CH. 16 Dynamic Study Modules

Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones is most likely to lead to high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration)?

Aldosterone

_____ are hormones that act on the same target cells but have opposite effects.

Antagonists

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

____ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.

Autocrine

_____ are the major targets of growth hormone.

Bone and skeletal muscle

Which of the following hormones acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

Cortisol

Which of the following molecules has an anti-inflammatory effect?

Cortisol

Which of the following hormones play key roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

Cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Hypocalcemia

The _____ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

Hypothalamus

Which of the following effects is not associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Increased osteoblast activity

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin?

Increasing solute concentration of the blood

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

Insulin

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

Insulin

_____ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

Iodine

Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based?

Epinephrine

Which hormone is not matched correctly with its action?

Erythropoietin - increases white blood cell formation

Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast?

Estrogens

Which of the following statements is false?

Exercise will decrease glucagon secretion.

______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?

Glandular epithelium

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

Glucagon

Which type of stimulation is expected to regulate the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?

Hormonal stimulation

The endocrine system secretes ____ into the blood to be transported to their target cells.

Hormones

What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

Hydrophobic hormones

Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?

Zona glomerulus

Hyperthyroidism is most likely to result in

a tendency toward weight loss.

Paracrine signals:

act on neighboring cells.

Leptin is a hormone produced by the ____.

adipose tissue

Insulin stimulates all of the following actions except

an increase in blood glucose.

All the following tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary except

antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

The ____ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin.

beta

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary _________

by the portal veins.

A second messenger for hormone response is _____.

cAMP

A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ____.

calcitriol

Unlike the nervous system, the effects of hormones:

can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effect.

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

concentration of serum calcium.

Because of the body's general response to stress, the blood concentration of

epinephrine and cortisol rise.

Aldosterone regulates __________.

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

Aldosterone ___.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Alpha cells of the pancreas produce ____.

glucagon

The _____ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

heart

Endocrine glands secrete _____ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ____.

hormones; target tissues

Insulin operates under __________.

humoral stimulation

All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the ________.

hypothalamus

The _____ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

Thyroxine (T4) functions to

increase the general rate of metabolism.

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by all the following factors except

increased plasma volume.

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except

increasing the rate of glycogen formation.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

Renin is produced by the ____.

kidneys

Most hormone secretion is regulated as part of a ________.

negative feedback loop

The cells of the nervous system communicate via _____, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via ____.

neurotransmitters; hormones

Melatonin is secreted by the ____ to regulate the sleep/wake cycle.

pineal gland

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ion concentrations by causing the kidneys to

retain sodium and excrete potassium.

Cortisol acts to

stimulate gluconeogenesis.

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium by

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium.

Testosterone is produced by the __________.

testes

Which of the following structures is not a primary target of cortisol?

Nervous tissue

Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth?

Oxytocin

Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Pancreas

Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

Pituitary gland

What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Which of the following hormones would not be water-soluble?

Steroids

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of __________.

T lymphocytes

What is a major function of the endocrine system?

The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are related because

The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland.

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

Thyroid gland

Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ?

Thyroid gland

Thermoregulation is a function of which of the following hormones?

Thyroid hormones

What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?

Thyroid hormones

_____ causes the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus