Combo with "Ch. 9 Class & Global Inequality" and 3 others

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Preconventional

"rightness" amounts to "what feels good to me - when child grabs something shiny because it looks good (piagets sensorimotor stage)

Poverty rate

% of the pop. that falls below the poverty line.

The characteristics of culture

-culture is a universal human society, LEARNED, shared, cumulative, -any behavior or set of behavior that are biologically determined is NOT CULTURE

folkways

-norms for routine or casual interaction -people pay less attention to folkways

To illustrate the difference between ideal and real culture, just think about the American value of equality. Growing up in the U.S., we were told that equality is very important - it's part of our ideal culture. Yet, we see inequality everywhere. Women are paid less than men, minorities are given less opportunities, and so on. Unfortunately, our real culture doesn't include much equality.

...

what are the two agent of socialization

1. Family 2. School

Middle adulthood consists of ages __________.

40-65

Structural mobility

A change in class position that occurs when a shift in available occupations changes the class system as a whole.

Positive relationship

A higher value on the casual variable goes with a higher value on the effect variable. (ie. the more education the longer their life expectancy is)

Negative relationship

A higher value on the causal variable goes with a lower value on the effect variable. (ie. the more a couple attends religious services, the lower the chances of their divorcing)

Theoretical explanation

A logical argument that tells why something occurs and how concepts are connected.It refers to a general rule of principle.

Association

A researcher needs this for causality/casual relationship, but it is not enough alone. Two phenomena are in ________ if they occur together in a patterned way or appear/act together.

Normalization

A shift in which previously deviant behaviors become accepted as conventional.

Prediction

A statement that something will occur.

Social theory

A system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge about the social world The question is not whether you should use social theory, but how you should use it

Feminization of poverty

A trend in which women made up an increasingly large share of the poor.

What is another way to refer to culture?

A way of life

Ideal type

A well-known classification. Pure abstract models that define the essence of the phenomenon in question. They are broader, more abstract concepts that bring together narrower, more concrete concepts. Qualitative researchers use this.

Structural Explanation

A wheel with spokes from a central idea or spider web in which each strand forms part of the whole. Uses a set of interconnected assumptions, concepts, relationships.

A person is shopping in the mall and is approached by individuals who identify themselves as researchers for a local food chain. They ask the person to participate in their study by answering a few questions. As a subject for this survey, the person was selected by which method of sampling? a. Convenience sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Random sampling d. Systematic sampling

ANS: A

Which of the following samples is least likely to be representative of the overall population? a. Convenience b. Quota c. Random d. Stratified random

ANS: A

The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America referred the interested researcher to a local chapter of the organization. The local chapter agreed to send out letters on behalf of the researcher inviting potential subjects to contact the researcher if they are willing to participate in a study. Potential subjects in this situation would be described as the: a. accessible population. b. element. c. sample. d. target population.

ANS: A An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access.

The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to as the: a. accessible population. b. scientific population. c. target population. d. theoretical population.

ANS: A An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access. The sample is obtained from the accessible population.

An advantage of convenience sampling is: a. ease in obtaining subjects. b. increased internal validity and control. c. low risk of sampling bias. d. representativeness of sample is ensured.

ANS: A Convenience samples are inexpensive, accessible, and usually require less time to acquire than other types of samples.

Which of the following study types would require the largest sample size? a. Correlational b. Experimental c. Grounded theory d. Phenomenology

ANS: A Descriptive studies and correlational studies often require very large samples. In these studies multiple variables may be examined, and extraneous variables are likely to affect subjects' responses to the variables under study.

Which of the following is true about sample size? a. An adequate sample size is particularly important to detect differences when they do in fact exist. b. Evaluating the possibility of a Type I error will help determine sample size. c. Finding a significant difference in study groups occurs most often with smaller samples. d. Sample size is especially important to support significant findings.

ANS: A Evaluating the adequacy of the sample size is very important when no differences have been found. Too small a sample can result in no difference being detected, even when there actually is one.

The term "comparison group" in research refers to the group of patients in a: a. nonrandom sample who do not receive a treatment. b. nonrandom sample who receive a treatment. c. random sample who do not receive a treatment. d. random sample who receive a treatment.

ANS: A If nonrandom methods are used for sample selection, the group not receiving a treatment is referred to as a comparison group.

Which of the following is true about probability sampling? Probability sampling: a. can take different forms, but random selection is always used. b. is the most economical way to get large numbers of subjects. c. guarantees that the sample is representative. d. subjects are handpicked because they have the expertise to provide information for the study.

ANS: A Random sampling allows each individual in the population an opportunity to be selected for the sample.

Which of the following statements is true about stratified random sampling? a. Allows the researcher to use a smaller sample size b. Ensures obtaining a larger sample at lower cost c. Internal validity is strengthened with this type of sampling d. Involves the selection of certain subjects from a convenience sample

ANS: A With stratification, the researcher can use a smaller sample size and achieve the same degree of representativeness in relation to the stratified variable as a large sample acquired through simple random sampling.

Which of the following types of sampling is considered to be the weakest? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Quota d. Systematic

ANS: B

Which type of sampling will get the largest number of subjects in the shortest period of time? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Network or snowball sampling d. Random sampling

ANS: B

The adequacy of a sample would be primarily based on which of the following criteria? a. Method chosen for sample selection b. Representativeness of the population c. Size of the total population d. Willingness of subjects to participate

ANS: B A sample needs to be representative in terms of characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, and education

Which of the following statements is true about sampling plans? a. A probability sampling plan is a better plan than a nonprobability one. b. A sampling plan outlines strategies used to obtain a sample for a study. c. Each study has its own sampling method, unique to that project. d. Getting a sample that is the most representative is the ideal, not the goal, of the sampling plan.

ANS: B A sampling plan, or sampling method, defines the selection process for a study.

The sample size needed for a study increases when: a. the alpha level is increased from .01 to .05. b. the number of variables in the study increases. c. a one-tailed versus a two-tailed statistical test is used. d. the sensitivity of the instruments used is high.

ANS: B As the number of variables under study increases, the sample size needed may increase.

Which of the following is true about theoretical sampling? a. All studies use theoretical sampling as a background for creating the sample. b. Grounded theory research frequently uses theoretical sampling to develop a selected theory. c. Subjects are selected to participate in a research study to match certain theory characteristics. d. Theoretical sampling is a little-used, but powerful method of creating a sample for quantitative research.

ANS: B Because of the nature of grounded theory methodology, theoretical sampling is used.

Cluster sampling is: a. a form of nonprobability sampling used in small surveys. b. also known as multistage sampling. c. unlikely to result in sampling errors. d. useful when the target population is found in a small geographical area.

ANS: B Both terms, cluster sampling and multistage sampling, have the same meaning in sampling methods.

Which of the following types of studies would need the largest sample size? a. Case studies b. Descriptive studies c. Experimental studies d. Quasi-experimental studies

ANS: B Descriptive studies often require very large samples. Multiple variables may be examined, and extraneous variables are likely to affect subject response(s) to the variables under study.

Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study? a. "Adequate sample size" is of no concern to a qualitative researcher because there is no statistical analysis involved. b. Sample size is deemed to be adequate when the researcher is detecting no new knowledge from additional subjects. c. Subjects who have knowledge of a situation assist the researcher in determining whether the sample size is adequate. d. There is a test similar to the power analysis in a quantitative study that can be used to determine an adequate sample size for qualitative research.

ANS: B In qualitative research, the researcher looks for data saturation, which is reached when no new information is being discovered from additional subjects.

Which of the following is an example of purposive sampling? a. The names of all possible subjects are put into a hat, and an adequate number are drawn out. b. Volunteers are solicited from the entire population, and those who agree become subjects in the study. c. Sample members are determined by finding a designated number of subjects from each of several identified groups (men, women, high school graduates, etc.). d. Subjects who have knowledge about the study topic are asked to participate in the study; those who agree become the sample.

ANS: B Purposive sampling is when appropriate subjects are found by the researcher and asked to participate in the study.

Why do qualitative researchers need to be as concerned with sample size as quantitative researchers do? Qualitative researchers: a. are reaching the objectives of their study in a similar way. b. need subjects who are able and willing to share their knowledge, oftentimes in repeated and more in-depth interviews than subjects in quantitative studies. c. need to gain a narrow focus rather than a broad perspective as their research purpose. d. will be analyzing the data with statistical techniques that require certain numbers of subjects.

ANS: B Qualitative research oftentimes requires the subjects to share their knowledge of the topic being studied in an in-depth level in repeated interviews. Therefore the researcher needs to ensure that the sample size is adequate to provide the depth and rich data that are required.

Which of the following factors do not influence saturation of data and therefore sample size in a qualitative study? a. Quality of the data b. Randomization of the sample c. Scope of the study d. Study design

ANS: B Randomization of the data is a concern for quantitative research designs. All other choices are concerns for saturation of data in qualitative research.

In a study investigating nurses' attitudes toward taking care of respiratory disease patients who had a long history of smoking, the researcher randomly selected a sample from a list of all the registered nurses from a randomly selected list of four states in the Southeast. Because the sample was drawn randomly, to what population can the findings of the study be generalized? Registered nurses in the: a. Selected four states b. Southeast c. Southeast who are actively working d. United States

ANS: B This study used a cluster sampling technique that is one type of random sampling plan.

A researcher wants to obtain a sample of individuals who are HIV positive. Which of the following sampling methods would be the most effective way to obtain a sample? a. Accidental sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Network sampling d. Simple random sampling

ANS: C

The researcher is to select a set of five subjects using a random numbers table. The selected population is 50. The researcher's pencil was initially placed on the second column from the left and third row down. The decision is to move across the columns to the right. 06 84 10 22 56 72 25 70 69 43 07 63 10 34 66 39 54 02 33 85 03 19 63 93 72 52 13 30 44 40 77 32 69 58 25 15 55 38 19 62 20 01 94 54 66 88 43 91 34 28 The subject numbers will be: a. 13, 30, 44, 40, 32 b. 19, 38, 55, 15, 25 c. 19, 63, 93, 72, 52 d. 33, 02, 54, 39, 66

ANS: C

Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are described as the: a. accessible population. b. element. c. sample. d. target population.

ANS: C A sample is that group of people who are representing the entire population and participating in the study. Samples are expected to represent an entire population.

To detect a significant difference between two groups when the effect size is small, what should the researcher do? a. Conduct a pilot study. b. Obtain a different sample. c. Increase the sample size. d. Perform additional analysis.

ANS: C Increasing the sample size makes it easier to detect a difference.

A researcher was able to obtain a list of all lung cancer patients in the Southeast. If a table of random numbers was used to create a sample from that original list and then those individuals agreed to participate in a study, what kind of sample would have been created? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Simple random d. Stratified random

ANS: C Simple random sampling is when every member of the population has an equal chance of selection for the sample.

Which of the following sets of terms represents an appropriate pairing of a probability sampling method and a corresponding nonprobability sampling one? a. Cluster sampling—snowball technique b. Simple random sampling—convenience sampling c. Stratified random sampling—quota sampling d. Theoretical sampling—quota sampling

ANS: C Stratified random sampling and quota sampling both attempt to balance the sample in terms of known characteristics in the population.

In a study investigating nurses' attitudes toward taking care of respiratory disease patients who had a long history of smoking, the researcher randomly selected a sample from a list of all the registered nurses from a randomly selected list of four states in the Southeast. If the researcher also selected the sample by randomly selecting nurses who smoke and those who do not, what sampling technique is being used? a. Cluster b. Quota c. Stratified random d. Systematic

ANS: C Stratified random sampling is used when certain characteristics of the group are identified and then proportionately included in the randomly chosen sample. Assuming the researcher first knew whether or not a nurse smoked, then this represents that sampling technique.

Apart from sample size, which of the following is typically not considered when determining the power of a study? a. Sensitivity of the instruments used b. Number of variables c. Skill of the researcher d. Data analysis techniques

ANS: C The skill of the researcher does not affect the statistical power of a study. All other answers are correct.

A researcher reports on a study conducted to determine if a new educational program has helped dialysis patients become more compliant with their fluid restrictions. The findings indicated that there was no difference. The report did include that a power analysis was performed to determine if the sample size (n = 100) was adequate. The power level was .5. What should the reader conclude? a. A sample of 100 is certainly adequate in a clinical study. The researcher should adjust the educational program. b. Chances are high that a Type I error has occurred. c. Findings of no difference are not surprising; it is difficult to make an impact on this population of patients. d. There is a high likelihood that the sample size was not adequate, and the study should be replicated using more subjects.

ANS: D A power level needs to reach .8 to be acceptable, and this one had only .5. There is a good chance that a Type II error occurred, and the study should be replicated.

Which of the following research settings is not correctly paired with the type of setting? a. Clinical research unit—highly controlled setting b. Indoor playroom—natural setting c. Primary care clinic—partially controlled setting d. Subject's home—partially controlled setting

ANS: D A subject's home would be a natural research setting, so it is paired incorrectly with "partially controlled setting."

Another name for probability sampling is: a. accidental sampling. b. purposive sampling. c. quota sampling. d. random sampling.

ANS: D In probability sampling, every member of the population has a probability higher than zero of being selected for the sample. To achieve this probability, the sample is obtained randomly.

Which of the following would be the best method for randomly assigning subjects (n = 40) to treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups in an intervention study? Assign numbers to all subjects and: a. ignore numbers; group the subjects by diagnosis or physician. b. place the first 20 subjects in one group and the last in the other. c. put even-numbered subjects in one group, odd numbered in the other. d. put numbers 1 to 40 in a box and blindly draw from the box.

ANS: D In the approach described, all 40 of the subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment group or the control group.

In a study of liver transplant recipients, the researcher specifies that the subjects must be 18 years of age or older and the recipient of only one liver transplant. These criteria are an example of: a. demographic attributes. b. exclusion criteria. c. extraneous variables. d. inclusion criteria.

ANS: D Inclusion criteria are those characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population.

Which of the following is true about network sampling? a. Eligibility criteria do not need to be defined carefully. b. Finding large numbers of subjects by this means is easy and economical. c. Sample representativeness is guaranteed by using this technique. d. Subjects who have knowledge of a situation, often sensitive or not socially acceptable, are identified by others in the same type of situation.

ANS: D Network sampling is useful for locating samples difficult or impossible to obtain in other ways. Network sampling takes advantage of social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common.

A researcher wanting to explore the lives of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer obtains a random sample of the population. What part of the study will be strengthened because of the random sample? a. Feasibility b. Reliability c. Statistical power d. Validity

ANS: D Random samples increase the validity of a study.

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn is a: a. cluster sample. b. purposive sample. c. random sample. d. representative sample.

ANS: D Representativeness means that the sample, accessible population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible.

Findings of an intervention study with a convenience sample: a. are generalizable to a wider group of patients with related problems. b. are to be discounted because they are extremely biased. c. provide no useful information. d. should be replicated before being applied to a wider population.

ANS: D Representativeness of the sample is a concern in convenience sampling, and generalizability is therefore limited.

Sample attrition would be reflected by the: a. average death rate of the population under study. b. inability to access identified members of a population. c. number of patients who die while participating in a study. d. number of patients who drop out of a study.

ANS: D Sample attrition or mortality is the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study

Sampling in research may be defined as: a. insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study. b. establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study. c. identification of the population in which the researcher is interested. d. selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population.

ANS: D Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study. Samples are expected to represent a population of people.

Which of the following are not correctly paired as similar types of sampling methods? a. Convenience sampling—accidental sampling b. Network sampling—snowball sampling c. Purposive sampling—selective sampling d. Stratified random sampling—quota sampling

ANS: D Stratified random sampling and quota sampling differ in randomness; quota sampling does not allow for equal likelihood of entering the sample from the target population. Convenience and accidental sampling describe similar types of sampling methods.

A researcher is interested in studying lifestyle management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The researcher contacts the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America to determine how to best access this patient population. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are an example of which of the following? a. Accessible population b. Element c. Sample d. Target population

ANS: D The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria.

Which is the largest group from among this list? a. Accessible population b. Control group c. Sample d. Target population

ANS: D The target population is the group the researcher wants to generalize to and needs the sample to represent.

Class mobility

Ability 2 move from 1 social class 2 another.

Differential association theory

According 2 this theory, deviance is learned thru interaction w/ other ppl involved in deviant behavior.

Major U.S. Values

Achievement and success, activity and work, morality, humanitarianism, progress, equality, individuality

Loner deviance

Activities of those who commit deviant acts w/o social support of other participants.

Real Culture

Actual everyday behavior

Proposition

After many careful tests of a hypothesis, with data confirming the hypothesis, it is treated as this. It is a relationship in a theory in which the scientific community starts to gain confidence in.

Concept

All theories contain these. An idea expressed as a symbol or in words. Most social science concepts are expressed as words. Different words (in diff languages) symbolize this. The other part to this is the definition.

What did the key founders of sociology - Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber - have in common?

All three were public intellectuals

Theoretical Frameworks

Also called a paradigm or _______system, it is more abstract than a middle-range system. They provide collections of assumptions, concepts, and forms of explanation. Include many formal or substantive theories. It's rarely used directly in empirical research.

Spuriousness

Also called eliminating alternatives, means a researcher interested in causality needs to show that the effect is due to the casual variable and not something else.

Examples of variables

Amount of income, temperature, density of population, years of schooling and a degree of violence.

Social Structure

An organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships

Dramaturgy

Approach 2 the study of social interaction that uses the metaphor of social life as a theater.

World systems analysis

Approach focusing on the interdependence among the countries that make up a single global economic system.

When Fernando and Olivia moved from Mexico to the United States, they were expected to learn English. At their jobs, it was expected that they become fluent English speakers and that they would adapt to the dominant corporate culture. When they participated in the pot luck lunches at work, more people preferred that they bring an American dish. What were Fernando and Olivia experiencing?

Assimilation.

Coined the term "sociology" in the early 19th century

Auguste Comte

Inductive approach

Begin with a detailed observation of the owrld and move towards more abstract generalizations and ideas. When you begin you have topic and a few vague concepts, develop empirical generalizations and identify preliminary relationships. Many of researchers using this use grounded theory - build theory from the ground up.

Deviance

Behavior that doesn't conform 2 basic cultural norms & expectations.

Actions associated with a group that help to reproduce a distinctive way of life are known as:

Behaviors.

Theory

Being explicit about __________ makes it easier to read someone's research.

Surveillance

Being observed by authorities that police the boundaries of what's normal.

Who suggested that culture helps people meet their biological needs, instrumental needs, and integrative needs?

Bronislaw Malinowski

How to eliminate all possible alternatives

Built in design controls and by measuring potential hidden causes and by measuring possible alternative causes (controlling for another variable)

who used the term sociological imagination?

C. Wright Mills

As the use of large-scale machinery increased, the Industrial Revolution brought about changes in the labor force, living environments, and economic levels of families. This industrialization led to the rise of:

Capitalists and consumers.

Underclass

Chronically unemployed ppl who have no ongoing relationship 2 the mainstream economy.

Aggregates

Collection of many individuals, cases or other units (ex. businesses, schools, families, clubs, cities, nations)

Social networks

Collection of social ties connecting ppl 2 each other.

Social groups

Collections of ppl who interact regularly w/ 1 another & who r aware of their status as a group.

Deviant subcultures discussed by

Colorado and Ohlin, Cohen, Miller, and Anderson

Intersubjectivity

Common understanding between ppl about knowledge, reality, or an experience.

Assumptions

Concepts contain these built in ________, statements about the nature of things that are not observable or testable. They are accepted as a necessary starting point. Concepts and theories build on them.

Temporal order

Condition that means that a cause must come before an effect. Eliminates from consideration potential causes that occurred later in time.

Which theoretical perspective points to the domination of more powerful groups over those with less power?

Conflict

Who is associated with the looking-glass self?

Cooley

The Black Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan could be considered examples of:

Countercultures.

What is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society?

Culture

________ is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

Culture

Characteristics of Culture

Culture is 1) shared, 2) learned, 3) taken for granted, 4) symbolic, 5) varies across time and place

Medicalization of deviance

Designation of a deviant behavior as an illness that can b treated by medical professionals.

Crime

Deviant behavior that violates a law.

Secondary deviance

Deviant behavior that's a response 2 the neg. consequences of labeling.

A variant of a language with its own unique accent and vocabulary is known as a:

Dialect.

Global inequality

Differences in wealth & power among the countries of the world.

Transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as exploration, war, the media, tourism, and immigration:

Diffusion

Cultural Change

Diffusion, invention, innovation, discovery

The mass media typically represents and reflects which type of culture?

Dominant culture.

Erik H Erikson pg. 92

Eight stages of Development infancy-birth and 18 months toddlerhood-up to 3 preschool- 4 to 5 preadolescence- 6 and 13 adolescence- teen years Young adulthood middle adulthood old age

Public assistance

Either tax credits or actual payments & benefits provided 2 citizens by the gov't.

Studied suicide rates

Emile Durkheim

Margie was learning about the Maasai tribe in Africa from her teacher. Her teacher was telling the class about the circumcision rituals that boys undergo at about the age of 10 when they are ready to become warriors. At this time, the boys paint their faces white and dress in black. Margie commented that this sounded like a very odd ritual and that she could not understand why anyone would want to be a part of this tribe. What was Margie exhibiting?

Ethnocentrism.

Harold Garfinkel

Ethnomethodology-the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

Iron law of oligarchy

Eventual & inevitable consolidation of power @the top of bureaucratic organizations.

Stereotypes

Exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of ppl that dont acknowledge individual variation.

Functional theory

Explains an event by locating it within a larger ongoing balanced social system. Explains something by identifying its function within the larger system and the need it fulfils for the system. "x occurs because it fills the need of system y"

Organizational environment

Factors that exist outside the organization but potentially affect its operation.

Sociology is basically a matter of common sense.

False

The term structure refers to how societies and institutions are organized.

False

Wealth

Financial assets, such as savings, real estate, & stocks.

Maria is Hispanic and teaches elementary school. She wants to teach her students a little about her culture. She wants to share her knowledge of cooking with the students. She takes flour tortillas, a tortilla pan, tortilla chips, and salsa to her school classroom. Which of the above items could be considered cultural objects?

Flour tortillas, tortilla pan, chips, salsa, classroom, school.

Middle-range theory

Focuses on a specific substantive topic area, includes a multiple empirical generalization and builds a theoretical explanation.

Three types of Norms

Folkways, Mores, Laws

Overconformity

Following cultural expectations to an excessive degree.

Groupthink

Form of uncritical thinking which ppl reinforce a consensus rather than ask serious Q's or thoroughly analyze the issue at hand.

Cultural capital

Forms of knowledge, taste, preferences, & styles high-status groups use 2 signal their status & to exclude others from their social circles.

What theory does

Frames how we look and think about a topic, gives us concepts, provides basic assumptions, directs us to the important questions and suggests ways for us to think about the data. It enables us to connect a single study to the immense base of knowledge to which other researchers contribute.

Sociological Perspectives on Culture

Functionalists, Conflict theorists, Feminist Scholars, Interactionists

Class

Group of ppl who share a roughly similar economic position & lifestyle.

Middle class

Group thats distinctive 4 its contribution of specialized knowledge & expertise 2 the economy.

Deviant subcultures

Group which membership is based on a shared commitment 2 specific nonconformist beliefs or behaviors.

Studied both gender discrimination and slavery

Harriet Martineau

Correlation

Has a specific technical meaning. A ______coefficient is a statistical measure that indicates the amount of association.

Applied Darwin's theory of evolution to societies

Herbert Spencer

Bureaucracy

Hierarchical administrative system w/ formal rules & procedures used 2 manage organizations.

Equal opportunity

Idea all ppl should have the same chance 2 achieve success.

Thomas theorem

Idea that if ppl define situations as real, they r real in their consequences.

Homophily

Idea that social contact occurs @a higher rt. between ppl who are similar than it does between ppl who r different.

What is a system of meaning that helps define, explain, and make value judgments about the world?

Ideology.

Where does nonmaterial culture exist?

In the world of thoughts and ideas

where does non material culture exist/

In the world of thoughts and ideas

Concept clusters

Interconnected groups of concepts. Theories contain collections of associated concepts that are consistent and mutually reinforcing. Together, they form a web of meaning.

Interpretive explanation

Its purpose is to foster understanding. Attempts to discover meaning of an event or practice by placing it within a specific social context.

A social reformer and founder of Hull House in Chicago

Jane Addams

Who believes the world of culture today is based on simulation, not reality?

Jean Baudrillard

Who is associated with cognitive development?

Jean Piaget

Was critical of the social inequality associated with industrial capitalism

Karl Marx

Who stressed ideas are cultural creations of a society's most powerful members?

Karl Marx

Who is associated with moral development?

Kohlberg

What is the key concept underlying the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Languages affect how their speakers think and behave.

Conspicuous consumption

Lavish spending, done 2 compete 4 status w/ others.

Meso-level theory

Links macro and micro levels and operates at an intermediate level. Theories of organizations, social movements, and communities.

Ordinary explanation

Makes something clear or describes something in a way that illustrates it and makes it intelligible.

During the Enlightenment period of the 18th century, intellectual thinkers began to write books and publish manuscripts that contradicted the Catholic Church's teachings about natural science. This illustrates the use of:

Mass media.

Jewelry, cars, homes, and boats would be considered what aspect of culture?

Material

Wrote The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism

Max Weber

Who is associated with role-taking?

Mead

Idiographic

Means specific description and refers to explaining an aspect of the social world by offering a highly detailed pic or description of a specific social setting, process or type of relationship

Poverty line (U.S.)

Measure of scarcity determined by figuring the cost of a minimal food budget & multiplying it by 3.

Freud

Model of personality-3 parts id, ego, superego

During the 1700s and 1800s there was a shift towards urbanization. Improved agricultural methods allowed farmers to grow more crops and sell their surplus. Feudal villages were becoming cities with political leadership. This all led to the rise of economic growth. The period of development was called:

Modernity.

Capital

Money 2 invest in factories, real estate, & other businesses.

whats the difference between a more and a folkway?

Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways

What is the difference between a more and a folkway?

Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways.

What is the difference between a more and a folkway? a. Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways. b. They are similar and can be used interchangeably. c. Folkways are more severe than mores. d. Violating a folkway may lead to public shame.

Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways.

In the United States, when stepping into an elevator, people often move to the back to allow others to get on or get off. This is an example of a. a value. b. a belief. c. knowledge. d. a norm.

Norm

When stepping into a elevator, people often move to the back to allow others to get on or off. this is a example of what?

Norm

Which statement about norms is FALSE?

Norms are rigid.

Meritocracy

Notion that ppl r rewarded & are able 2 advance b/c of their abilities.

Replication

Occurs when researchers repeat the basics of a study and get identical or very similar findings

Life chances

Opportunities offered by 1's economic position.

Positive deviance

Overconformity that gets a favorable response.

Secondary groups

PPl who interact in a relatively impersonal way, usually 2 carry out some specific task.

Classification

Partway between a single simple concept and theory. They help to organize abstract, complex concepts.

Achieved status

Position in a social system a person attains voluntarily, to a considerable degree, as the result of his/her own efforts.

Status

Position in a social system that can b occupied by an individual.

Ascribed status

Position in a social system, assigned 2 a person from birth, regardless of his/her wishes.

The principle that true knowledge must be based on the scientific method is known as

Positivism.

Primary groups

Ppl who have regular contact, enduring relationships, & significant emotional attachment 2 each other.

Classism

Prejudice or discrimination based on social class.

Role strain

Problem that occurs when expectations associated w/ a single role compete w/ each other.

Role conflict

Problem that occurs when the expectations associated w/ diff. roles clash.

Deindustrialization

Process by which investment in the nation's manufacturing capacity decreased.

Decriminalization

Process of making an illegal action legal.

Status hierarchy

Ranking of social positions according 2 their perceived prestige or honor.

Recidivism

Relapse into criminal behavior.

Social capital

Relationships that r potentially economically valuable resulting from membership in a group.

Sociology emerged from each of the following revolutions EXCEPT

Religious.

Interpretive Approach

Researchers who use this approach say, human social life is qualitatively different from other things studied by science. This view holds that social life is based on less objective, hard factual ideas rather than ideas beliefs, and perception that ppl hold about reality. These researchers are skeptical about postivist attempts to produce precise quantitative measures of objective.

Who is associated with the strain theory?

Robert Merton

Language shapes the view of reality of its speakers according to what hypothesis?

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Absolute poverty

Scarcity of resources so severe its life-threatening.

Frederick Taylor

Scientific Managment- the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization

Organizations

Secondary groups that have a degree of formal structure & r formed 2 accomplish particular tasks.

Paradigm

Set of assumption, beliefs, models of doing good research and techniques for gathering and analyzing data. Organizes core ideas, theoretical frameworks and research methods.

Roles

Sets of expected behaviors that r associated w/ particular statuses.

Which researcher has found that there are about ten universal values that have a similar meaning across cultures?

Shalom Schwartz

Stigma

Shame attached 2 a behavior or status that's considered socially unacceptable or discrediting.

Collective conscience

Shared norms, beliefs, & values in a community.

Critical approach

Shares many features with an interpretive approach, but blends objective/materialist with a constructive view of social reality. Its key feature is a desire to put knowledge into action and a belief that research is not value free. Favours action research.

Who is associated with the psychoanalytic approach?

Sigmund Freud

Relative poverty

Situation exists when ppl dont have the basic resources 2 maintain a standard of living considered acceptable in their society.

Out-group

Social group toward which 1 feels negatively, considering its members to be inferiors, or "them."

In-group

Social group w/ which a person identifies & toward which he/she feels positively; have a collective sense of "us."

Agents of social control

Social institutions that enforce norms & rules, attempt 2 prevent rule violations, & identify & punish rule violators.

Master status

Social position thats overwhelmingly significant, powerfully influences a person's social experience, & typically overshadows all other social positions that person may occupy.

Which term do sociologists use to describe a collection of propositions that work to explain how social phenomena operate?

Social theory

Micro-level theory

Social theory that deals with small slices of time, space or numbers of people. Usually not very abstract.

A large group of people who live together in a specific area and share a culture is known as a:

Society

Crime rates

Stats measuring the incidence of crime in relation 2 population size.

Status category

Status that ppl can hold in common.

Merton

Strain theory- explains deviance in terms of a society cultural goals and the means available to achieve them

Emile Durkheim

Studied deviance-made the surprising claim that there is nothing wrong with deviance. it performs five essential functions 1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms 2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries 3. respond to deviance bring people together 4. deviance encourages social change 5. provide a safety value for society ex. sandy hook elementary shooting brought people together

A sound, gesture, image, or object that represents something else is known as a(n):

Symbol.

Individualism

System of beliefs highlighting the importance of the single person over any social group.

Neocolonialism

System of economic domination of poorer nations by wealthier 1's w/o the use of formal political control or military occupation.

Progressive taxation

Tax policy which those w/ higher incomes pay a higher rate.

Regressive taxation

Taxes that disproportionately affect those w/ lower incomes.

Which of the following measures do critics of multiculturalism support?

The adoption of "English Only" laws.

Ideal Culture

The beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold

Status set

The collection of statuses an individual holds.

Capital punishment

The death penalty.

Verstehen

The desire of a researcher to get inside the world view of those he or she is studying and accurately represent how the people being studied see the world, feel about it and act.

Japanese students typically attend school more hours per day than American students. In Japan, learning is more group centered and focused than in the United States. Teamwork and cooperation are also stressed in Japanese schools, whereas students in the United States are taught to have more individualistic values. What would explain the differences between Japanese and American schools?

The dominant ideology in Japan supports a more cooperative education focus than in the United States.

Scientific management (Taylorism)

The effort by trained mngers 2 study workflow & develop precise procedures that govern the completion of work tasks.

Reference groups

The groups against which we choose to measure ourselves.

Social control

The incentives & punishments that promote conformity in social life.

Charles cooley

The looking-glass self - a self-image based on how we think others see us

Which of the following statements is generally true regarding taxation and poverty rates among industrialized countries?

The lower the tax rate, the higher the poverty rate.

Macro-level theory

The operation of larger aggregates such as social institutions, entire cultural systems, and whole societies. Uses more concepts that are abstract.

Sall grew up in the middle class. For school, she volunteered at a soup kitchen and, for the first time, met individuals her own age who had grown up in poverty. Instead of dismissing these individuals as lazy, she sought to understand what social forces worked to shape her life differently from those she met at the soup kitchen. This is an example of:

The sociological perspective.

Values

The standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, etc

Praxis

The ultimate test of how good an explanation is to the critical approach. A blending of theory and concrete action; theory informs you about the specific real-world actions you should take to advance social change and you then use the experiences engaging in aciton for social change to reformulate the theory.

Relationships

Theories specify how concepts relate to one another. Theories give reason why ______don't exist too.

Strain theory

Theory emphasizing the strain or pressure on those who lack the means 2 achieve culturally defined goals leads them 2 pursue deviant routes 2 success.

lawrence Kohlbergh

Theory of Moral Development -based off of piagets work

Jean Piaget

Theory of cognitive Development

George H. Mead pg. 91 read it

Theory of the social self -meads central concept is the self, the part of an individuals personality composed of self awareness and self image -symbolic system

Control theory

Theory suggesting our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection 2 major social institutions, including family, school, & religion.

Modernization theory

Theory that attributes global inequality 2 cultural differences between countries.

Dependency theory

Theory that attributes global inequality 2 the exploitation of weaker, poor nations by wealthy, more powerful 1's.

Labeling theory

Theory that deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior & that individuals who r labeled deviant often internalize this judgment as part of their self-identity.

What did Lori Holyfield's research reveal about the symbol of the Confederate flag? a. There were multiple meanings given to the Confederate flag. b. It was first used by members of the Ku Klux Klan. c. Southerners still consider it a racist symbol. d. Most students in the South had a very good understanding of the symbolic meaning of the flag

There were multiple meanings given to the Confederate flag.

what did Lori Holyfield's research reveal about the symbol of the confederate flag?

There were multiple meanings given to the confederate flag

How is sociology similar to economics and political science?

They all belong to the social sciences

Capitalist class (or bourgeoisie)

Those who control major capital & own the means of production.

Working class (or proletariat)

Those who survive on the wages they earn.

Sociology views individuals as free agents who are able to make choices about their lives independent of societal influences.

True

Colonialism

Use of military, political, & economic power by 1 society 2 dominate the ppl of another society, usually 4 economic benefit.

Casual explanation

Used when the relationship is one of cause and effect

Cofounder of the NAACP

W. E. B. Dubois

Scope

What concepts vary by. More abstract = wider.

Hypothesis

When research empirically tests or evaluates relationships between concepts.

social channeling

When you parents socialize their children to do similar things

Positivist Approach

Widely practised social science approach Sees social science fundamentally the same as natural science research; it assumes social reality is made up of objective facts that value-free researchers can precisely measure and use stats to test casual theories Large scale co, agencies and many ppl favour this b/c it emphasizes getting objective measures of "hard facts" in form of #s

Which sociologist coined the term cultural lag?

William Ogburn

Deductive approach

You begin with an abstract, logical relationship among concepts and move toward concrete empirical evidence.

Functionalists

_____________Focus on culture as a cement that BINDS society

Interactionists

__________________study how people INTERPRET and TRANSMIT culture

Feminists Scholars

_______________focus on GENDER differences

Conflict Theorists

_____________argue that culture can generate enormous INEQUALITY

Dramaturgical Analysis

__________examines social interaction as if it were a stage where people act out of different scenes

Ethnomethodology

________studies how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make interaction plaza

Feminists Perspectives

________study interaction according to GENDER roles

positivism

a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific method

Organized crime

a business supplying illegal goods or services. (categories with few legitimate opportunities)

Individual mobility

a change in a 1's class position that occurs w/o any change in the larger class structure.

Status Set

a collection of social statuses that an individual occupies

Hate crime

a criminal act against a person or persons property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

macro level of analysis

a focus on large-scale social systems and processes such as the economy, politics and population trends

micro level of analysis

a focus on small-sclae, usually face-to-face interaction

meso level of analysis

a focus somewhere between very large and very small social phenomena--on organizations of institutions, for example

modernity

a historical era beginning in the 1700s characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and sciences to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy

postmodernity

a historical period beginning in the mid-twentieth century characterized by the rise of information-based economics and the fragmentation of political beliefs and ways of knowing

formal organization

a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently

science

a method of inquiry that uses logic and the systematic collection of evidence to support knowledge claims

role set

a number of roles attached to a single status

ego

a persons conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

Back Stage

a place, concealed from the audience, where people can relax

Ascribed Status

a position that we are born into....latino, female, Chinese

Achieved status

a position that we have through choice....a student, or a dentist

Stigma

a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity

social theory

a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena

total institution

a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff

reference group

a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

peer group

a social group who's members have interests, social position, and age in common

Status

a social position

Ascribed status

a social position a person receives at birth ex. a daughter, a cuban, a teenager

Achieved status

a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort ex. student, athlete, nurse, thief

master status

a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life ex. a person's job is normally bc its reveals a huge part of a person's social background, education and income. also, the bush family, kennedy bc it attracts a lot of attention

Taboos

a strongly ingrained norm, the violation of which is repugnant (eating other humans)

Athletes who train and participate in triathlons would be considered examples of

a subculture

a sound, gesture, image, or object that represents something else is

a symbol

culture pg 48

a symbolic system a patterned way of life

Language

a system of shared symbols that enable people to communicate

sociological perspective

a view of the social world that focuses on discovering and understanding the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live, called the sociological imagination by C. Wright Mills

sociological imagination

a view of the social world that focuses on discovering and understanding the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live, coined by C. Wright Mills

what is another way to refer to culture

a way of life

rationality

a way of thinking that emphasized deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task

network

a web of weak social ties

Which of the following is not a type of norm? a. Role b. More c. Folkway d. Law

a. Role

Achieved statuses are ones that individuals work toward, whereas ascribed statuses are ones that are assigned to someone. a. True b. False

a. True

Society influences our everyday behavior. a. True b. False

a. True

Society, while made up of groups and individuals, has an existence beyond the scope of those groups and individuals. a. True b. False

a. True

Systems of stratification based on an ascribed status a. allow upward social mobility. b. discourage social mobility. c. facilitate social mobility. d. allow virtually no social mobility.

a. allow upward social mobility.

According to Dorothy Smith's "standpoint theory," people view society and power from a. an oppositional stance. b. an individualistic perspective. c. a biased standpoint. d. the perspective of their group.

a. an oppositional stance.

Which of the following best describes the Indian caste system? a. closed, without social mobility b. based on a strict legal system c. open, with limited social mobility d. based on force

a. closed, without social mobility

Which theoretical perspective points to the domination of more powerful groups over those with less power? a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. structuralist

a. conflict

Public schools in wealthy neighborhoods are typically better funded, better equipped, and more successful than their counterparts in underprivileged areas. This inequality is a result of the residents' greater _____ power. a. economic b. persuasive c. reward d. cultural

a. economic

Lai is a powerful and wealthy businesswoman who enjoys all the benefits of her class background. To attain her position, however, she struggled to overcome the disadvantage and discrimination of her gender in a male-dominated business environment. This scenario corresponds with which concept? a. matrix of domination b. social closure c. traditional authority d. power as knowledge

a. matrix of domination

Which best describes a social structure? a. recurring patterns of behavior b. the scaffolding that supports a building c. a strict hierarchy of power d. a system of social stratification

a. recurring patterns of behavior

Which of the following is NOT a function of social institutions? a. the socialization of new members of the society b. the production and distribution of goods and services c. creating equal opportunity for all, regardless of social class d. the maintenance of stability and existence

a. the socialization of new members of the society

Social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort:

achieved status

identify the dependent variable in a given study

age/voting study. voting is dependent

Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older people:

ageism

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society:

agents of socialization

a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common

aggregate

status set

all the statuses a person holds at a given time

Retribution

an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

Bureaucracy

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently - Max Weber saw as the dominant type of organization in modern societies

The process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future role:

anticipatory socialization

Symbol

anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture....examples - words, gestures, physical objects

what kind of research findings will help schools allocate funding in after school programs

applied research

Positive sanction

approval for following a norm

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world _______________.

as a safe comfortable place

A social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender:

ascribed status

Social Exchange Theory

assumes that social interaction is base rewards and minimizing COSTS

people who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members

authoritarian leaders

How are a police officer and a soldier similar? a. Both are social statuses. b. Both are roles, jobs, and social statuses. c. Both are roles. d. Both are only jobs, not social statuses.

b. Both are roles, jobs, and social statuses.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the functionalist perspective? a. Structures within society meet the needs of society. b. Change in one part of society necessitates change in another part. c. Society is composed of interdependent social institutions. d. Society is held together by the domination of the poor by the rich.

b. Change in one part of society necessitates change in another part.

According to lecture, which of the following is not a characteristic of culture? a. Culture is shared b. Culture is universal c. Culture is symbolic d. Culture is varries across time and place

b. Culture is universal

A master status is not socially imposed but rather a matter of individual choice. a. True b. False

b. False

The idea that a man calculates whether or not getting married would beneficial in terms of his finances illustrates which dimension of McDonaldization? a. efficiency b. calculability c. predictability d. control

b. calculability

The Black Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan could be considered examples of a. dominant culture. b. countercultures. c. high culture. d. real culture.

b. countercultures.

The mass media typically represents and reflects which type of culture? a. ideal culture b. dominant culture c. counterculture d. subculture

b. dominant culture

Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status? a. college student b. female c. musician d. poor

b. female

What is the principal difference between capitalist and socialist ideologies? a. focus on freedom vs. control b. focus on money vs. government c. focus on the individual vs. the collective d. focus on democracy vs. authority

b. focus on money vs. government

Many universities often value and celebrate cultural differences. This value is known as a. colonialism. b. multiculturalism. c. assimilation. d. tolerance.

b. multiculturalism.

When the different statuses of a person each brings with them significantly different amounts of prestige this causes ____. a. role strain b. status inconsistency c. role conflict d. status ambivalence

b. status inconsistency

Max Weber defined legitimate power as based on a. democratic elections. b. the acceptance of and belief in authority. c. acceptance by the majority. d. accountability to a constituency.

b. the acceptance of and belief in authority.

Role

behavior expected of a person in a particular status...based upon mutual obligations

role

behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status

tradition

behavior, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation

The mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real:

beliefs

What is an example of nonmaterial culture?

beliefs

popular Culture

beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in EVERYDAY LIFE

what is it called when people move to back of elevator and turn around while others get on

breaking the norm

an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters

bureaucracy

a psychological construct that describes those workers who are most concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly

bureaucratic personality

Who defined power as the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others? a. Virginia Held b. Nancy Hartsock c. Max Weber d. Bertrand Russell

c. Max Weber

A status that is occupied from the moment of birth (e.g., your sex or race) is called an: a. acquired status b. assumed status c. ascribed status d. achieved status

c. ascribed status

Systems of stratification based on an achieved status typically a. allow social mobility. b. prohibit social mobility. c. disregard achievement. d. discourage achievement.

c. disregard achievement.

Sociologists see social inequality as being rooted in a. a lack of individual effort. b. greed. c. factors beyond an individual's control. d. personal choice.

c. factors beyond an individual's control.

Exchange theorists analyze human interaction in terms of: a. gender and class b. race and ethnicity c. profit and loss d. all of these choices

c. profit and loss

Which of the following would be an example of a role? a. a member of the royal family b. an airline pilot c. the expectation that parents should take care of their children d. the economy

c. the expectation that parents should take care of their children

What are social roles? a. the parts that actors play b. the positions that individuals occupy in the social structure c. the social expectations that go along with a given social status d. the governing methods of social structure

c. the social expectations that go along with a given social status

a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as educational level, age, race, or gender

Combo with "Ch. 9 Class & Global Inequality" and 3 others

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24

Cognitive Psychology Book Questions Chapters 6 & 7

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