CH. 16 Endo Marieb Study
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to:
cortisol
Cortisone and cortisol and types of __________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.
glucocorticoids
LH is also referred to as
gonadotropin:
What happens when a steroid hormone has reached a target cell
hormone diffuses through the cell membrane hormone molecules bind to receptor molecule hormone-receptor molecules migrate to the DNA genes become activated mRNA transcript is built/ protein synthesis follows
Homeostatic Imbalance of Growth Hormone
• Hypersecretion : During childhood/Gigantism & after epiphyseal plates meet/Acromegaly • Hyposecretion : Dwarfism
Gonadotropins
(FSH) & (LH)Regulate function of the ovaries and testes Secreted by the anterior pituiary
Hormones of Neurohypophysis
- posterior lobe of Pituitary gland (neural tissue) and the infundibulum -stores: (ADH) & oxytocin synthesized in the hypothalamus
Insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called: A)alpha cells B)delta cells C)gamma cells D)beta cells E)theta cells
D)beta cells
14)Which one of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones: A)mobilizing body defenses against stressors B)growth and development C)maintaining electrolyte balance D)body coordination E)regulating cellular metabolis
D)body coordination
13)Which one of the following is NOT an action of the catecholamines: A)increased heart rate B)dilation of the small passages of the lungs C)stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system D)decreased blood pressure E)increased blood glucose levels
D)decreased blood pressure
26)Which of these hormones is released by the adrenal medulla: A)sex hormones B)aldosterone C)glucocorticoids D)epinephrine E)cortisone
D)epinephrine
7)Which one of the following hormones exerts its primary effects on the reproductive organs: A)prolactin B)adrenocorticotropic hormone C) tsh D) fsh E) gh
D)follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)
18)The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as: A)stimuli B)neurons C)effectors D)hormones E)target cells
D)hormones
3)Which one of the following is NOT a sign of diabetes mellitus: A)polydipsia B)polyuria C)polyphagia D)moonface E)acidosis
D)moonface
15)Estrogens do all of the following EXCEPT: A)stimulate menstruation B)stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in females C)help maintain pregnancy D)stimulate growth of facial hair E)prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
D)stimulate growth of facial hair
29)Tropic hormones stimulate : A) the pineal gland to secrete hormones B)the nervous tissue C) prostaglandins D)other endocrine glands to secrete hormones E) the thymus gland to secrete hormones
D)stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
Hyposecretion of the pancreas:
Diabetes Mellitus
1)Insulin causes: A)a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose B)an increase in blood pressure C)a decreaseinblood pressure D)an increase in the production of glucagon E)anincrease in the concentration of bloodglucose
A)a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose
6)Which one of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushingȇs syndrome: A)bronze skin tones B)high blood pressure C)buffalo hump D)moon face E)water retention
A)bronze skin tones
10)An enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from a deficiency of dietary iodine is called: A)goiter B)acromegaly C)cretinism D)myxedema E)exophthalmos
A)goiter
2)The cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called: A)interstitial cells B)alpha cells C)gonadotropic cells D)beta cells E)pancreaticislet cells
A)interstitial cells
35)Prostaglandins are: A)lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes B)steroid hormones C)amino acid-based hormones D)target organs E)glycerol hormones
A)lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes
40)Which of these hormones does NOT play a role in reproduction: A)estrogen B)luteinizing hormone C)testosterone D)follicle-stimulating hormone E)antidiuretic hormone
E)antidiuretic hormone
36)The secondary sex characteristics brought about by testosterone secretion do NOT include: A)development of heavy muscles B)growth of facial hair C)lowering the voice D)development of heavy bones E)development of breasts
E)development of breasts
23)Which one of the following is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex: A)mineralocorticoids B)glucocorticoids C)sex hormones D)aldosterone E)epinephrine
E)epinephrine
5)Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the: A)pineal gland B)adrenal cortex C)thymus D)posterior pituitary E)parathyroid glands
E)parathyroid glands
21)Which hormone works with estrogen to bring about the menstual cycle: A)prolactin B)oxytocin C)testosterone D)human chorionic gonadotropin E)progesterone
E)progesterone
39)Glucocorticoids do all of the following EXCEPT: A)decrease edema B)suppress inflammation C)increase blood glucose levels D)help resist long-term stress E)regulate salt content of the blood
E)regulate salt content of the blood
28)The hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is: A)luteinizing hormone B)prolactin C)interstitial cell-stimulating hormone D)progesterone E)follicle-stimulating hormone
A)luteinizing hormone
20)The hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep-awake cycles is: A)melatonin B)thyroxine C)progesterone D)thymosin E)glucagon
A)melatonin
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH -Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
Hypersecretion of growth hormone
Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex:
Addison's Disease
The neurohypophysis it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and a reason why it's not really considered an endocrine hormone
Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.
Answer: C
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesnȇt A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.
Answer: E
Hyperglycemic hormones
Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and epinephrine
Hypersecretion of the sex hormones
Hypersecretion of the sex hormones may lead to masculinization in both men and women.
Hyposecretion of FSH or LH
Hyposecretion of FSH or LH leads to sterility in men & woman
ȱGlucagon acts as an antagonist to a hormone called
Insulin
Mineralocorticoids regulate the concentration of __________ and __________ ions in our blood
Na+ Sodium and K Potassium
what organ Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body
Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon are both hormones produced in?
Pancreatic Islits
Hyposecretion of growth hormone
Pituitary Dwarfism
Human chorionic gonadotropin endocrine gland
Placenta- temporary organ in the pregnant uterus
thymosin function
Programs T lymphocytes
The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, which causes the release of aldosterone, is called
Renin
8)Which one of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone: A)prolactin B)antidiuretic hormone C)follicle-stimulating hormone D)adrenocorticotropic hormone E) LH
B)antidiuretic hormone
19)Alcohol inhibits the secretion of: A)prolactin (PRL) B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C)parathyroid hormone (PTH) D)oxytocin E)glucagon
B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4)Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of: A)glucagon B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C)growth hormone D)prolactin (PRL) E)parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
37)The thyroid gland is located: A)within the parathyroid glands B)below the Adamȇs apple C)within the mediastinum D)within the pancreas E)above the kidneys
B)below the Adamȇs apple
45)Which of these hormones regulate calcium levels in the body: A)T3 and T4 B)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone C)melatonin and glucocorticoids D)oxytocin and prolactin E)insulin and glucagon
B)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
38)Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT: A)bind to receptor proteins within the nucleus B)catalyze cyclic AMP C)enter the nucleus D)activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis E)diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
B)catalyze cyclic AMP
25)Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells: A)mitosis is stimulated B)cellular mutations occur C)proteins are synthesized in the cell D)plasma membrane permeability changes E)enzymes are activated or inactivated
B)cellular mutations occur
43)TheȱȈfight-or-flightȈȱresponse triggers the release of: A)growth hormone B)epinephrine C)melatonin D)prolactin E)ADH
B)epinephrine
9)Insulin works as an antagonist to: A)oxytocin B)glucagon C)testosterone D)thyroid hormone E)thymosin
B)glucagon
41)Which one of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland: A)thyroid-stimulating hormone B)oxytocin C)growth hormone D)prolactin E) LH
B)oxytocin
17)Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to A)reabsorb calcium B)reabsorb sodium C)reabsorb iodine D)reabsorb potassium E)reabsorb hydrogen
B)reabsorb sodium
34)The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone,is called: A)cortisol B)renin C)angiotensin D)vasopressin E)cortisone
B)renin
11)Which one of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin: A)stimulation of uterine contractions B)stimulation of menstruation C)stimulation of breast milk ejection D)labor induction E)postpartum bleeding control
B)stimulation of menstruation
42)Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood leads to:A)exophthalmos B)myxedema C)cretinism D)acromegaly E)dwarfism
C)cretinism
16)Hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called: A)pituitary dwarfism B)acromegaly C)gigantism D)myxedema E)Cushingȇs disease
C)gigantism
22)Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called: A)neural stimulus B)humoral stimulus C)hormonal stimulus D)receptor-mediated stimulus E)steroid stimulus
C)hormonal stimulus
24)The element necessary in the diet for proper thyroid function is: A)sodium B)potassium C)iodine D)bromine E)calcium
C)iodine
44)The pineal gland produces: A)insulin B)cortisol C)melatonin D)thymosin E)estrogen
C)melatonin
33)Negative feedback mechanisms regulate: A)steroid hormones only B)very few hormones C)most hormones D)prostaglandin hormones only E)amino acid-based hormones only
C)most hormones
31)The hypothalamus is most closely associated with the A)thymus gland B)thyroid gland C)pituitary gland D)pineal gland E)pancreas
C)pituitary gland
32)Growth hormone: A)results in Cushingȇs disease if produced in excess B)is produced by the thyroid gland C)promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles D)is secreted by the thymus gland E)prevents urine production
C)promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles
30)The hormone responsible for the maturation of white blood cells known as T lymphocytes is A)aldosterone B)progesterone C)thymosin D)melatonin E)thyroxine
C)thymosin
27)The bodyȇs major metabolic hormone is called: A)calcitonin B)growth hormone C)thyroid hormone D)prolactin E)adrenaline
C)thyroid hormone
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants
Cretinism
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex:glucocorticoids, often caused by a tumor, results in
Cushing's Disease
Name 2 endocrine glands that both have glandular and neural tissue
The adrenal glands are similar to the pituitary gland in that they have both glandular and neural tissue.
adenohypophysis
The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary, which secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, and prolactin in response to releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
B
The gland that has both glandular and nervous tissue associated with it is letter?
Which Endocrine organ has both neural functions and releases hormones
The hypothalamus
Where is The pituitary gland located
The pituitary gland is found in the brain closely associated with the hypothalamus.
D thymus gland produces thymosin
The thymus gland is indicated by letter
The glucocorticoids help the body handle long-term stress primarily by increasing blood glucose levels
True
Another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is
Vassopressin
Match with endocrine gland: a) Calcitonin b) Prolactin
a) Thyroid b) AnteriorPituitary
Hypersecretion of GH after the fusion of the epiphyseal plate results in
acromegaly
Aldosterone endocrine gland
adrenal cortex
Another name for epinephrine is
adrnaline
Glucagon endocrine gland
alpha cells of pancreatic islets
Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called
androgens
Hormones of the adenohypophysis:
anterior lobe of Pituitary gland, made up of glandular tissue Synthesizes secretes a number of hormones GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL The tropic hormones are :(TSH)(ACTH)(FSH)(LH)
Promotes water retention by the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone
141)Explain the negative feedback interaction between calcitonin and parathormone.
141)Calcitonin, is released by the thyroid gland, and causes calcium to be deposited in the bones thus decreasing blood calcium levels. Parathormone is released by the parathyroids in response to low blood calcium levels, and stimulates bone destruction by way of osteoclasts. Causing a release of calcium into the blood. PTH is, therefore, a hypercalcemic hormone! In contrast to calcitonin which is a hypocalcemic hormone. PTH is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.
142)Explain the causes and effects of menopause.
142)The onset of menopause, commonly called change of life, is brought about by decline and atrophy of the ovaries.The decreased production of estrogen and other female hormones results in the inability to bear children, arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, decreased skin elasticity, and sympathetic nervous system changes. These changes in the sympathetic nervous system cause hot flashes. Other symptoms include fatigue, nervousness, and mood changes.
143)Explain how insulin and glucagon work as antagonists to one another.
143)Hormones that perform opposite actions are called antagonists. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the ability of cells to transport glucose across their plasma membranes. Glucagon targets the liver to break downstored glycogen into glucose. The glucose is then released into the bloodstream to increase blood glucose levels.
144)Explain the pituitary-hypothalamus relationship.
144)Hormones from the anterior pituitary are released in response to releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases these hormones into the blood of the portal circulation, which connects the blood supply of the hypothalamus with that of the anterior pituitary. Hormones from the posterior pituitary are made in the hypothalamus by hypothalamic neurons. Those hormones are then stored in the posterior pituitary until their release is necessary
145)Describe the three types of stimuli that activate the endocrine organs.
145)The most common stimulus is hormonal. In which endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones, known as tropic hormones. 2. Humoral, in which changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release. 3. Neural, in which nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
146)Jamie is dehydrated from playing a rough game of football on a hot summer afternoon. Explain why beer is not a good choice of beverage considering what you know about antidiuretic hormone
146)Antidiuretic hormone prevents urine production and promotes water retention by the kidneys. However, alcoholic beverages inhibit ADH secretion and result in a large output of urine. Jamie is already dehydrated and alcohol will only further that situation
147)Four-year-old Tim is extremely small for his age, and he shows signs of mental retardation. His hair is thinning and his skin is dry. His parents have read about cretinism and pituitary dwarfism as possible diagnoses for their son and have taken him to the pediatrician for tests to be run. Which diagnosis do you think is correct? Explain why
147)The likely diagnosis is cretinism. Hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone in early childhood leads to cretinism. Cretinism results in dwarfism and mental retardation. Cretinism also causes hair to be scanty and the dry skin. It is unlikely Tim suffers from pituitary dwarfism. Pituitary dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH in children but does not cause the other symptoms listed.
148)Compare the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of growth hormone on a child.
148)Hyposecretion of growth hormone in a child leads to pituitary dwarfism. Body proportions are normal, but theperson does not exceed 4 feet in height. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in a child leads to gigantism. Although body proportions are normal, the person can reach 8 to 9 feet in height
149)Explain the two major chemical classifications of hormones.
149)The amino acid-based molecules include proteins, peptides, and amines. The steroid hormones include the sex hormones made by the gonads and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
Steroid hormones exert their action by:
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Anteriorly protruding eyes associated with hyperthyroidism is called
exophthalmos
