Ch. 17 Euro Test

Voltaire

-Best known for his criticism of religious intolerance -Believed that it was okay to believe in anything you want to

publishing industry

-Brought about novels -had enormous impact due to the printing press

Methodism

-Charles Wesley -They were great evangelists

French Physiocrats

-Had a belief in Natural economic laws -They were harsh critics of mercantilism -They said that *wealth was based on land*

Salons

-Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas -"Where wealthy women got together to talk"

Francois Quesnay

-Leader of the Physiocrats -talked about natural economic laws (land is the source of all wealth)

Voltaire was the author of

-Philosophic Letters on the English -Treaties on Toleration -Plays such as Henriade

Enclyclopedia

-Written by Denis Diderot -Includes 28 volumes of articles written by prominent philosophers

the Marquise du Chatelet

-Wrote a translation of Principia -mistress of Voltaire

Montesquieu

-Wrote the "Spirit of Laws" -he thought powers should be separated between 3 branches of government

Antoine Watteau

-painted "Return from Cythera" -it was the pleasure and joy of the aristocratic life

Fontenelle

-provided a link between the scientists and the philosophes -he was called a *scientist philosopher*

Persian Letters

-written by Montesquieu -written to make fun of religion

Condorcet

-wrote Progress of the Human Mind -was killed in the French Revolution

Mozart

-wrote The Marriage of Figaro -died at 35 and penniless

Emile

Beginning of the Romantic movement

Paris

Capital of the Enlightenment

Diderot was an ardent Christian

False

The great scientists of the 17th Century, such as Galileo, Kepler and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in an attempt to question and undermine religion

False

Jaques-Louis David

French Neoclassical painter

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism, in what two countries did some ordinary protestant church members react choose a new religious movement like pietism

Germany and England

Natural laws

God given rights, human rights

Edward Gibbon

Historian who wrote about Ancient Rome

Fontenelle

Popularized a growing skepticism about religion

Although many European rulers desired to emulate the style and grandeur of Versailles, they usually adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV

True

John Locke influenced 18th Century enlightenment through his theory of knowledge and his concept of the blank slate (Tabula rasa)

True

Pietism refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduct of faith

True

Rousseau, whose novel, "Emile," emphasized the heart and sentiment, served as a precursor to the romantic movement of the early 19th century

True

Mary Astell

Wrote Serious Proposal to the Ladies that said women were to be better educated

Gothic

architecture

Diesm

belief that God created the world but didn't do much with it after that

Tabula Rasa

blank slate

Gin

cheap and popular alcoholic drink

Haydn

composed "The Creation" and "The Seasons"

Enlightened Thinkers

could be understood by secularists because they applied the scientific method to all aspects of life

Great Schism

council of constance

French Philosophes

included the nobility and the middle class

secularization

much of what was being printed was secular

Novels and Magazines

new literary forms

Glasnost

openness (Soviet Union)

The Jews of 18th century Europe

participated a lot in banking and in commercial activities (commerce)

Pogroms

programs going after the Jews

Kant

said "dare to know"

In the 18th Century, churches, Catholic and Protestant, played a major role in

spiritual and social efforts

Lent

the 40 days before Easter

Genocide

the deliberate extermination of a people

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

the emergence of the "science of man"

What did Adam Smith say about government

the government should not interfere in economic matters (*laissez-faire*)

capital punishment

the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.

general will

the social consensus to which the individual was bound (*social contract*)

Beccaria

wanted to have a less brutal approach to justice and punishment

Handel

was very secular but wrote "Messiah"

Gentry

well-to-do English landowners

Adam Smith

wrote "the wealth of nations"

Mary Wollstonecraft

wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Bach

wrote religious music as a way to worship God