Ch. 16
All adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic activity for at least ______ minutes per week.
150
How much moderate-intensity aerobic exercise should an adult strive to get?
150 minutes per week
Most American adults exceed the recommended limit for sodium as recommended by the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR), which is set at ___________ milligrams. (Enter a number only.)
2300
What is the recommended limit for sodium intake for most adults, according to the Dietary Guidelines?
2300 milligrams
What is the life expectancy for men in North America?
76 years
What is the life expectancy for women in North America?
81 years
What is the longest stage of the life cycle?
Adulthood
________ is the longest stage of the life cycle. It begins when an adolescent completes his or her physical growth.
Adulthood
__________ is the longest stage of the life cycle. It begins when an adolescent completes his or her physical growth.
Adulthood
______ can be defined as the time-dependent physical and physiological changes in body structure and function that occur normally and progressively throughout adulthood as humans mature and become older.
Aging
Select all that apply Choose the statements that are true about aging.
Aging occurs as humans mature and become older. Aging is a normal process that occurs throughout adulthood. Physical and physiological changes occur in body structure and function.
Select all that apply What are the primary body composition changes observed with aging?
Diminished lean body mass Decreased body water Increased fat stores
Select all that apply What are some negative effects that medications and supplements can have on the body?
Diuretics and laxatives can cause excess water loss. Iron supplements can interfere with the functioning of zinc and copper. Antibiotics can deplete the body of vitamin K.
Select all that apply Choose the habits a person can follow to help preserve bone mass.
Engaging in physical activity Consume adequate vitamin D, calcium, and protein Not smoking and avoiding excessive alcohol
True or false: Adulthood is different from other stages of life because, during adulthood, nutrients are used to support growth.
False
True or false: Dietary and herbal supplements are evaluated by the FDA and are reliably safe and effective.
False
True or false: Dietary supplements are recommended for optimal brain health.
False
True or false: Eating alone can be good for an older adult who is experiencing deteriorating physical capabilities.
False
True or false: Older adults typically consume adequate amounts of water.
False
True or false: The calorie needs of inactive adults over the age of 30 increase through adulthood.
False
In the case of humans and other species, which gender tends to live longer?
Females
Select all that apply How can fiber help keep an adult healthy?
Fiber can reduce the risk of colon cancer. Fiber can lower blood cholesterol levels. Fiber helps prevent constipation.
Select all that apply Which of the following are not approved by the FDA?
Herbal supplements Dietary supplements
Select all that apply What are some factors that contribute to the development of osteoporosis?
Inadequate intake of vitamin D and calcium Reduced absorption of vitamin D
Select all that apply Which of the following health changes are commonly considered to be part of usual aging?
Increasing body fat Rising blood pressure Decreasing muscle mass
Select all that apply What are some nutrients that can maximize immune system function?
Iron Protein Zinc
What is the most common form of undernutrition during the adult years in North America?
Iron-deficiency anemia
Select all that apply What are some guidelines for healthy eating in later years?
Keep easy-to-prepare foods on hand. Eat regularly. Eat with friends and family.
What is the term for the average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year?
Life expectancy
______ is the average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year.
Life expectancy
What is the term for the potential oldest age a person can reach?
Life span
What is the term for a person's pattern of living that includes food choices, exercise patterns, and substance abuse?
Lifestyle
Select all that apply What are some things that older adults should do to maintain normal glucose metabolism (i.e., prevent diabetes) as they age?
Maintain a healthy weight Eat fiber-rich foods Exercise
Select all that apply Why are dietary supplements NOT the ideal way to promote optimal brain health?
Missing phytochemicals from whole foods Lacks the synergistic effects of whole foods
Select all that apply High fat intake can lead to which of the following?
Obesity Certain cancers Heart disease
In the United States, who is at the highest risk of malnutrition?
People in long-term care facilities
How do the calorie needs of an inactive adult over the age of 30 change through adulthood?
The calorie needs decrease.
Select all that apply What are some things that people who live to 100 years do?
They maintain close friendships. They challenge their minds. They have a positive outlook.
True or false: A dietary pattern that is high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, but low in sodium, solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars has been linked to fewer complaints of migraines.
True
True or false: Consuming protein in amounts slightly higher than the RDA may help preserve muscle and bone mass in aging adults.
True
True or false: If glucose is unavailable to fuel the brain (such as during times of fasting), the brain can use ketone bodies produced from fat metabolism for fuel.
True
True or false: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of undernutrition during the adult years.
True
True or false: People age 65 and up are at highest risk for malnutrition.
True
True or false: Physiological declines that occur during aging cause the effects of medications and nutrient supplements to be exaggerated and last longer in older adults.
True
True or false: Zinc absorption declines as stomach acid production diminishes with age.
True
What term refers to those changes commonly thought to be a typical or expected part of aging, such as increased body fat, declining bone mass, and increasing poor health?
Usual aging
Select all that apply Intakes of which micronutrients tend to be suboptimal in many adults?
Vitamin D Vitamin B-6 Calcium
Select all that apply What are some foods that are major contributors of calories to the adult diet?
White bread Beef Potatoes Soft drinks
______ absorption declines as stomach acid production diminishes with age. This can cause taste sensation losses, mental lethargy, and delayed wound healing.
Zinc
The average sodium intake of American adults is ______ the Dietary Guidelines recommendation for sodium.
above
Select all that apply Choose the outcomes of a low vitamin E intake.
accelerates the aging process and a decline in physical abilities promotes the progression of chronic diseases and cataracts increases the risk of cell damage by free radicals, due to a low supply of antioxidants
Low vitamin E intake may promote the progression of many chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, which are associated with cellular damage caused by free radicals. This is related to vitamin E's role as a(n) ______.
antioxidant
Select all that apply To preserve bone mass, older adults should
avoid smoking. limit alcohol intake to 1 drink per day. consume adequate calcium and vitamin D.
Many adults do not consume adequate amounts of
calcium and vitamin D.
Select all that apply Folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 help to clear the bloodstream of homocysteine, an amino acid associated with the risk for ______.
cardiovascular disease stroke neurological decline
Select all that apply What are some problems associated with the "graying" of North America?
disproportionately high use of the federal health care budget imbalance between demand for health care and supply of health care workers
Income, education level, health care, shelter, and psychosocial factors are all ______ factors that influence the rate of aging.
environmental
Evidence to support the use of dietary supplements for brain health remains ______.
equivocal
Life ______ in North America is about 76.2 years for men and about 81.2 years for women.
expectancy
High ______ intake can lead to obesity, heart disease, and certain cancers.
fat
Gender has an influence on a person's longevity. In the case of humans, as well as other species,
females tend to live longer than males.
A diet rich in ______ helps adults reduce their risk of colon cancer and heart disease, lower their blood cholesterol, and avoid constipation.
fiber
All of the following are major contributors of calories to the adult diet EXCEPT:
fruits
People who live to be 100 years of age do all of the following EXCEPT
gain most of their weight in adulthood.
The brain relies on ______ as its preferred fuel source.
glucose
The preferred source of fuel for the brain is
glucose
A ______ program specializes in offering care that emphasizes comfort and dignity at the end of life.
hospice care
Providing care for individuals at the end of life is called
hospice.
The most widely recognized consequence of a high sodium intake is ______.
hypertension
Protein, vitamins A, D, and E, folate, iron, and zinc all help improve and maximize _________ system function, thereby working to prevent sickness and poor wound healing.
immune
Select all that apply The "graying" of North America leads to
increased health care and medical costs. increased number of hip fractures.
Select all that apply Usual aging refers to changes that are an expected part of aging, including ______.
increasing blood pressure and progression of chronic disease decreasing bone mass increased body fatness and decreased lean body mass
When older adults eat alone, they usually eat ______.
less
One's pattern of living, which includes food choices, physical activity, and substance use, is collectively called ______.
lifestyle
Oral health is linked to nutritional status. Poor dentition may cause older adults to avoid ______, which are rich sources of iron and zinc.
meats
As adults age, their energy needs tend to decline, but their nutrient needs stay the same or increase. Thus, older adults should choose ______ foods.
nutrient-dense
Diminished lean body mass, increased fat stores, and decreased body water are all primary changes in body composition that occur in the ______ years.
older adult
Select all that apply Choose factors that can lead to migraine headaches.
prolonged fasting dehydration meal skipping
Consuming ______ in amounts slightly higher than the RDA may help preserve muscle and bone mass in aging adults.
protein
Select all that apply Many older adults are missing some or all of their natural teeth, which reduces their ability to chew. Which of the following would be good sources of protein for an older adult with poor dentition?
pureed chicken Greek yogurt
As adulthood progresses, the rate of hormone synthesis and release will:
slow
Select all that apply Choose the factors that are powerful influencers on the rate of aging.
sociological factors health shelter
Hypertension is a possible consequence of excessive consumption of
sodium.
The potential oldest age a person can reach is referred to as life
span
During adulthood (except during pregnancy), energy and nutrients are used ______.
to maintain the body's tissues
Select all that apply Which of the following micronutrients play a role in homocysteine metabolism?
vitamin B-6 vitamin B-12 folate
Select all that apply The effects of heart disease on kidneys may impair their ability to reabsorb ______.
vitamin C glucose amino acids
Select all that apply What are the bone-building nutrients that tend to be low in the dietary pattern of most adults?
vitamin D calcium
Many adults fail to consume adequate amounts of _________ a habit that places them at risk of mild dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
water
When does the adult life stage begin?
when adolescent growth is complete
