Ch. 16

Which of the following chemicals will NOT result in a decrease in airway resistance? A) histamine B) carbon dioxide C) epinephrine D) bronchodilators E) norepinephrine

A) histamine

What is the function of ciliated cells in the conducting zone? A) propel mucus containing trapped particles toward the glottis B) move macrophages down the conducting zone toward the respiratory zone C) engulf foreign material that has been trapped within the mucus D) provide the rigid support that keeps the conducting zone open E) produce a viscous solution called mucus

A) propel mucus containing trapped particles toward the glottis

What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract? A) terminal bronchioles B) bronchi C) tertiary bronchioles D) secondary bronchi E)respiratory bronchioles

A) terminal bronchioles

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration? A) the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism B) the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow C) the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood D) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues by diffusion E) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion

A) the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism

As the volume of the lung increases, atmospheric pressure A) will not change. B) will follow the ideal gas law. C) decreases. D) increases. E) will follow Starling's law.

A) will not change.

The transition from the conducting to the respiratory zone in the lungs occurs at the A)respiratory bronchioles. B) tertiary bronchi. C) alveoli. D) terminal bronchioles. E) alveolar ducts.

A)respiratory bronchioles.

Mycoplasma tuberculosis, the causative agent in tuberculosis, primarily infects the alveolar macrophages and is therefore very fortunate in its size. Why is this statement true? A) It is just large enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them. B) It is too small to be caught in the mucociliary ladder and too large to be immediately exhaled, thereby landing it in the alveoli. C) It is just small enough to land in the bronchi, where it is absorbed by alveolar macrophages. D) It is just large enough to land in the respiratory bronchiole, where it migrates to the alveoli. E) It is just small enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the alveoli to infect macrophages.

B) It is too small to be caught in the mucociliary ladder and too large to be immediately exhaled, thereby landing it in the alveoli.

As the lungs expand, intra-alveolar pressure ________ and air moves ________ the lungs. A) decreases : out of B) decreases : into C) increases : out of D) increases : into E) does not change : neither into nor out of

B) decreases : into

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? A) vocalization B) electrolyte balance of blood C) enhancing venous return D) heat loss E) acid-base balance of blood

B) electrolyte balance of blood

What is the function of alveolar pores? A) speed the rate of diffusion B) equalize pressure in the lungs C) allow for exhalation of H2O formed during cellular respiration D) allow for nutrients to reach the alveolar cells E) a portal for diapedesis

B) equalize pressure in the lungs

Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A) internal respiration B) pulmonary ventilation C)respiration D) secondary ventilation E) expiration

B) pulmonary ventilation

What keeps the visceral pleura in close proximity to the parietal pleura? A) positive pressure in the intrapleural space B) surface tension of the intrapleural fluid C) the mesothelia are one and the same D) trans-alveolar pressure E) spider web-like processes extending from the outer covering

B) surface tension of the intrapleural fluid

What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli? A) It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out. B) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled. C) It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed. D) It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed. E) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them.

C) It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed.

Which of the following is TRUE when the lung volume is equal to the functional residual capacity? A) Intra-alveolar pressure is less than intrapleural pressure. B) Intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. C) The elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall. D) Intrapleural pressure is zero. E) Intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.

C) The elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall.

Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to which of the following? A) air moving into the lungs B)restrictive pulmonary disease C) a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse) D) air moving out of the lungs E) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

C) a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse)

Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder characterized by reversible obstruction of the airways? A) tuberculosis B) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) C) asthma D) pulmonary edema E) pulmonary fibrosis

C) asthma

When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to A) end-diastolic pressure. B) transpulmonary pressure. C) atmospheric pressure. D) intrapleural pressure. E) systolic blood pressure.

C) atmospheric pressure.

What are the primary inspiratory muscles? A) diaphragm and internal intercostals B) external and internal intercostals C) diaphragm and external intercostals D) diaphragm and the external and internal intercostals E) diaphragm and abdominal muscles

C) diaphragm and external intercostals

What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are atrest (in between breaths)? A) total lung capacity B) zero C) functional residual capacity D)residual volume E) tidal volume

C) functional residual capacity

What does contraction of the diaphragm cause? A) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in atmospheric pressure B) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra-alveolar pressure C) increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure D) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure E) increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra-alveolar pressure

C) increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure

An ex-smoker with emphysema has a pulmonary erosion into his intrapleural space. What life-threatening condition is he at imminentrisk of developing? A) bacterial pneumonia B) pulmonary fibrosis C) pneumothorax (air leaking into the intrapleural space) D) adhesions to the parietal pleura E) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

C) pneumothorax (air leaking into the intrapleural space)

What are the most common cells that line the surface of the alveoli and are therefore associated with the exchange of gases within the lungs? A) macrophages B) goblet cells C) type I alveolar cells D) type II alveolar cells E) type III alveolar cells

C) type I alveolar cells

The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs? A) atmospheric and intrapleural B) pulmonary venous and atmospheric C) central venous and intracoronary D) atmospheric and intra-alveolar E) intrapleural and intra-alveolar

D) atmospheric and intra-alveolar

Which of the following varies rhythmically with respiration? A) atmospheric pressure only B) intrapleural pressure only C) intra-alveolar pressure only D) both intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure E) both atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure

D) both intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure

As the volume of the chest wall increases, the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n) A) increase in intrapleural pressure. B) decrease in intra-alveolar pressure. C) increase in atmospheric pressure. D) increase in transpulmonary pressure. E) decrease in transpulmonary pressur

D) increase in transpulmonary pressure.

The compliance of the lungs can be determined by measuring the change in ________ for a given change in ________. A) lung volume : intra-alveolar pressure B) intra-alveolar pressure : lung volume C) lung volume : airway resistance D) lung volume : transpulmonary pressure E) airway resistance : lung volume

D) lung volume : transpulmonary pressure

Why are alveoli arranged in small grape-like clusters? A) increase chest volume and elasticity (resilience) B) maximize surface area C) maximize density and volume D) maximize surface area and minimize thickness E) increase tidal volume

D) maximize surface area and minimize thickness

The muscles of respiration are A) smooth muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system. B) smooth muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. C) smooth muscle, without innervation. D) skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system. E) skeletal muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

D) skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.

The surface tension of the alveolus is reduced by surfactants produced by what type of cells? A) ciliated B) goblet C) type I alveolar D) type II alveolar E) type III alveolar

D) type II alveolar

What is the thin barrier (0.2 !m) that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood called? A) endothelial cell B) type I alveolar cell C) type II alveolar cell D)respiratory membrane E) alveolar macrophage

D)respiratory membrane

What is the significance of the respiratory membrane to facilitate gas exchange? A) It is covered with surfactant to accelerate gas exchange. B) Its thickness prohibits the alveoli from pulling away from the capillary. C) All three surfaces are kept moist through interstitial fluid exchange. D) The surface area is increased with this membrane. E) Epithelial and endothelial cells share a common basement membrane.

E) Epithelial and endothelial cells share a common basement membrane.

What happens to a dust particle that is too small to fall from the inspired air and land in the alveoli? A) It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out B) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize it. C) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled. D) It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed. E) It is inhaled and then exhaled

E) It is inhaled and then exhaled

What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma? A) They induce bronchoconstriction. B) They induce bronchodilation. C) They decrease mucus secretion into the airways. D) They increase blood flow to the airways. E) They reduce inflammation of the airways.

E) They reduce inflammation of the airways.

Which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration? A) intra-alveolar pressure only B) transpulmonary pressure only C) intrapleural pressure only D) both intra-alveolar and transpulmonary pressures E) both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures

E) both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures

Which of the following is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi, becoming much less dense (and eventually absent) in the bronchioles? A) macrophages B) type II alveolar cells C) smooth muscle cells D) goblet cells E) cartilage

E) cartilage

Which of the following is NOT part of the response of an airway to specific allergens that initiate an asthmatic response? A) increased inflammatory response B) increased airway resistance C) increased secretion of mucus D) increased histamine release E) increased release of corticosteroids

E) increased release of corticosteroids

At rest, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________. A) passive : relaxation of the internal intercostals B) active : contraction of the internal intercostals C) active : the contraction of the diaphragm D) active : relaxation of the diaphragm E) passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

E) passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

Which of the following becomes more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles)? A) cilia B) type I alveolar cells C) cartilage D) goblet cells E) smooth muscle

E) smooth muscle

A(n) ________ is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow. A) electrocardiograph B) electroencephalogram C)ratiometer D) X-ray E) spirometer

E) spirometer

The compliance of the lung is determined by the elasticity of the lung and A) airway resistance. B) transpulmonary pressure. C) volume. D) intra-alveolar pressure. E) surface tension.

E) surface tension.

What is the primary anatomical difference that marks the dividing line between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract? A) the absence of goblet cells B) the presence of macrophages C) the presence of smooth muscle and the absence of cartilage D) the absence of cartilage E) the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces

E) the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces

The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure is A) the driving force for air flow into and out of the lungs. B) zero. C) atmospheric pressure. D) approximately 100 mm Hg. E) transpulmonary pressure.

E) transpulmonary pressure.