100 Americans. After strong protests from the United States, the Germans suspended unrestricted warfare to avoid analogizing the U.S. By 1917, Germany broke the deadlock in the war and German naval officers convinced Emperor William II yo use unrestricted submarine warfare. However, the British weren't forced too surrender and the return of this warfare brought the U.S. into the war. U.S troops arrived in large numbers in 1918, and gave the Allied Powers a psychological boost and a major source of money and war goods.

Why did the Big Three Quarrel?

Wilson wanted to create a world organization: the League of Nations, while Clemenceau and Lloyd George wanted to punish Germany. In the end they compromised. The League of Nations was created and in return, Wilson agreed to make comprises on territorial arrangements amount countries. Clemenceau also comprised to obtain some guarantees for French security and gave up France's wish for a separate Rhineland and accepted a defense alliance with Great Britain and the U.S.. However, the U.S. Senate wouldn't ratify this and weakened the peace settlement.

What was the role of women in WWI?

Women had to pick up where men left of, meaning many women had to step up and do the work of men as many of them were fighting the war, women worked in many places like post offices and local shops, but the most important work they did was in factories like building munition for the war and putting themselves at risk of disease in these environments.

Why did women in some countries receive the right to vote after the war?

Women helped out a lot during war, and politicians could not argue that a woman's place was solely at home.

mandate

a territory temporarily governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations

armistice

a truce or an agreement to end fighting

What forces opposed the Communist government?

groups loyal to the Czar, anti-Leninist socialists, the Allies who were concerned about a communist takeover. The Allies even sent troops into Russia to bring them into the war again. They gave material and aid to anti-Communist.

war communism

in World War I Russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

abdicate

to formally give up control of a country or state