Combo with "Ch. 9 Class & Global Inequality" and 3 others
Preconventional
"rightness" amounts to "what feels good to me - when child grabs something shiny because it looks good (piagets sensorimotor stage)
Poverty rate
% of the pop. that falls below the poverty line.
The characteristics of culture
-culture is a universal human society, LEARNED, shared, cumulative, -any behavior or set of behavior that are biologically determined is NOT CULTURE
folkways
-norms for routine or casual interaction -people pay less attention to folkways
To illustrate the difference between ideal and real culture, just think about the American value of equality. Growing up in the U.S., we were told that equality is very important - it's part of our ideal culture. Yet, we see inequality everywhere. Women are paid less than men, minorities are given less opportunities, and so on. Unfortunately, our real culture doesn't include much equality.
...
what are the two agent of socialization
1. Family 2. School
Middle adulthood consists of ages __________.
40-65
Structural mobility
A change in class position that occurs when a shift in available occupations changes the class system as a whole.
Positive relationship
A higher value on the casual variable goes with a higher value on the effect variable. (ie. the more education the longer their life expectancy is)
Negative relationship
A higher value on the causal variable goes with a lower value on the effect variable. (ie. the more a couple attends religious services, the lower the chances of their divorcing)
Theoretical explanation
A logical argument that tells why something occurs and how concepts are connected.It refers to a general rule of principle.
Association
A researcher needs this for causality/casual relationship, but it is not enough alone. Two phenomena are in ________ if they occur together in a patterned way or appear/act together.
Normalization
A shift in which previously deviant behaviors become accepted as conventional.
Prediction
A statement that something will occur.
Social theory
A system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge about the social world The question is not whether you should use social theory, but how you should use it
Feminization of poverty
A trend in which women made up an increasingly large share of the poor.
What is another way to refer to culture?
A way of life
Ideal type
A well-known classification. Pure abstract models that define the essence of the phenomenon in question. They are broader, more abstract concepts that bring together narrower, more concrete concepts. Qualitative researchers use this.
Structural Explanation
A wheel with spokes from a central idea or spider web in which each strand forms part of the whole. Uses a set of interconnected assumptions, concepts, relationships.
A person is shopping in the mall and is approached by individuals who identify themselves as researchers for a local food chain. They ask the person to participate in their study by answering a few questions. As a subject for this survey, the person was selected by which method of sampling? a. Convenience sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Random sampling d. Systematic sampling
ANS: A
Which of the following samples is least likely to be representative of the overall population? a. Convenience b. Quota c. Random d. Stratified random
ANS: A
The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America referred the interested researcher to a local chapter of the organization. The local chapter agreed to send out letters on behalf of the researcher inviting potential subjects to contact the researcher if they are willing to participate in a study. Potential subjects in this situation would be described as the: a. accessible population. b. element. c. sample. d. target population.
ANS: A An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access.
The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to as the: a. accessible population. b. scientific population. c. target population. d. theoretical population.
ANS: A An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access. The sample is obtained from the accessible population.
An advantage of convenience sampling is: a. ease in obtaining subjects. b. increased internal validity and control. c. low risk of sampling bias. d. representativeness of sample is ensured.
ANS: A Convenience samples are inexpensive, accessible, and usually require less time to acquire than other types of samples.
Which of the following study types would require the largest sample size? a. Correlational b. Experimental c. Grounded theory d. Phenomenology
ANS: A Descriptive studies and correlational studies often require very large samples. In these studies multiple variables may be examined, and extraneous variables are likely to affect subjects' responses to the variables under study.
Which of the following is true about sample size? a. An adequate sample size is particularly important to detect differences when they do in fact exist. b. Evaluating the possibility of a Type I error will help determine sample size. c. Finding a significant difference in study groups occurs most often with smaller samples. d. Sample size is especially important to support significant findings.
ANS: A Evaluating the adequacy of the sample size is very important when no differences have been found. Too small a sample can result in no difference being detected, even when there actually is one.
The term "comparison group" in research refers to the group of patients in a: a. nonrandom sample who do not receive a treatment. b. nonrandom sample who receive a treatment. c. random sample who do not receive a treatment. d. random sample who receive a treatment.
ANS: A If nonrandom methods are used for sample selection, the group not receiving a treatment is referred to as a comparison group.
Which of the following is true about probability sampling? Probability sampling: a. can take different forms, but random selection is always used. b. is the most economical way to get large numbers of subjects. c. guarantees that the sample is representative. d. subjects are handpicked because they have the expertise to provide information for the study.
ANS: A Random sampling allows each individual in the population an opportunity to be selected for the sample.
Which of the following statements is true about stratified random sampling? a. Allows the researcher to use a smaller sample size b. Ensures obtaining a larger sample at lower cost c. Internal validity is strengthened with this type of sampling d. Involves the selection of certain subjects from a convenience sample
ANS: A With stratification, the researcher can use a smaller sample size and achieve the same degree of representativeness in relation to the stratified variable as a large sample acquired through simple random sampling.
Which of the following types of sampling is considered to be the weakest? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Quota d. Systematic
ANS: B
Which type of sampling will get the largest number of subjects in the shortest period of time? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Network or snowball sampling d. Random sampling
ANS: B
The adequacy of a sample would be primarily based on which of the following criteria? a. Method chosen for sample selection b. Representativeness of the population c. Size of the total population d. Willingness of subjects to participate
ANS: B A sample needs to be representative in terms of characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, and education
Which of the following statements is true about sampling plans? a. A probability sampling plan is a better plan than a nonprobability one. b. A sampling plan outlines strategies used to obtain a sample for a study. c. Each study has its own sampling method, unique to that project. d. Getting a sample that is the most representative is the ideal, not the goal, of the sampling plan.
ANS: B A sampling plan, or sampling method, defines the selection process for a study.
The sample size needed for a study increases when: a. the alpha level is increased from .01 to .05. b. the number of variables in the study increases. c. a one-tailed versus a two-tailed statistical test is used. d. the sensitivity of the instruments used is high.
ANS: B As the number of variables under study increases, the sample size needed may increase.
Which of the following is true about theoretical sampling? a. All studies use theoretical sampling as a background for creating the sample. b. Grounded theory research frequently uses theoretical sampling to develop a selected theory. c. Subjects are selected to participate in a research study to match certain theory characteristics. d. Theoretical sampling is a little-used, but powerful method of creating a sample for quantitative research.
ANS: B Because of the nature of grounded theory methodology, theoretical sampling is used.
Cluster sampling is: a. a form of nonprobability sampling used in small surveys. b. also known as multistage sampling. c. unlikely to result in sampling errors. d. useful when the target population is found in a small geographical area.
ANS: B Both terms, cluster sampling and multistage sampling, have the same meaning in sampling methods.
Which of the following types of studies would need the largest sample size? a. Case studies b. Descriptive studies c. Experimental studies d. Quasi-experimental studies
ANS: B Descriptive studies often require very large samples. Multiple variables may be examined, and extraneous variables are likely to affect subject response(s) to the variables under study.
Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study? a. "Adequate sample size" is of no concern to a qualitative researcher because there is no statistical analysis involved. b. Sample size is deemed to be adequate when the researcher is detecting no new knowledge from additional subjects. c. Subjects who have knowledge of a situation assist the researcher in determining whether the sample size is adequate. d. There is a test similar to the power analysis in a quantitative study that can be used to determine an adequate sample size for qualitative research.
ANS: B In qualitative research, the researcher looks for data saturation, which is reached when no new information is being discovered from additional subjects.
Which of the following is an example of purposive sampling? a. The names of all possible subjects are put into a hat, and an adequate number are drawn out. b. Volunteers are solicited from the entire population, and those who agree become subjects in the study. c. Sample members are determined by finding a designated number of subjects from each of several identified groups (men, women, high school graduates, etc.). d. Subjects who have knowledge about the study topic are asked to participate in the study; those who agree become the sample.
ANS: B Purposive sampling is when appropriate subjects are found by the researcher and asked to participate in the study.
Why do qualitative researchers need to be as concerned with sample size as quantitative researchers do? Qualitative researchers: a. are reaching the objectives of their study in a similar way. b. need subjects who are able and willing to share their knowledge, oftentimes in repeated and more in-depth interviews than subjects in quantitative studies. c. need to gain a narrow focus rather than a broad perspective as their research purpose. d. will be analyzing the data with statistical techniques that require certain numbers of subjects.
ANS: B Qualitative research oftentimes requires the subjects to share their knowledge of the topic being studied in an in-depth level in repeated interviews. Therefore the researcher needs to ensure that the sample size is adequate to provide the depth and rich data that are required.
Which of the following factors do not influence saturation of data and therefore sample size in a qualitative study? a. Quality of the data b. Randomization of the sample c. Scope of the study d. Study design
ANS: B Randomization of the data is a concern for quantitative research designs. All other choices are concerns for saturation of data in qualitative research.
In a study investigating nurses' attitudes toward taking care of respiratory disease patients who had a long history of smoking, the researcher randomly selected a sample from a list of all the registered nurses from a randomly selected list of four states in the Southeast. Because the sample was drawn randomly, to what population can the findings of the study be generalized? Registered nurses in the: a. Selected four states b. Southeast c. Southeast who are actively working d. United States
ANS: B This study used a cluster sampling technique that is one type of random sampling plan.
A researcher wants to obtain a sample of individuals who are HIV positive. Which of the following sampling methods would be the most effective way to obtain a sample? a. Accidental sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Network sampling d. Simple random sampling
ANS: C
The researcher is to select a set of five subjects using a random numbers table. The selected population is 50. The researcher's pencil was initially placed on the second column from the left and third row down. The decision is to move across the columns to the right. 06 84 10 22 56 72 25 70 69 43 07 63 10 34 66 39 54 02 33 85 03 19 63 93 72 52 13 30 44 40 77 32 69 58 25 15 55 38 19 62 20 01 94 54 66 88 43 91 34 28 The subject numbers will be: a. 13, 30, 44, 40, 32 b. 19, 38, 55, 15, 25 c. 19, 63, 93, 72, 52 d. 33, 02, 54, 39, 66
ANS: C
Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are described as the: a. accessible population. b. element. c. sample. d. target population.
ANS: C A sample is that group of people who are representing the entire population and participating in the study. Samples are expected to represent an entire population.
To detect a significant difference between two groups when the effect size is small, what should the researcher do? a. Conduct a pilot study. b. Obtain a different sample. c. Increase the sample size. d. Perform additional analysis.
ANS: C Increasing the sample size makes it easier to detect a difference.
A researcher was able to obtain a list of all lung cancer patients in the Southeast. If a table of random numbers was used to create a sample from that original list and then those individuals agreed to participate in a study, what kind of sample would have been created? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Simple random d. Stratified random
ANS: C Simple random sampling is when every member of the population has an equal chance of selection for the sample.
Which of the following sets of terms represents an appropriate pairing of a probability sampling method and a corresponding nonprobability sampling one? a. Cluster sampling—snowball technique b. Simple random sampling—convenience sampling c. Stratified random sampling—quota sampling d. Theoretical sampling—quota sampling
ANS: C Stratified random sampling and quota sampling both attempt to balance the sample in terms of known characteristics in the population.
In a study investigating nurses' attitudes toward taking care of respiratory disease patients who had a long history of smoking, the researcher randomly selected a sample from a list of all the registered nurses from a randomly selected list of four states in the Southeast. If the researcher also selected the sample by randomly selecting nurses who smoke and those who do not, what sampling technique is being used? a. Cluster b. Quota c. Stratified random d. Systematic
ANS: C Stratified random sampling is used when certain characteristics of the group are identified and then proportionately included in the randomly chosen sample. Assuming the researcher first knew whether or not a nurse smoked, then this represents that sampling technique.
Apart from sample size, which of the following is typically not considered when determining the power of a study? a. Sensitivity of the instruments used b. Number of variables c. Skill of the researcher d. Data analysis techniques
ANS: C The skill of the researcher does not affect the statistical power of a study. All other answers are correct.
A researcher reports on a study conducted to determine if a new educational program has helped dialysis patients become more compliant with their fluid restrictions. The findings indicated that there was no difference. The report did include that a power analysis was performed to determine if the sample size (n = 100) was adequate. The power level was .5. What should the reader conclude? a. A sample of 100 is certainly adequate in a clinical study. The researcher should adjust the educational program. b. Chances are high that a Type I error has occurred. c. Findings of no difference are not surprising; it is difficult to make an impact on this population of patients. d. There is a high likelihood that the sample size was not adequate, and the study should be replicated using more subjects.
ANS: D A power level needs to reach .8 to be acceptable, and this one had only .5. There is a good chance that a Type II error occurred, and the study should be replicated.
Which of the following research settings is not correctly paired with the type of setting? a. Clinical research unit—highly controlled setting b. Indoor playroom—natural setting c. Primary care clinic—partially controlled setting d. Subject's home—partially controlled setting
ANS: D A subject's home would be a natural research setting, so it is paired incorrectly with "partially controlled setting."
Another name for probability sampling is: a. accidental sampling. b. purposive sampling. c. quota sampling. d. random sampling.
ANS: D In probability sampling, every member of the population has a probability higher than zero of being selected for the sample. To achieve this probability, the sample is obtained randomly.
Which of the following would be the best method for randomly assigning subjects (n = 40) to treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups in an intervention study? Assign numbers to all subjects and: a. ignore numbers; group the subjects by diagnosis or physician. b. place the first 20 subjects in one group and the last in the other. c. put even-numbered subjects in one group, odd numbered in the other. d. put numbers 1 to 40 in a box and blindly draw from the box.
ANS: D In the approach described, all 40 of the subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment group or the control group.
In a study of liver transplant recipients, the researcher specifies that the subjects must be 18 years of age or older and the recipient of only one liver transplant. These criteria are an example of: a. demographic attributes. b. exclusion criteria. c. extraneous variables. d. inclusion criteria.
ANS: D Inclusion criteria are those characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population.
Which of the following is true about network sampling? a. Eligibility criteria do not need to be defined carefully. b. Finding large numbers of subjects by this means is easy and economical. c. Sample representativeness is guaranteed by using this technique. d. Subjects who have knowledge of a situation, often sensitive or not socially acceptable, are identified by others in the same type of situation.
ANS: D Network sampling is useful for locating samples difficult or impossible to obtain in other ways. Network sampling takes advantage of social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common.
A researcher wanting to explore the lives of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer obtains a random sample of the population. What part of the study will be strengthened because of the random sample? a. Feasibility b. Reliability c. Statistical power d. Validity
ANS: D Random samples increase the validity of a study.
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn is a: a. cluster sample. b. purposive sample. c. random sample. d. representative sample.
ANS: D Representativeness means that the sample, accessible population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible.
Findings of an intervention study with a convenience sample: a. are generalizable to a wider group of patients with related problems. b. are to be discounted because they are extremely biased. c. provide no useful information. d. should be replicated before being applied to a wider population.
ANS: D Representativeness of the sample is a concern in convenience sampling, and generalizability is therefore limited.
Sample attrition would be reflected by the: a. average death rate of the population under study. b. inability to access identified members of a population. c. number of patients who die while participating in a study. d. number of patients who drop out of a study.
ANS: D Sample attrition or mortality is the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study
Sampling in research may be defined as: a. insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study. b. establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study. c. identification of the population in which the researcher is interested. d. selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population.
ANS: D Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study. Samples are expected to represent a population of people.
Which of the following are not correctly paired as similar types of sampling methods? a. Convenience sampling—accidental sampling b. Network sampling—snowball sampling c. Purposive sampling—selective sampling d. Stratified random sampling—quota sampling
ANS: D Stratified random sampling and quota sampling differ in randomness; quota sampling does not allow for equal likelihood of entering the sample from the target population. Convenience and accidental sampling describe similar types of sampling methods.
A researcher is interested in studying lifestyle management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The researcher contacts the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America to determine how to best access this patient population. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are an example of which of the following? a. Accessible population b. Element c. Sample d. Target population
ANS: D The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria.
Which is the largest group from among this list? a. Accessible population b. Control group c. Sample d. Target population
ANS: D The target population is the group the researcher wants to generalize to and needs the sample to represent.
Class mobility
Ability 2 move from 1 social class 2 another.
Differential association theory
According 2 this theory, deviance is learned thru interaction w/ other ppl involved in deviant behavior.
Major U.S. Values
Achievement and success, activity and work, morality, humanitarianism, progress, equality, individuality
Loner deviance
Activities of those who commit deviant acts w/o social support of other participants.
Real Culture
Actual everyday behavior
Proposition
After many careful tests of a hypothesis, with data confirming the hypothesis, it is treated as this. It is a relationship in a theory in which the scientific community starts to gain confidence in.
Concept
All theories contain these. An idea expressed as a symbol or in words. Most social science concepts are expressed as words. Different words (in diff languages) symbolize this. The other part to this is the definition.
What did the key founders of sociology - Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber - have in common?
All three were public intellectuals
Theoretical Frameworks
Also called a paradigm or _______system, it is more abstract than a middle-range system. They provide collections of assumptions, concepts, and forms of explanation. Include many formal or substantive theories. It's rarely used directly in empirical research.
Spuriousness
Also called eliminating alternatives, means a researcher interested in causality needs to show that the effect is due to the casual variable and not something else.
Examples of variables
Amount of income, temperature, density of population, years of schooling and a degree of violence.
Social Structure
An organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships
Dramaturgy
Approach 2 the study of social interaction that uses the metaphor of social life as a theater.
World systems analysis
Approach focusing on the interdependence among the countries that make up a single global economic system.
When Fernando and Olivia moved from Mexico to the United States, they were expected to learn English. At their jobs, it was expected that they become fluent English speakers and that they would adapt to the dominant corporate culture. When they participated in the pot luck lunches at work, more people preferred that they bring an American dish. What were Fernando and Olivia experiencing?
Assimilation.
Coined the term "sociology" in the early 19th century
Auguste Comte
Inductive approach
Begin with a detailed observation of the owrld and move towards more abstract generalizations and ideas. When you begin you have topic and a few vague concepts, develop empirical generalizations and identify preliminary relationships. Many of researchers using this use grounded theory - build theory from the ground up.
Deviance
Behavior that doesn't conform 2 basic cultural norms & expectations.
Actions associated with a group that help to reproduce a distinctive way of life are known as:
Behaviors.
Theory
Being explicit about __________ makes it easier to read someone's research.
Surveillance
Being observed by authorities that police the boundaries of what's normal.
Who suggested that culture helps people meet their biological needs, instrumental needs, and integrative needs?
Bronislaw Malinowski
How to eliminate all possible alternatives
Built in design controls and by measuring potential hidden causes and by measuring possible alternative causes (controlling for another variable)
who used the term sociological imagination?
C. Wright Mills
As the use of large-scale machinery increased, the Industrial Revolution brought about changes in the labor force, living environments, and economic levels of families. This industrialization led to the rise of:
Capitalists and consumers.
Underclass
Chronically unemployed ppl who have no ongoing relationship 2 the mainstream economy.
Aggregates
Collection of many individuals, cases or other units (ex. businesses, schools, families, clubs, cities, nations)
Social networks
Collection of social ties connecting ppl 2 each other.
Social groups
Collections of ppl who interact regularly w/ 1 another & who r aware of their status as a group.
Deviant subcultures discussed by
Colorado and Ohlin, Cohen, Miller, and Anderson
Intersubjectivity
Common understanding between ppl about knowledge, reality, or an experience.
Assumptions
Concepts contain these built in ________, statements about the nature of things that are not observable or testable. They are accepted as a necessary starting point. Concepts and theories build on them.
Temporal order
Condition that means that a cause must come before an effect. Eliminates from consideration potential causes that occurred later in time.
Which theoretical perspective points to the domination of more powerful groups over those with less power?
Conflict
Who is associated with the looking-glass self?
Cooley
The Black Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan could be considered examples of:
Countercultures.
What is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society?
Culture
________ is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.
Culture
Characteristics of Culture
Culture is 1) shared, 2) learned, 3) taken for granted, 4) symbolic, 5) varies across time and place
Medicalization of deviance
Designation of a deviant behavior as an illness that can b treated by medical professionals.
Crime
Deviant behavior that violates a law.
Secondary deviance
Deviant behavior that's a response 2 the neg. consequences of labeling.
A variant of a language with its own unique accent and vocabulary is known as a:
Dialect.
Global inequality
Differences in wealth & power among the countries of the world.
Transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as exploration, war, the media, tourism, and immigration:
Diffusion
Cultural Change
Diffusion, invention, innovation, discovery
The mass media typically represents and reflects which type of culture?
Dominant culture.
Erik H Erikson pg. 92
Eight stages of Development infancy-birth and 18 months toddlerhood-up to 3 preschool- 4 to 5 preadolescence- 6 and 13 adolescence- teen years Young adulthood middle adulthood old age
Public assistance
Either tax credits or actual payments & benefits provided 2 citizens by the gov't.
Studied suicide rates
Emile Durkheim
Margie was learning about the Maasai tribe in Africa from her teacher. Her teacher was telling the class about the circumcision rituals that boys undergo at about the age of 10 when they are ready to become warriors. At this time, the boys paint their faces white and dress in black. Margie commented that this sounded like a very odd ritual and that she could not understand why anyone would want to be a part of this tribe. What was Margie exhibiting?
Ethnocentrism.
Harold Garfinkel
Ethnomethodology-the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
Iron law of oligarchy
Eventual & inevitable consolidation of power @the top of bureaucratic organizations.
Stereotypes
Exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of ppl that dont acknowledge individual variation.
Functional theory
Explains an event by locating it within a larger ongoing balanced social system. Explains something by identifying its function within the larger system and the need it fulfils for the system. "x occurs because it fills the need of system y"
Organizational environment
Factors that exist outside the organization but potentially affect its operation.
Sociology is basically a matter of common sense.
False
The term structure refers to how societies and institutions are organized.
False
Wealth
Financial assets, such as savings, real estate, & stocks.
Maria is Hispanic and teaches elementary school. She wants to teach her students a little about her culture. She wants to share her knowledge of cooking with the students. She takes flour tortillas, a tortilla pan, tortilla chips, and salsa to her school classroom. Which of the above items could be considered cultural objects?
Flour tortillas, tortilla pan, chips, salsa, classroom, school.
Middle-range theory
Focuses on a specific substantive topic area, includes a multiple empirical generalization and builds a theoretical explanation.
Three types of Norms
Folkways, Mores, Laws
Overconformity
Following cultural expectations to an excessive degree.
Groupthink
Form of uncritical thinking which ppl reinforce a consensus rather than ask serious Q's or thoroughly analyze the issue at hand.
Cultural capital
Forms of knowledge, taste, preferences, & styles high-status groups use 2 signal their status & to exclude others from their social circles.
What theory does
Frames how we look and think about a topic, gives us concepts, provides basic assumptions, directs us to the important questions and suggests ways for us to think about the data. It enables us to connect a single study to the immense base of knowledge to which other researchers contribute.
Sociological Perspectives on Culture
Functionalists, Conflict theorists, Feminist Scholars, Interactionists
Class
Group of ppl who share a roughly similar economic position & lifestyle.
Middle class
Group thats distinctive 4 its contribution of specialized knowledge & expertise 2 the economy.
Deviant subcultures
Group which membership is based on a shared commitment 2 specific nonconformist beliefs or behaviors.
Studied both gender discrimination and slavery
Harriet Martineau
Correlation
Has a specific technical meaning. A ______coefficient is a statistical measure that indicates the amount of association.
Applied Darwin's theory of evolution to societies
Herbert Spencer
Bureaucracy
Hierarchical administrative system w/ formal rules & procedures used 2 manage organizations.
Equal opportunity
Idea all ppl should have the same chance 2 achieve success.
Thomas theorem
Idea that if ppl define situations as real, they r real in their consequences.
Homophily
Idea that social contact occurs @a higher rt. between ppl who are similar than it does between ppl who r different.
What is a system of meaning that helps define, explain, and make value judgments about the world?
Ideology.
Where does nonmaterial culture exist?
In the world of thoughts and ideas
where does non material culture exist/
In the world of thoughts and ideas
Concept clusters
Interconnected groups of concepts. Theories contain collections of associated concepts that are consistent and mutually reinforcing. Together, they form a web of meaning.
Interpretive explanation
Its purpose is to foster understanding. Attempts to discover meaning of an event or practice by placing it within a specific social context.
A social reformer and founder of Hull House in Chicago
Jane Addams
Who believes the world of culture today is based on simulation, not reality?
Jean Baudrillard
Who is associated with cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
Was critical of the social inequality associated with industrial capitalism
Karl Marx
Who stressed ideas are cultural creations of a society's most powerful members?
Karl Marx
Who is associated with moral development?
Kohlberg
What is the key concept underlying the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Languages affect how their speakers think and behave.
Conspicuous consumption
Lavish spending, done 2 compete 4 status w/ others.
Meso-level theory
Links macro and micro levels and operates at an intermediate level. Theories of organizations, social movements, and communities.
Ordinary explanation
Makes something clear or describes something in a way that illustrates it and makes it intelligible.
During the Enlightenment period of the 18th century, intellectual thinkers began to write books and publish manuscripts that contradicted the Catholic Church's teachings about natural science. This illustrates the use of:
Mass media.
Jewelry, cars, homes, and boats would be considered what aspect of culture?
Material
Wrote The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism
Max Weber
Who is associated with role-taking?
Mead
Idiographic
Means specific description and refers to explaining an aspect of the social world by offering a highly detailed pic or description of a specific social setting, process or type of relationship
Poverty line (U.S.)
Measure of scarcity determined by figuring the cost of a minimal food budget & multiplying it by 3.
Freud
Model of personality-3 parts id, ego, superego
During the 1700s and 1800s there was a shift towards urbanization. Improved agricultural methods allowed farmers to grow more crops and sell their surplus. Feudal villages were becoming cities with political leadership. This all led to the rise of economic growth. The period of development was called:
Modernity.
Capital
Money 2 invest in factories, real estate, & other businesses.
whats the difference between a more and a folkway?
Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways
What is the difference between a more and a folkway?
Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways.
What is the difference between a more and a folkway? a. Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways. b. They are similar and can be used interchangeably. c. Folkways are more severe than mores. d. Violating a folkway may lead to public shame.
Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways.
In the United States, when stepping into an elevator, people often move to the back to allow others to get on or get off. This is an example of a. a value. b. a belief. c. knowledge. d. a norm.
Norm
When stepping into a elevator, people often move to the back to allow others to get on or off. this is a example of what?
Norm
Which statement about norms is FALSE?
Norms are rigid.
Meritocracy
Notion that ppl r rewarded & are able 2 advance b/c of their abilities.
Replication
Occurs when researchers repeat the basics of a study and get identical or very similar findings
Life chances
Opportunities offered by 1's economic position.
Positive deviance
Overconformity that gets a favorable response.
Secondary groups
PPl who interact in a relatively impersonal way, usually 2 carry out some specific task.
Classification
Partway between a single simple concept and theory. They help to organize abstract, complex concepts.
Achieved status
Position in a social system a person attains voluntarily, to a considerable degree, as the result of his/her own efforts.
Status
Position in a social system that can b occupied by an individual.
Ascribed status
Position in a social system, assigned 2 a person from birth, regardless of his/her wishes.
The principle that true knowledge must be based on the scientific method is known as
Positivism.
Primary groups
Ppl who have regular contact, enduring relationships, & significant emotional attachment 2 each other.
Classism
Prejudice or discrimination based on social class.
Role strain
Problem that occurs when expectations associated w/ a single role compete w/ each other.
Role conflict
Problem that occurs when the expectations associated w/ diff. roles clash.
Deindustrialization
Process by which investment in the nation's manufacturing capacity decreased.
Decriminalization
Process of making an illegal action legal.
Status hierarchy
Ranking of social positions according 2 their perceived prestige or honor.
Recidivism
Relapse into criminal behavior.
Social capital
Relationships that r potentially economically valuable resulting from membership in a group.
Sociology emerged from each of the following revolutions EXCEPT
Religious.
Interpretive Approach
Researchers who use this approach say, human social life is qualitatively different from other things studied by science. This view holds that social life is based on less objective, hard factual ideas rather than ideas beliefs, and perception that ppl hold about reality. These researchers are skeptical about postivist attempts to produce precise quantitative measures of objective.
Who is associated with the strain theory?
Robert Merton
Language shapes the view of reality of its speakers according to what hypothesis?
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Absolute poverty
Scarcity of resources so severe its life-threatening.
Frederick Taylor
Scientific Managment- the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization
Organizations
Secondary groups that have a degree of formal structure & r formed 2 accomplish particular tasks.
Paradigm
Set of assumption, beliefs, models of doing good research and techniques for gathering and analyzing data. Organizes core ideas, theoretical frameworks and research methods.
Roles
Sets of expected behaviors that r associated w/ particular statuses.
Which researcher has found that there are about ten universal values that have a similar meaning across cultures?
Shalom Schwartz
Stigma
Shame attached 2 a behavior or status that's considered socially unacceptable or discrediting.
Collective conscience
Shared norms, beliefs, & values in a community.
Critical approach
Shares many features with an interpretive approach, but blends objective/materialist with a constructive view of social reality. Its key feature is a desire to put knowledge into action and a belief that research is not value free. Favours action research.
Who is associated with the psychoanalytic approach?
Sigmund Freud
Relative poverty
Situation exists when ppl dont have the basic resources 2 maintain a standard of living considered acceptable in their society.
Out-group
Social group toward which 1 feels negatively, considering its members to be inferiors, or "them."
In-group
Social group w/ which a person identifies & toward which he/she feels positively; have a collective sense of "us."
Agents of social control
Social institutions that enforce norms & rules, attempt 2 prevent rule violations, & identify & punish rule violators.
Master status
Social position thats overwhelmingly significant, powerfully influences a person's social experience, & typically overshadows all other social positions that person may occupy.
Which term do sociologists use to describe a collection of propositions that work to explain how social phenomena operate?
Social theory
Micro-level theory
Social theory that deals with small slices of time, space or numbers of people. Usually not very abstract.
A large group of people who live together in a specific area and share a culture is known as a:
Society
Crime rates
Stats measuring the incidence of crime in relation 2 population size.
Status category
Status that ppl can hold in common.
Merton
Strain theory- explains deviance in terms of a society cultural goals and the means available to achieve them
Emile Durkheim
Studied deviance-made the surprising claim that there is nothing wrong with deviance. it performs five essential functions 1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms 2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries 3. respond to deviance bring people together 4. deviance encourages social change 5. provide a safety value for society ex. sandy hook elementary shooting brought people together
A sound, gesture, image, or object that represents something else is known as a(n):
Symbol.
Individualism
System of beliefs highlighting the importance of the single person over any social group.
Neocolonialism
System of economic domination of poorer nations by wealthier 1's w/o the use of formal political control or military occupation.
Progressive taxation
Tax policy which those w/ higher incomes pay a higher rate.
Regressive taxation
Taxes that disproportionately affect those w/ lower incomes.
Which of the following measures do critics of multiculturalism support?
The adoption of "English Only" laws.
Ideal Culture
The beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold
Status set
The collection of statuses an individual holds.
Capital punishment
The death penalty.
Verstehen
The desire of a researcher to get inside the world view of those he or she is studying and accurately represent how the people being studied see the world, feel about it and act.
Japanese students typically attend school more hours per day than American students. In Japan, learning is more group centered and focused than in the United States. Teamwork and cooperation are also stressed in Japanese schools, whereas students in the United States are taught to have more individualistic values. What would explain the differences between Japanese and American schools?
The dominant ideology in Japan supports a more cooperative education focus than in the United States.
Scientific management (Taylorism)
The effort by trained mngers 2 study workflow & develop precise procedures that govern the completion of work tasks.
Reference groups
The groups against which we choose to measure ourselves.
Social control
The incentives & punishments that promote conformity in social life.
Charles cooley
The looking-glass self - a self-image based on how we think others see us
Which of the following statements is generally true regarding taxation and poverty rates among industrialized countries?
The lower the tax rate, the higher the poverty rate.
Macro-level theory
The operation of larger aggregates such as social institutions, entire cultural systems, and whole societies. Uses more concepts that are abstract.
Sall grew up in the middle class. For school, she volunteered at a soup kitchen and, for the first time, met individuals her own age who had grown up in poverty. Instead of dismissing these individuals as lazy, she sought to understand what social forces worked to shape her life differently from those she met at the soup kitchen. This is an example of:
The sociological perspective.
Values
The standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, etc
Praxis
The ultimate test of how good an explanation is to the critical approach. A blending of theory and concrete action; theory informs you about the specific real-world actions you should take to advance social change and you then use the experiences engaging in aciton for social change to reformulate the theory.
Relationships
Theories specify how concepts relate to one another. Theories give reason why ______don't exist too.
Strain theory
Theory emphasizing the strain or pressure on those who lack the means 2 achieve culturally defined goals leads them 2 pursue deviant routes 2 success.
lawrence Kohlbergh
Theory of Moral Development -based off of piagets work
Jean Piaget
Theory of cognitive Development
George H. Mead pg. 91 read it
Theory of the social self -meads central concept is the self, the part of an individuals personality composed of self awareness and self image -symbolic system
Control theory
Theory suggesting our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection 2 major social institutions, including family, school, & religion.
Modernization theory
Theory that attributes global inequality 2 cultural differences between countries.
Dependency theory
Theory that attributes global inequality 2 the exploitation of weaker, poor nations by wealthy, more powerful 1's.
Labeling theory
Theory that deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior & that individuals who r labeled deviant often internalize this judgment as part of their self-identity.
What did Lori Holyfield's research reveal about the symbol of the Confederate flag? a. There were multiple meanings given to the Confederate flag. b. It was first used by members of the Ku Klux Klan. c. Southerners still consider it a racist symbol. d. Most students in the South had a very good understanding of the symbolic meaning of the flag
There were multiple meanings given to the Confederate flag.
what did Lori Holyfield's research reveal about the symbol of the confederate flag?
There were multiple meanings given to the confederate flag
How is sociology similar to economics and political science?
They all belong to the social sciences
Capitalist class (or bourgeoisie)
Those who control major capital & own the means of production.
Working class (or proletariat)
Those who survive on the wages they earn.
Sociology views individuals as free agents who are able to make choices about their lives independent of societal influences.
True
Colonialism
Use of military, political, & economic power by 1 society 2 dominate the ppl of another society, usually 4 economic benefit.
Casual explanation
Used when the relationship is one of cause and effect
Cofounder of the NAACP
W. E. B. Dubois
Scope
What concepts vary by. More abstract = wider.
Hypothesis
When research empirically tests or evaluates relationships between concepts.
social channeling
When you parents socialize their children to do similar things
Positivist Approach
Widely practised social science approach Sees social science fundamentally the same as natural science research; it assumes social reality is made up of objective facts that value-free researchers can precisely measure and use stats to test casual theories Large scale co, agencies and many ppl favour this b/c it emphasizes getting objective measures of "hard facts" in form of #s
Which sociologist coined the term cultural lag?
William Ogburn
Deductive approach
You begin with an abstract, logical relationship among concepts and move toward concrete empirical evidence.
Functionalists
_____________Focus on culture as a cement that BINDS society
Interactionists
__________________study how people INTERPRET and TRANSMIT culture
Feminists Scholars
_______________focus on GENDER differences
Conflict Theorists
_____________argue that culture can generate enormous INEQUALITY
Dramaturgical Analysis
__________examines social interaction as if it were a stage where people act out of different scenes
Ethnomethodology
________studies how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make interaction plaza
Feminists Perspectives
________study interaction according to GENDER roles
positivism
a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific method
Organized crime
a business supplying illegal goods or services. (categories with few legitimate opportunities)
Individual mobility
a change in a 1's class position that occurs w/o any change in the larger class structure.
Status Set
a collection of social statuses that an individual occupies
Hate crime
a criminal act against a person or persons property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
macro level of analysis
a focus on large-scale social systems and processes such as the economy, politics and population trends
micro level of analysis
a focus on small-sclae, usually face-to-face interaction
meso level of analysis
a focus somewhere between very large and very small social phenomena--on organizations of institutions, for example
modernity
a historical era beginning in the 1700s characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and sciences to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy
postmodernity
a historical period beginning in the mid-twentieth century characterized by the rise of information-based economics and the fragmentation of political beliefs and ways of knowing
formal organization
a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently
science
a method of inquiry that uses logic and the systematic collection of evidence to support knowledge claims
role set
a number of roles attached to a single status
ego
a persons conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
Back Stage
a place, concealed from the audience, where people can relax
Ascribed Status
a position that we are born into....latino, female, Chinese
Achieved status
a position that we have through choice....a student, or a dentist
Stigma
a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
social theory
a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena
total institution
a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff
reference group
a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
peer group
a social group who's members have interests, social position, and age in common
Status
a social position
Ascribed status
a social position a person receives at birth ex. a daughter, a cuban, a teenager
Achieved status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort ex. student, athlete, nurse, thief
master status
a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life ex. a person's job is normally bc its reveals a huge part of a person's social background, education and income. also, the bush family, kennedy bc it attracts a lot of attention
Taboos
a strongly ingrained norm, the violation of which is repugnant (eating other humans)
Athletes who train and participate in triathlons would be considered examples of
a subculture
a sound, gesture, image, or object that represents something else is
a symbol
culture pg 48
a symbolic system a patterned way of life
Language
a system of shared symbols that enable people to communicate
sociological perspective
a view of the social world that focuses on discovering and understanding the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live, called the sociological imagination by C. Wright Mills
sociological imagination
a view of the social world that focuses on discovering and understanding the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live, coined by C. Wright Mills
what is another way to refer to culture
a way of life
rationality
a way of thinking that emphasized deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task
network
a web of weak social ties
Which of the following is not a type of norm? a. Role b. More c. Folkway d. Law
a. Role
Achieved statuses are ones that individuals work toward, whereas ascribed statuses are ones that are assigned to someone. a. True b. False
a. True
Society influences our everyday behavior. a. True b. False
a. True
Society, while made up of groups and individuals, has an existence beyond the scope of those groups and individuals. a. True b. False
a. True
Systems of stratification based on an ascribed status a. allow upward social mobility. b. discourage social mobility. c. facilitate social mobility. d. allow virtually no social mobility.
a. allow upward social mobility.
According to Dorothy Smith's "standpoint theory," people view society and power from a. an oppositional stance. b. an individualistic perspective. c. a biased standpoint. d. the perspective of their group.
a. an oppositional stance.
Which of the following best describes the Indian caste system? a. closed, without social mobility b. based on a strict legal system c. open, with limited social mobility d. based on force
a. closed, without social mobility
Which theoretical perspective points to the domination of more powerful groups over those with less power? a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. structuralist
a. conflict
Public schools in wealthy neighborhoods are typically better funded, better equipped, and more successful than their counterparts in underprivileged areas. This inequality is a result of the residents' greater _____ power. a. economic b. persuasive c. reward d. cultural
a. economic
Lai is a powerful and wealthy businesswoman who enjoys all the benefits of her class background. To attain her position, however, she struggled to overcome the disadvantage and discrimination of her gender in a male-dominated business environment. This scenario corresponds with which concept? a. matrix of domination b. social closure c. traditional authority d. power as knowledge
a. matrix of domination
Which best describes a social structure? a. recurring patterns of behavior b. the scaffolding that supports a building c. a strict hierarchy of power d. a system of social stratification
a. recurring patterns of behavior
Which of the following is NOT a function of social institutions? a. the socialization of new members of the society b. the production and distribution of goods and services c. creating equal opportunity for all, regardless of social class d. the maintenance of stability and existence
a. the socialization of new members of the society
Social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort:
achieved status
identify the dependent variable in a given study
age/voting study. voting is dependent
Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older people:
ageism
The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society:
agents of socialization
a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common
aggregate
status set
all the statuses a person holds at a given time
Retribution
an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
Bureaucracy
an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently - Max Weber saw as the dominant type of organization in modern societies
The process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future role:
anticipatory socialization
Symbol
anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture....examples - words, gestures, physical objects
what kind of research findings will help schools allocate funding in after school programs
applied research
Positive sanction
approval for following a norm
Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world _______________.
as a safe comfortable place
A social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender:
ascribed status
Social Exchange Theory
assumes that social interaction is base rewards and minimizing COSTS
people who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members
authoritarian leaders
How are a police officer and a soldier similar? a. Both are social statuses. b. Both are roles, jobs, and social statuses. c. Both are roles. d. Both are only jobs, not social statuses.
b. Both are roles, jobs, and social statuses.
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the functionalist perspective? a. Structures within society meet the needs of society. b. Change in one part of society necessitates change in another part. c. Society is composed of interdependent social institutions. d. Society is held together by the domination of the poor by the rich.
b. Change in one part of society necessitates change in another part.
According to lecture, which of the following is not a characteristic of culture? a. Culture is shared b. Culture is universal c. Culture is symbolic d. Culture is varries across time and place
b. Culture is universal
A master status is not socially imposed but rather a matter of individual choice. a. True b. False
b. False
The idea that a man calculates whether or not getting married would beneficial in terms of his finances illustrates which dimension of McDonaldization? a. efficiency b. calculability c. predictability d. control
b. calculability
The Black Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan could be considered examples of a. dominant culture. b. countercultures. c. high culture. d. real culture.
b. countercultures.
The mass media typically represents and reflects which type of culture? a. ideal culture b. dominant culture c. counterculture d. subculture
b. dominant culture
Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status? a. college student b. female c. musician d. poor
b. female
What is the principal difference between capitalist and socialist ideologies? a. focus on freedom vs. control b. focus on money vs. government c. focus on the individual vs. the collective d. focus on democracy vs. authority
b. focus on money vs. government
Many universities often value and celebrate cultural differences. This value is known as a. colonialism. b. multiculturalism. c. assimilation. d. tolerance.
b. multiculturalism.
When the different statuses of a person each brings with them significantly different amounts of prestige this causes ____. a. role strain b. status inconsistency c. role conflict d. status ambivalence
b. status inconsistency
Max Weber defined legitimate power as based on a. democratic elections. b. the acceptance of and belief in authority. c. acceptance by the majority. d. accountability to a constituency.
b. the acceptance of and belief in authority.
Role
behavior expected of a person in a particular status...based upon mutual obligations
role
behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
tradition
behavior, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation
The mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real:
beliefs
What is an example of nonmaterial culture?
beliefs
popular Culture
beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in EVERYDAY LIFE
what is it called when people move to back of elevator and turn around while others get on
breaking the norm
an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters
bureaucracy
a psychological construct that describes those workers who are most concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly
bureaucratic personality
Who defined power as the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others? a. Virginia Held b. Nancy Hartsock c. Max Weber d. Bertrand Russell
c. Max Weber
A status that is occupied from the moment of birth (e.g., your sex or race) is called an: a. acquired status b. assumed status c. ascribed status d. achieved status
c. ascribed status
Systems of stratification based on an achieved status typically a. allow social mobility. b. prohibit social mobility. c. disregard achievement. d. discourage achievement.
c. disregard achievement.
Sociologists see social inequality as being rooted in a. a lack of individual effort. b. greed. c. factors beyond an individual's control. d. personal choice.
c. factors beyond an individual's control.
Exchange theorists analyze human interaction in terms of: a. gender and class b. race and ethnicity c. profit and loss d. all of these choices
c. profit and loss
Which of the following would be an example of a role? a. a member of the royal family b. an airline pilot c. the expectation that parents should take care of their children d. the economy
c. the expectation that parents should take care of their children
What are social roles? a. the parts that actors play b. the positions that individuals occupy in the social structure c. the social expectations that go along with a given social status d. the governing methods of social structure
c. the social expectations that go along with a given social status
a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as educational level, age, race, or gender
category
what is the independent variable
causes changes in the dependent variable
during the middle ages, who or what dominated intellectual life
church and clergy
Deals with disputes among persons or groups:
civil law
Labeling theory
claims that deviance depends less on what someone does than on how others react to that behavior. If people respond to primary deviance by stigmatizing a person, secondary deviance and a deviant career may result
An alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal
coalition
Multiculturalism
coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area without any one culture dominating
white collar crime
committed by people of high social position as part of their jobs. SUTHERLAND claimed that such offenses are rarely prosecuted and are most likely to end up in civil rather than criminal court
In this stage, children tend to think in terms of tangible objects and actual events:
concrete operational
The ____________ theorist do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. For example, the homeless lack of the power and resources to promote their own interests when they are opposed by dominant social groups.
conflict
Role conflict
conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses ex. a mother AND a CEO
the theory that views society as being shaped by competition, the struggle for power, and unequal distribution of resources
conflict theories
the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other groups
conformity
Merton's five ways in which people adapt to cultural goals:
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
Material Culture
consists of the tangible objects that members of society make, use, and share...examples, tools, jewelry, pottery, clothing, furniture
Suggests that conformity is often associated with a person's bonds to other people:
control theory
Hirschi
control theory-states that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior. People who are well integrated into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.
People are most concerned with how they are perceived by their peers and with how one conforms to rules:
conventional
in relationship between variables, what is associated with and or causes change in the value of the other
correlation
A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles:
counterculture
White-collar crime
crime by ppl of high social status in the course of their occupation.
Deals with public safety and well-being:
criminal law
Pierre Bourdieu's theory that views high culture as a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate classes:
cultural capital theory
Refers to the wide range of of cultural differences found between and within nations:
cultural diversity
The extensive infusion of one nation's culture into other nations:
cultural imperialism
William Ogburn's term for a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions:
cultural lag
don't understand what they see
cultural lag
what is likely a sociological account for why many people dont buy clothes online
cultural lag
High culture
cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite -one who gets to go to art museums, ballets, the opera etc..
counterculture
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
The belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards:
cultural relativism
Customs and practices that occur across all societies:
cultural universals
values, beliefs, language, dress
culture
how something can change
culture change
practice or understanding of another culture
culture relativism
The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different than their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life:
culture shock
go to another country and cant believe they do the things they do. live the way they live
culture shock
Cultural Universals
customs and practices that are common to ALL societies
What is the purpose of breaching experiments? a. Break social rules b. Violate basic norms c. Violate patterns of behavior d. All of the above e. A and B but not C
d. All of the above
What does it mean to say a category is "socially constructed"? a. It is dependent upon a society's definition. b. It is continually revised. c. It is changeable. d. All of the answers are correct.
d. All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following would be an example of a social status? a. the economy of a given country b. one school within a larger school system c. parents' need to care for their children d. a freshman student
d. a freshman student
Which of the following is an example of a master status? a. a hero b. being disabled c. being an African American d. all these choices
d. all these choices
Television shows and movies disproportionately portray the wealthy in a positive light, often as glamorous, able, and good. In contrast, negative characters are often portrayed as poor, criminal, and morally deficient. This is an example of what type of power the media exert over their audience? a. informational b. soft c. legitimate d. cultural
d. cultural
Which strategy contributes to empowerment? a. convincing and persuasion b. rewarding compliance c. financial incentive d. education and training
d. education and training
Max Weber defined a person's status as a. inseparable from class. b. existing apart from the individual. c. indistinguishable from class. d. independent and distinct from class.
d. independent and distinct from class.
Women continue to receive lower wages for similar jobs in society. This is an example of a. cultural lag. b. ideal culture. c. social phenomenon. d. real culture.
d. real culture.
Positions in social systems that individuals can occupy are social a. roles. b. structures. c. expectations. d. statuses.
d. statuses.
What perspective emphasizes micro-level interactions? a. functionalist b. conflict c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist
d. symbolic interactionist
Counterculture
deliberately OPPOSES and consciously REJECTS some of the basic beliefs, vales, and norms of the dominant culture
leaders who encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building
democratic leaders
in a sociological study of the relationship between two variables, which one changes in response to changes in another?
dependent variable
in studies of relationship between two variables, which one changes in response to changes in other
dependent variable(influenced by independent)
a topic not among those likely to be studied
development of personality
Is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
deviant behavior
Role Set
different roles attached to a single status
___________ contributes to our knowledge of how deviant behavior reflects the individual's learned techniques, values, attitudes, motives, and rationalizations.
differential association
The proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with person who are more favorable toward deviance:
differential association theory
Sutherland
differential association theory- links deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior
culture, and beliefs transfer through culture
diffusion
negative sanction
disapproval for breaking a norm
Process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized:
discovery
how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed
division labor
everyone has a task in society
division of labor
the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation
dramaturgical analysis
Erving Goffman
dramaturgical analysis- explores social interaction in terms of theatrical performance: a status operates as a part in a play, and a role is the script
Unlearned, biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satisfy needs such as sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification:
drive
a group composed of two members
dyad
The rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id:
ego
The mass media is an example of a(n) ______________ institution.
emergent
The practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture:
ethnocentrism
feeling like your culture is better
ethnocentrism
The study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves
ethnomethodology
Symbolic Interaction Theory
examines how people communicate knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes, and how they interpret situations
The cultural ecological approach
examines the relationship b/w a culture and its total environment - it develops based on peoples perception of their environment and reflects human efforts to survive
Discovery
exploration that results in new products
an approach to leadership that provides emotional support for members
expressive leadership
Erving Goffman's term for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face
face saving behavior
conversational analysis examines what level our social world
face to face
True/False: humans have instincts
false
______________ are the fastest growing category of homeless persons in the United States.
families with children
Primary agent of gender socialization:
family
what are examples of macro level structure
family, economy, govt, religion
outcasted children
farol children
Soccer is an example of a _________ in sports. Until recently, only schoolchildren played soccer in the United States. Now, it has become a popular sport, perhaps in part because of immigrant from Latin America and other areas of the world where soccer is widely played.
fashion
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of _____________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, when, where, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
feeling rules
going out to experiment. outside the office or lab.
field research
draws line between right and wrong
folkway
Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture:
folkways
Not all norms are of equal importance; ______________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.
formal norms
Written down and involve specific punishments for violators:
formal norms
In this stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen:
formal operational
a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals
formal organizations
When behavior gets out of control is destructive to society formal agencies of society take over:
formal social control
Children understand not only their own social position but also the positions of others around them.
game stage
A traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
gemeinschaft
The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society:
gender socialization
Refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's substructure:
generalized other
A large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with the little long term commitment to the group or consensus on values
gesellschaft
a process that occurs in organizations when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals
goal displacement
keep old traditions going
goat keeper
Society
group of people that has lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit
Subculture
group of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from the larger society
the process by which member of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise
groupthink
Societies that include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, race/ethnicity:
heterogeneous societies
According to sociologists Samuel Bowels and Herbert Gintis, much of what happens in school amounts to teaching a(n) ___________ in which children learn to be neat, to be on time, to be quiet, to wait their turn, and to remain attentive to their work.
hidden curriculum
Consists of classical music, opera, ballet, live theatre, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences:
high culture
Societies that include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds:
homogeneous societies
an educated guess that explains the relationship between two variables in a study is called a?
hypothesis
what is called when a researcher states that she expects grades to improve as class attendance increases
hypothesis
The component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification:
id
According to Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality:
id, ego, and superego
The values and standards of behavior that people in a society profess to hold:
ideal culture
racism shouldnt exsist what our culture should be
ideal culture
what we believe it should be ex equal oportunity in america
ideal culture
an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon
ideal type
An integrated system of ideas that is external to, and coercive of, people:
ideology
cultural leveling
if one part of a culture changes, the other parts follow the change
Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels:
illegitimate opportunity structures
Nonverbal Communication
important part of interaction... includes SILENCE, gestures, expressions, eye contact, touch
Erving Goffman's term for peoples efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image
impression management
a rite of passage
in a tribe they pierce their noses and tongues to get clean blood. they have to do this if they want to marry. its called rite of passage
Where does non-material culture exist? pg 49
in the world of thoughts and ideas
"Ideal" culture
includes the values and norms that a culture claims to have. It involves an idealized, uncompromising value system that dictates perfect behavior. Using ideal culture as a standard, you are either right or wrong. Rules are black and white, with no gray areas and no exceptions.
perspective that believes" No poverty if poor people just found a job"
individualism, capitalism
a society based on a technology that mechanizes production
industrial society
Sociologists contend that language may __________ our behavior and interpretation of social reality but does not _____________ it.
influence, determine
those aspects of participants' day to day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy
informal side of a bureaucracy
Maintained informally by group:
informal social control
Two types of social control:
informal, formal
studies that provide anonymity
information cant be traced to participant
what is it called when a researcher informs her study participants of the risks and benefits of their participation
informed consent
a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feel a sense of identity
ingroup
dysfunctional
inhibiting or disrupting the working of a system as a whole
An unlearned, biologically determined behavior pattern common to all members of a species that predictably occurs whenever certain environmental conditions exist:
instinct
goal- or tak-oriented leadership
instrumental leadership
Process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form:
invention
Role Strain
involves incompatible demands among roles within a single status
according to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people
iron law of oligarchy
how does social institution relate to concept of social structure
it is where routines and patterns of behavior take place
The proposition that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by other:
labeling theory
leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions
laissez faire leaders
A set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another:
language
secondary group
large, impersonal and goal-oriented, and often of shorter duration (college class or corporation)
Formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions:
laws
Culture
learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society
which of the following is not an element in social research?
learning the truth about human nature
Refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others:
looking-glass self
between large and very large
macro
how has globalization impacted the world of work
manufacturing jobs sent to other countries
Views deviance and crime as a function of the capitalistic economic system
marxist/conflict theory
Composed of large-scalr organizations that use print or electronic means to communicate with large numbers of people:
mass media
The most important status that a person occupies:
master status
Jewelry, cars, homes, and boats would be considered what aspect of culture?
material
Consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share:
material culture
Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion in preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds
mechanical solidarity
From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective, _________ refers to social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
mechanical solidarity
large scale
meso
what level of society is a sociologist studying if she is examining the structure of a school or business
meso level
small study
micro
Income
money received from sources such as wages, interest on savings, & dividends from stocks & bonds.
need social contact
monkey study
difference between right and wrong strikley enforced
more
Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture:
mores
whats the difference between a more and folkway
mores have severe penalty, folkways do not
Characteristics of Norms
most are unwritten, instrumental, explicit or implicit, change over time, conditional, can be rigid or flexible
Many universities often value and celebrate cultural differences. this value is known as
multiculturalism
Our biological and genetic makeup
nature
group or the biology make us who we are
nature v nurture
Luke has just received a stern from his mother about lack of motiviation. According to sociologist, Luke has a received a_____________.
negative sanction
Consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behaviors:
nonmaterial culture
the transfer of information between persons without the use of speech
nonverbal communication
what have you violated when your cell phone rings in library
norm
anomie
normalness
Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct:
norms
Laws
norms that are defined and enforced by a political authority
mores
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
Folkways
norms that members of a society look upon as NOT being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment
Mores
norms that society considers very important because they maintain morals and ethics
an aspect of life impossible to apply the sociological perspective
nothing
Our social environment
nurture
Objects continue to exist when the items are out of sight:
object permanece
What is associated with sensorimotor?
object permanece
One of the most important types of early adult socialization:
occupational socialization
Status Inconsistency
occupying social positions that create conflict because they are ranked differently
Social Construction of Reality
occurs as people perceive and understand through social interaction
"Real" Culture
on the other hand, includes the values and norms that are actually followed by a culture. It involves an adaptable value system that is used mostly as a set of guidelines for preferred behavior. Right and wrong are separated, but exceptions exist for pretty much everything.
Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence
organic solidarity
how does the statement 'we are like fish in water' apply to the concept of culture
our way of life is natural, we take it as a given
a group to which a person does not belong which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility
outgroup
why are the issues of abortions and gay marriage so intense in the us
part of culture war, intense disagreement of core values and moral stances, high level of religiosity
Group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and similar age:
peer group
postconventional
people move beyond their societys norms to consider abstract ethical principles such as liberty, freedom or justice
what are true characteristic statements about social structures
permanent, natural , inevitable, patterns. varies culture to culture
the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims is private
personal space
Children learn to use language and other symbols:
play stage
which revolutions gave rise to sociology
political, economic, social
Consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes:
popular culture
Statuses
positions in social systems that individuals can occupy
After having successfully negotiated an important business contract with a major client, Joyce's boss congratulated her and promised her a significant raise. In this situation, Joyce has received what sociologists refer to as a ___________.
positive sanction
what is the principle arguing that true knowledge must be based on the scientific method
positivism
People view morality in terms of individual rights:
postconventional
In the psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, in the ___________ level, people view morality in terms of individual rights. "Moral conduct" is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.
postconventional level
a society in which technology supports a service and information based economy
postindustrial society
Who emphasizes that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert control over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose:
postmodern theorists
board of directors, politics, big buiseness, secret society who rules?
power elit
what society commonly believes that sickness is a product of curse or spell
pre modern
Children's perceptions are based on punishment and obedience:
preconventional
What are the three levels of moral reasoning?
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
In this stage, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images:
preoperational
Interactions lack meaning and children are often intimidated by the people around them:
preparatory stage
What are Mead's three stages of development?
preparatory stage, play stage, game stage
States what behavior is appropriate and acceptable:
prescriptive norms
Erving Goffman
presentation of self-a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
what would be a good example of achieved status
president
Initial rule breaking
primary
Charles Horton Cooley's term for a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time
primary group
State what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable:
proscriptive norms
___________ state what behavior is inappropiate or unacceptable. laws that prohibit us from driving over the speed limit and "good manners" that preclude you from reading a newspaper during class are examples.
proscriptive norms
Approach that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within individuals:
psychoanalytic theory
what kind of research uses interviews and field research to study social phenomena
qualitative data
name of evidence that is based in number
quantitative data
The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's racial or ethnic status:
racial socialization
the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures
rationality
The values and standards of behavior that people actually follow:
real culture
what it really is ex. racism is everywhere in our country where not equal
real culture
Cultural Relativism
recognizing that NO CULTURE IS BETTER than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards
Social Structure
recurring patterns of behavior
a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member
reference group
A ____________ is an unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some physical stimuli.
reflex
An unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some physical stimuli:
reflex
what characteristic is not part of the move towards modernity
religion
the term that refers to scholars gathering and evaluation of data is:
research methods
The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience:
resocialization
cultural lag
results when some parts of a cultural system change faster than others
Sanctions
rewards for appropriate behavior and punishments for inappropriate behavior
transmition to adulthood
rights of passage
Degradation ceremony
rituals that strip people of their former identity and make them assume a new identity in hope they will change ex. basic training
15 values
robbin williams
A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status:
role
A situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time:
role conflict
A situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity
role exit
A group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played:
role expectation
how do social statuses and roles compare to one another
role is expected behavior of status, status is a given
How a person actually plays a role:
role performance
A condition that occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies:
role strain
Based on sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, ______________ often occurs through play and games, as children try out different roles (such as being mommy, daddy, doctor, or teacher) and gain an appreciation of them.
role-taking
The process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view:
role-taking
norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
what are characteristics of norms
rules and expectations for appropriate behavior
laws- formal norms
rules in the form of legal codes enforced by government agencies
research method when researcher only assigns half of her class to participate
sample survey
Rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior:
sanctions
new identity accepted, deviance continues
secondary deviance
a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal oriented relationships for a limited period of time
secondary group
the situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true
self fulfilling prophecy
Our perception about what kind of person we are:
self identity
The totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves:
self-concept
During this period, children understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action:
sensorimotor
Psychologist Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are organized around specific tasks that, when mastered, lead to the acquisition of new mental capacities, which then serve as the basis for the next level of development. Which of the following is correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
What are the four stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Nonmaterial Culture
shared set of meanings thats people use to interpret and understand...examples - political opinions, religious beliefs, marriage patterns
Thomas theorem-real are real in their consequences
situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences - says that the reality people construct in their interaction has real consequences for the future ex. a teacher who believes a certain student to be intellectually gifted may well encourage exceptional academic performance
collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously
small group
primary group
small, personal, lasting (family and close friends)
The proposition that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken
social bond theory
the process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience
social construction of reality
Our collective efforts to ensure conformity to norms
social control
The systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance
social control
Wherein a person or group is considered to have less social value than other persons or groups:
social devaluation
A group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence
social group
out-group
social group toward which a member feels a sense of competition of opposition
in-group
social group toward which a person feels respect and loyalty
triad
social group with three members
dyad
social group with two members
a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs
social institution
The process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society:
social interaction
A series of social relationships that links an individual to others
social network
Many of us build ___________ that involve our personal friends in primary groups and our acquaintances in secondary groups. This series of relationships links an individual to others.
social networks
anomie
social normalness, without moral guidance or standards
Complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior
social structure
___________ gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter. For example, we expect our families to case for us, our schools to educate us, and our police to protect us.
social structure
patterns we live by
social structure
symbolic interactionist theories
social theories that focus on how people use shared symbols and construct society as a result of their everyday interactions
ppl will die without
socialism
Learning the ways of society is known as
socialization
The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society:
socialization
What is the crucial during childhood because it is essential for the individual's survival and for human development?
socialization
conflict theories
socials theories that focus on issues of contention, power, and inequality, highlighting the competition for scarce resources
what is a large group of people who live together in a specific area and share a culture known as
society
Norms
society's specific rules of right and wrong behavior...tell us what we should or should not do
Systematic study of how biology affects social behavior:
sociobiology
__________ focus on how humans design their culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, _____ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.
sociologists, sociobiologists
a way of understanding social forces working to shape individuals lives differently...
sociology
an academic discipline that argues gender shapes how couples share housework
sociology
study of behaviors, culture, language, society etc.
sociology
How does the statement " we are like fish out of water apply to the concept of culture?
specialized environment
raised in nursing home is better
spitz
according to functionalists, what do the functions of institutions accomplish?
stability= jobs, goods, services
Socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties
status
Comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time:
status set
A material sign that informs others of a person's specific status:
status symbol
The proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals:
strain theory
what are examples of a role
student attending class/doing hw
A category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture:
subculture
Three necessary ingredients to a crime:
suitable target, capable guardian, likely offender
According the psychologist Sigmund Freud, the ___________ is the first expressed as the recognition of parental control and eventually mature as the child learns that parental control is a reflection of the values and moral demands of the larger society.
superego
Consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality:
superego
evidence that is non numerical, such as information gathered.
survey data
Anything that meaningfully represents something else:
symbol
a sound, gesture, image or object that represents something is known as what
symbol
a sound, gesture, image, that represents something
symbol
A sound, gesture, image, or object that represents something else is known as a(n) a. communication device. b. new technology. c. emoticon. d. symbol.
symbol.
According to _______________, we do not know who we are until we see ourselves as we believe that others see us. This perceptive helps us understand how our self-identity is developed through our contact with others.
symbolic interactionists
What are the four common nonmaterial cultural components?
symbols, language, values, norms
Mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable
taboos
Refers to the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into unstable forms and the knowledge and skills required to use what is developed:
technology
Role strain
tension among the roles connected to a single status ex. the college professor who enjoys personal interaction with students but at the same time knows that social distance is necessary in order to evaluate students fairly
Individual relabels behavior nondeviant
tertiary deviance
power
the ability to bring about intended outcome, even when opposed by others
Role Performance
the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status
deterrence
the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's culture and the way of life are SUPERIOR to other groups
culture
the collection of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by a people and socially transmitted from generation to generation
social solidarity
the collective bonds that connect individuals
Superego
the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
Role Conflict
the frustration and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses
Cultural Lag
the gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture
urbanization
the growth of cities
rationalization of society
the historical change from TRADITION TO RATIONALITY as the main type of human thought
Id
the human beings basic drives
latent function
the largely unrecognized and unintended consequences of social phenomena
Empirical Generalization
the least abstract theoretical statement that has a very narrow range. A simple stmt about a pattern of generalization among two or more concrete concepts that are very close to empirical reality.
Sensorimotor stage
the level of human development at which individuals experience the wold only through their senses (first 2 years of life)
the concrete operational stage
the level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings (ages 7-11)
the preoperational stage
the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols (children between age 2 and 6)
the formal operational stage
the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically (12 and above)
what perspective examines how age, time, and place shape social identities
the life course
Socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
rationalization of society
the long-term historical process by which rationality replaced traditions as the basis for organizing social and economic life
What agent of socialization has become the most influential agent in contemporary society?
the media and the workplace
Ethnocentrism
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
cultural relativism
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards- understanding how a culture might work for the people that live there
social construction of reality
the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction ex. two people interacting both try to shape the reality of their situation
Invention
the process of creating new things
Diffusion
the process through which components of culture spread from one society to another
manifest functions
the recognized and intended consequences of a social phenomena
Deviance
the recognized violation of social norms
structure
the recurring patterns of behavior in social life
collective conscience
the shared values of society
sociology
the systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society
group think
the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
Medicalization of deviance
the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition. In practice, this means a change in labels, replacing "good" and "bad" with "sick" and "well"
industrialization
the use of large-scale machinery for the mass manufacture of consumer goods
division of labor
the way people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills
where does nonmaterial culture exist
the world of thoughts and ideas
___________ include stories about changes in the US poverty rate and articles about states and cities that have had the largest increases in poverty. Most articles of this type are abstract and impersonal, primarily presenting data and some expert's interpretation of what those data mean.
thematic framing
structure-functionalist theories
theories that focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in a social life, emphasizing how different elements that make up society's structure contribute to its overall operations. Often referred to as "functionalist theories" or "functionalism"
functionalist theories
theories that focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in a social life, emphasizing how different elements that make up society's structure contribute to its overall operations. Sometimes referred to as structural-functionalist theories
Carol Gilligan
theory of gender and moral development - compared the moral development of girls and boys and concluded that the two sexes use different standards of rightness
People might give a variety of reason for not wanting to shop online. what likely accounts for the difference in preference? online shopping or shopping in the store
there is a cultural lag between having the internet and using the technology to its full capacity
Resocialization
to erase the negative effect off of their former socialization and instill new values and beliefs
what is the goal of a breaching experiment
to violate norms
A place where people are isolated from the rest of society for the a set period of time and some under the control of the officials who run the institution:
total institution
why would functionalists care about the functions that the education system fulfills in society
transmission of social norms and to promote stability in society
the term that describes scholars gathering and evaluation of data is
transparency
a group consisting of three members
triad
Innovation
turning inventions into mass-marketing products
Social group
two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
Classification scheme containing two or more mutually exclusive categories that are used to compare different kinds of behavior or types of societies
typology
Robin Williams is a sociologist who identified fifteen american values. which of the following is not included in that list?
universalism
Freud based his ideas on the belief that people have two basic tendencies:
urge to survive and the urge to procreate
Values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive:
value contradictions
removing on personal viewpoints and opinions from the research
value-neutrality
Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture:
values
what is the difference between a more and folkway?
violating a folkway may lead to public shame
Based on sociologist Charles Horton Cooley's theory, how ______________ is not a step in the process of self-indenity.
we imagine how other people judge the appearance will look to other people
Assimilation
when people are expected to change their culture in a new culture (moving to another country)
Front Stage
where the actual performance takes place
family, peer group, friends, religion, media, school etc.
who makes me who i am
conventional
young people lose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong