Ch. 16 World Geography
When did the French Revolution occur and what ended?
1789; monarchy
What did the Reformation spark?
30 years of warfare between the Protestants and Catholic
What are two Rhine Valley provinces with rich natural resources?
Alsace and Loraine
What are other languages that are spoken in France?
Alsatian, German, Basque, and Breton
What happened to Berlin?
Although in East Germany, it was split between France, US, UK, and SU
Why did this language spread?
As the French kings expanded their control, they decreed the language of Paris become the language of all the lands they ruled
What are the two most densely populated countries in Europe?
Belgium and Netherlands
What are the Benelux countries?
Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
What are some cities in the Riviera?
Cannes, Nice, and Saint-Tropez
Who was one of the most famous conquerors?
Charlemagne, King of Franks in AD 768, he controlled a huge empire up until death in 814, Known as Holy Roman Empire, included much of Western Europe
Who are some famous French painters?
Claude Monet and Pierre Auguste Renoir
What forms a metropolis with more than eight million people?
Duisburg, Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund
What happened to reunite the two parts of Germany?
East Germany's Communist was overturned, soon the new East German government announced that it would open the country's borders, Oct. 3, 1990 was the official union of East and West Germany
What was the Triple Alliance?
In 1882, Germany joined forces with Austria-Hungary and Italy to form a military alliance
Before the 1500s, where was the modern French language only spoken?
In and around Paris
What is the Rhine Valley?
In the east of France, busiest waterway forms part of France's border with Germany,
Why is France called "The Hexagon"?
It is rougly six-sided
What is France known for?
Louvre, theaters, ballets, operas, orchestras, and cinemas
What type of landforms are only in the northeast?
Low hills and flat, wide plains provide easy passage into neighboring countries.
What is on two of the other sides?
Mountains forms forbidding barriers on two other sides
What is important about Lille?
North of France; another important industrial center; since late 1800s, availability of coal for fuel in nearby Belgium has been major pull factor, attracting many industries; steel mills, textile factories, and chemical plants in and around Lille have provided jobs; Location near northern European Union countries has helped it recover in recent years from economic problems and high unemployment
What is the center of the Paris Basin on the banks of the Seine?
Paris: the economic, political, and cultural center of France; Paris and surrounding area form France's chief center of commercial industry; raw material shipped here from other parts of France and from other countries are turned into finished products
Who are some French philosophers?
Rene Descartes, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Voltaire
What rivers flow through this hilly land?
Rhine and Danube Rivers
What are the two major rivers in Germany?
Rhine and Elbe, flow through center, one of the most important industrial centers of the world
What divides these two regions?
Rhone River
What lies on the interior of northern France?
The Paris Basin: a part of the north European Plain, large functional region drained by the Seine and other rivers
What did the German armies do?
Three times since 1870, German armies have swept across northeastern plains and overrun northern France
Why have they privatized some government-owned companies?
To promote economic growth
What is found in southern France?
Warmer air and drier soil, grapes used to make French wines
What did the Western Leaders and the Soviet Union do with Germany?
Western leaders established the democratic country of the Federal Republic of Germany- West Germany; The Soviet Union set up the Communist German Democratic Republic- East Germany
What is important about Rostock?
When East Germany cut its connection with West Germany, East Germans dug a new harbor at Rostock, creating a major port on the Baltic Sea
What is a confederate?
a loose political union
What is Cannes famous for?
annual international film festival
What is the French Academy?
approves new French words for the dictionary, established in 1635 to preserve the purity of the French language, symbol of French cultural pride
When and who defeated the Germans?
april 1945, US, UK, France, and Soviet Union
What is important about Frankfort?
banking center
What is nationalized and what have they nationalized?
brought under state control, some businesses considered vital to national interests
What is important about the port of Marseilles?
busiest seaport in France, second in all of Western Europe, petroleum from Southwest Asia and North Africa, processed in large oil refineries along the coast. Wine, electronic goods, and chemicals are shipped out Marseille
How have the dutch created one fifth of their land?
by reclaiming it from seas, lakes, and swamps
What is important about Berlin?
capital and largest city
What was found in 1800s near the Ruhr River?
coal deposits--- with available fuel
What did the Romans add to this structure?
constructed sophisticated dikes to hold back the water
What was the Protestant Revolution in 1500s?
divided Germany because Protestants objected to many of teh practices and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church
What were the last two invasions?
during WWI and WWII, which were repelled due to help of other countries
What ruined the value of Germany's currency?
economy collapsed due to inflation
What are dikes?
embankments of earth and rock
What are important economic activities?
farming, manufacturing, trade
Where do other people live besides industrial centers?
fertile farmland in the southern part of central Germany
Why is it the leading industrial nation in Europe?
fifth globally in terms of gross domestic product, strong economic ties with Russia and other nations in central and eastern Europe, leading member of the EU, access to increasing markets in which to sell its valuable products
How did they conquer the Alps Barrier?
in 1965, engineers dug a highway tunnel through Mount Blanc, which straddles the border between France and Italy
Why does Germany have a generally mild climate?
influence of the North Sea
What is important about Lorraine and Alsace?
iron ore, major port
What is a polder?
land reclaimed by encircling a piece of land with dikes and then pumping water into canals
What is important about Munich?
largest city in southern Germany; became Germany's cultural center, theaters and museums were destroyed during WWII
Why is Hamburg, Germany important?
largest port and second-largest city, built around harbor where the Elbe River flows into the North Sea, leading center of trade since after Middle Ages
What did the state of Prussia do in 1700s?
led a movement to merge many German states into a single confederation
What did the economic depression do?
left millions of Germans without jobs
What is the Massif Central?
lies to the west of the Rhone, forms one sixth of France's land area, landscape is mixture of older peaks worn flat and newer sharper peaks that are not yet eroded, much of soil is poor various crops are grown and there is some indsutry
What is the power of these factories?
lignite
What did people living in the Netherlands 2000 years ago begin to build?
low mounds and surrounded them with stone walls to make dry islands on which to farm and live
After WWII, the French government established national planning programs for what?
modernize the economy and encourage more balanced growth among France's regions. Reached out to its Western European neighbors to form new trade agreements
What happened under Hugh Capet?
monarchy grew strong, lands ruled by the various nobles were united under one leader. ruling monarchs of France expanded the kingdom's boundaries until, by 1589, they were almost the same as those of modern France
What is the Riviera?
nestled between the Alps and the Mediterranean Sea in southeastern France is a thin strip of low-lying coastal land. warm climate. Cote d'Azur, Azure Coast, for the scenery formed by sky, sea, and lavender
Who held the power after Charlemagne's death?
nobles who controlled land in the kingdom, Hugy Capet, ruler of Paris and surrounding land, was chosen by nobles as the new King
What are problems that Germany faces?
population pushes social security outlays to exceed contributions from workers, about $70 billion each year is spent to upgrade the economy of areas that were once under Communist control, high levels of unemployment, violence against foreign workers, and environmental pollution
Who ruled the political regions?
princes, dukes, counts, and bishops
What did Hitler do?
promised to restore Germany to its former glory and improve economy; blamed Jews for Germany's problems
What are the different governments that have ruled France?
republic of the people, a constitutional monarchy, and empires around Napoleon Bonaparte and his nephew, Louis- Napoleon
What is Bordeaux's seaport in southwestern France?
reputation for producing the best wines
What happened to the economy in 2004?
returned, but unemployment gained
What different regions contribute to France's varied market economy?
rich farming areas, huge urban manufacturing, and commercial centers
What are the Alps?
rugged barrier of mountains that provide spectacular scenery, long range of towering snow capped mountains, mount Blanc is tallest
What was important about Charlemagne's rule?
set up efficient government, sent missionaries to spread the teachings of Christianity throughout Northern Europe, encouraged arts and revival of learning,
What is inflation?
sharply rising prices
Why are they also known as the low countries?
so much of their land is low and flat
What is Lignite?
soft brown coal, easy to mine, pollutes the air easily
What industries are found in the eastern part of central Germany?
steel, machinery, automobiles, and textiles- Leipzig and Dresden
What happened in 2003 with military action?
strained alliance with US when fought Iraq
What happened under the Romans?
strongly influenced by the cultural convergence, adopting the Romans' Latin Languages and Christian religion
Why did France face economic and political challenges in 1900s and 2000s?
struggled to recover from economic recession- an extended decline in business activity
What is impressionism?
style of painting, visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows,
What is found along Germany's southern border?
the Bavarian Alps, North of the Alps, the land is less mountainous
What are the world mountainous areas east of Bordeaux?
the Massif Central and the Alps
What is northern Germany covered in?
the North German Plain, flat sandy plains, which spread to the North and Baltic Sea
What borders the entire western side of the Netherlands?
the North Sea
What happened to the French Kings over the next two hundred years?
the exercised absolute control over their land
What are the three bands of physical characteristics that Germany is divided into?
the high craggy mountains of the south turn into hills, low peaks, and tall plateaus in central Germany before leveling into flat lands of the north
What happened to the area that is know Germany after Charlemagne's death?
they broke up into small, independent political units,
Where is water bordering it?
three sides
What are dialects?
variations of a language that are unique to a region or community
What is important about Heidelberg?
world- famous university
Who did the Triple Alliance fight in WWI?
France, Russia, and the UK
What was the next group to rule France after the Roman Empires' decline?
Franks, who came from the area that is now Germany. Gave France its name
What is the national language of France?
French
What was France iknown as when it was conquered by when the Romans conquered in first century BC?
Gaul
What happened after Germany defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870- 1871?
German states that until then had remained independent agreed to join the new German Empire
What is the leading industrial nation in Europe?
Germany
What was developed?
Germany's first industrial center; today produces most of Germany's iron and steel; important chemical and textile industries
What are reparations?
Had to pay after war, money for war damages
