CH. 16 Endo Marieb Study

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The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to:

cortisol

Cortisone and cortisol and types of __________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.

glucocorticoids

LH is also referred to as

gonadotropin:

What happens when a steroid hormone has reached a target cell

hormone diffuses through the cell membrane hormone molecules bind to receptor molecule hormone-receptor molecules migrate to the DNA genes become activated mRNA transcript is built/ protein synthesis follows

Homeostatic Imbalance of Growth Hormone

• Hypersecretion : During childhood/Gigantism & after epiphyseal plates meet/Acromegaly • Hyposecretion : Dwarfism

Gonadotropins

(FSH) & (LH)Regulate function of the ovaries and testes Secreted by the anterior pituiary

Hormones of Neurohypophysis

- posterior lobe of Pituitary gland (neural tissue) and the infundibulum -stores: (ADH) & oxytocin synthesized in the hypothalamus

Insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called: A)alpha cells B)delta cells C)gamma cells D)beta cells E)theta cells

D)beta cells

14)Which one of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones: A)mobilizing body defenses against stressors B)growth and development C)maintaining electrolyte balance D)body coordination E)regulating cellular metabolis

D)body coordination

13)Which one of the following is NOT an action of the catecholamines: A)increased heart rate B)dilation of the small passages of the lungs C)stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system D)decreased blood pressure E)increased blood glucose levels

D)decreased blood pressure

26)Which of these hormones is released by the adrenal medulla: A)sex hormones B)aldosterone C)glucocorticoids D)epinephrine E)cortisone

D)epinephrine

7)Which one of the following hormones exerts its primary effects on the reproductive organs: A)prolactin B)adrenocorticotropic hormone C) tsh D) fsh E) gh

D)follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)

18)The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as: A)stimuli B)neurons C)effectors D)hormones E)target cells

D)hormones

3)Which one of the following is NOT a sign of diabetes mellitus: A)polydipsia B)polyuria C)polyphagia D)moonface E)acidosis

D)moonface

15)Estrogens do all of the following EXCEPT: A)stimulate menstruation B)stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in females C)help maintain pregnancy D)stimulate growth of facial hair E)prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

D)stimulate growth of facial hair

29)Tropic hormones stimulate : A) the pineal gland to secrete hormones B)the nervous tissue C) prostaglandins D)other endocrine glands to secrete hormones E) the thymus gland to secrete hormones

D)stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

Hyposecretion of the pancreas:

Diabetes Mellitus

1)Insulin causes: A)a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose B)an increase in blood pressure C)a decreaseinblood pressure D)an increase in the production of glucagon E)anincrease in the concentration of bloodglucose

A)a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

6)Which one of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushingȇs syndrome: A)bronze skin tones B)high blood pressure C)buffalo hump D)moon face E)water retention

A)bronze skin tones

10)An enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from a deficiency of dietary iodine is called: A)goiter B)acromegaly C)cretinism D)myxedema E)exophthalmos

A)goiter

2)The cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called: A)interstitial cells B)alpha cells C)gonadotropic cells D)beta cells E)pancreaticislet cells

A)interstitial cells

35)Prostaglandins are: A)lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes B)steroid hormones C)amino acid-based hormones D)target organs E)glycerol hormones

A)lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes

40)Which of these hormones does NOT play a role in reproduction: A)estrogen B)luteinizing hormone C)testosterone D)follicle-stimulating hormone E)antidiuretic hormone

E)antidiuretic hormone

36)The secondary sex characteristics brought about by testosterone secretion do NOT include: A)development of heavy muscles B)growth of facial hair C)lowering the voice D)development of heavy bones E)development of breasts

E)development of breasts

23)Which one of the following is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex: A)mineralocorticoids B)glucocorticoids C)sex hormones D)aldosterone E)epinephrine

E)epinephrine

5)Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the: A)pineal gland B)adrenal cortex C)thymus D)posterior pituitary E)parathyroid glands

E)parathyroid glands

21)Which hormone works with estrogen to bring about the menstual cycle: A)prolactin B)oxytocin C)testosterone D)human chorionic gonadotropin E)progesterone

E)progesterone

39)Glucocorticoids do all of the following EXCEPT: A)decrease edema B)suppress inflammation C)increase blood glucose levels D)help resist long-term stress E)regulate salt content of the blood

E)regulate salt content of the blood

28)The hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is: A)luteinizing hormone B)prolactin C)interstitial cell-stimulating hormone D)progesterone E)follicle-stimulating hormone

A)luteinizing hormone

20)The hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep-awake cycles is: A)melatonin B)thyroxine C)progesterone D)thymosin E)glucagon

A)melatonin

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

ACTH -Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Acromegaly

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex:

Addison's Disease

The neurohypophysis it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and a reason why it's not really considered an endocrine hormone

Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.

Answer: C

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesnȇt A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.

Answer: E

Hyperglycemic hormones

Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and epinephrine

Hypersecretion of the sex hormones

Hypersecretion of the sex hormones may lead to masculinization in both men and women.

Hyposecretion of FSH or LH

Hyposecretion of FSH or LH leads to sterility in men & woman

ȱGlucagon acts as an antagonist to a hormone called

Insulin

Mineralocorticoids regulate the concentration of __________ and __________ ions in our blood

Na+ Sodium and K Potassium

what organ Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body

Pancreas

Insulin and glucagon are both hormones produced in?

Pancreatic Islits

Hyposecretion of growth hormone

Pituitary Dwarfism

Human chorionic gonadotropin endocrine gland

Placenta- temporary organ in the pregnant uterus

thymosin function

Programs T lymphocytes

The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, which causes the release of aldosterone, is called

Renin

8)Which one of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone: A)prolactin B)antidiuretic hormone C)follicle-stimulating hormone D)adrenocorticotropic hormone E) LH

B)antidiuretic hormone

19)Alcohol inhibits the secretion of: A)prolactin (PRL) B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C)parathyroid hormone (PTH) D)oxytocin E)glucagon

B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

4)Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of: A)glucagon B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C)growth hormone D)prolactin (PRL) E)parathyroid hormone (PTH)

B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

37)The thyroid gland is located: A)within the parathyroid glands B)below the Adamȇs apple C)within the mediastinum D)within the pancreas E)above the kidneys

B)below the Adamȇs apple

45)Which of these hormones regulate calcium levels in the body: A)T3 and T4 B)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone C)melatonin and glucocorticoids D)oxytocin and prolactin E)insulin and glucagon

B)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

38)Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT: A)bind to receptor proteins within the nucleus B)catalyze cyclic AMP C)enter the nucleus D)activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis E)diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells

B)catalyze cyclic AMP

25)Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells: A)mitosis is stimulated B)cellular mutations occur C)proteins are synthesized in the cell D)plasma membrane permeability changes E)enzymes are activated or inactivated

B)cellular mutations occur

43)TheȱȈfight-or-flightȈȱresponse triggers the release of: A)growth hormone B)epinephrine C)melatonin D)prolactin E)ADH

B)epinephrine

9)Insulin works as an antagonist to: A)oxytocin B)glucagon C)testosterone D)thyroid hormone E)thymosin

B)glucagon

41)Which one of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland: A)thyroid-stimulating hormone B)oxytocin C)growth hormone D)prolactin E) LH

B)oxytocin

17)Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to A)reabsorb calcium B)reabsorb sodium C)reabsorb iodine D)reabsorb potassium E)reabsorb hydrogen

B)reabsorb sodium

34)The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone,is called: A)cortisol B)renin C)angiotensin D)vasopressin E)cortisone

B)renin

11)Which one of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin: A)stimulation of uterine contractions B)stimulation of menstruation C)stimulation of breast milk ejection D)labor induction E)postpartum bleeding control

B)stimulation of menstruation

42)Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood leads to:A)exophthalmos B)myxedema C)cretinism D)acromegaly E)dwarfism

C)cretinism

16)Hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called: A)pituitary dwarfism B)acromegaly C)gigantism D)myxedema E)Cushingȇs disease

C)gigantism

22)Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called: A)neural stimulus B)humoral stimulus C)hormonal stimulus D)receptor-mediated stimulus E)steroid stimulus

C)hormonal stimulus

24)The element necessary in the diet for proper thyroid function is: A)sodium B)potassium C)iodine D)bromine E)calcium

C)iodine

44)The pineal gland produces: A)insulin B)cortisol C)melatonin D)thymosin E)estrogen

C)melatonin

33)Negative feedback mechanisms regulate: A)steroid hormones only B)very few hormones C)most hormones D)prostaglandin hormones only E)amino acid-based hormones only

C)most hormones

31)The hypothalamus is most closely associated with the A)thymus gland B)thyroid gland C)pituitary gland D)pineal gland E)pancreas

C)pituitary gland

32)Growth hormone: A)results in Cushingȇs disease if produced in excess B)is produced by the thyroid gland C)promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles D)is secreted by the thymus gland E)prevents urine production

C)promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles

30)The hormone responsible for the maturation of white blood cells known as T lymphocytes is A)aldosterone B)progesterone C)thymosin D)melatonin E)thyroxine

C)thymosin

27)The bodyȇs major metabolic hormone is called: A)calcitonin B)growth hormone C)thyroid hormone D)prolactin E)adrenaline

C)thyroid hormone

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants

Cretinism

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex:glucocorticoids, often caused by a tumor, results in

Cushing's Disease

Name 2 endocrine glands that both have glandular and neural tissue

The adrenal glands are similar to the pituitary gland in that they have both glandular and neural tissue.

adenohypophysis

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary, which secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, and prolactin in response to releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

B

The gland that has both glandular and nervous tissue associated with it is letter?

Which Endocrine organ has both neural functions and releases hormones

The hypothalamus

Where is The pituitary gland located

The pituitary gland is found in the brain closely associated with the hypothalamus.

D thymus gland produces thymosin

The thymus gland is indicated by letter

The glucocorticoids help the body handle long-term stress primarily by increasing blood glucose levels

True

Another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is

Vassopressin

Match with endocrine gland: a) Calcitonin b) Prolactin

a) Thyroid b) AnteriorPituitary

Hypersecretion of GH after the fusion of the epiphyseal plate results in

acromegaly

Aldosterone endocrine gland

adrenal cortex

Another name for epinephrine is

adrnaline

Glucagon endocrine gland

alpha cells of pancreatic islets

Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called

androgens

Hormones of the adenohypophysis:

anterior lobe of Pituitary gland, made up of glandular tissue Synthesizes secretes a number of hormones GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL The tropic hormones are :(TSH)(ACTH)(FSH)(LH)

Promotes water retention by the kidneys

antidiuretic hormone

141)Explain the negative feedback interaction between calcitonin and parathormone.

141)Calcitonin, is released by the thyroid gland, and causes calcium to be deposited in the bones thus decreasing blood calcium levels. Parathormone is released by the parathyroids in response to low blood calcium levels, and stimulates bone destruction by way of osteoclasts. Causing a release of calcium into the blood. PTH is, therefore, a hypercalcemic hormone! In contrast to calcitonin which is a hypocalcemic hormone. PTH is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.

142)Explain the causes and effects of menopause.

142)The onset of menopause, commonly called change of life, is brought about by decline and atrophy of the ovaries.The decreased production of estrogen and other female hormones results in the inability to bear children, arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, decreased skin elasticity, and sympathetic nervous system changes. These changes in the sympathetic nervous system cause hot flashes. Other symptoms include fatigue, nervousness, and mood changes.

143)Explain how insulin and glucagon work as antagonists to one another.

143)Hormones that perform opposite actions are called antagonists. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the ability of cells to transport glucose across their plasma membranes. Glucagon targets the liver to break downstored glycogen into glucose. The glucose is then released into the bloodstream to increase blood glucose levels.

144)Explain the pituitary-hypothalamus relationship.

144)Hormones from the anterior pituitary are released in response to releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases these hormones into the blood of the portal circulation, which connects the blood supply of the hypothalamus with that of the anterior pituitary. Hormones from the posterior pituitary are made in the hypothalamus by hypothalamic neurons. Those hormones are then stored in the posterior pituitary until their release is necessary

145)Describe the three types of stimuli that activate the endocrine organs.

145)The most common stimulus is hormonal. In which endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones, known as tropic hormones. 2. Humoral, in which changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release. 3. Neural, in which nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

146)Jamie is dehydrated from playing a rough game of football on a hot summer afternoon. Explain why beer is not a good choice of beverage considering what you know about antidiuretic hormone

146)Antidiuretic hormone prevents urine production and promotes water retention by the kidneys. However, alcoholic beverages inhibit ADH secretion and result in a large output of urine. Jamie is already dehydrated and alcohol will only further that situation

147)Four-year-old Tim is extremely small for his age, and he shows signs of mental retardation. His hair is thinning and his skin is dry. His parents have read about cretinism and pituitary dwarfism as possible diagnoses for their son and have taken him to the pediatrician for tests to be run. Which diagnosis do you think is correct? Explain why

147)The likely diagnosis is cretinism. Hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone in early childhood leads to cretinism. Cretinism results in dwarfism and mental retardation. Cretinism also causes hair to be scanty and the dry skin. It is unlikely Tim suffers from pituitary dwarfism. Pituitary dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH in children but does not cause the other symptoms listed.

148)Compare the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of growth hormone on a child.

148)Hyposecretion of growth hormone in a child leads to pituitary dwarfism. Body proportions are normal, but theperson does not exceed 4 feet in height. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in a child leads to gigantism. Although body proportions are normal, the person can reach 8 to 9 feet in height

149)Explain the two major chemical classifications of hormones.

149)The amino acid-based molecules include proteins, peptides, and amines. The steroid hormones include the sex hormones made by the gonads and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Steroid hormones exert their action by:

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Anteriorly protruding eyes associated with hyperthyroidism is called

exophthalmos


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