CH 17: MasteringAandP

In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation? A.) Breathing would be labored and difficult. B.) Tidal volume would increase. C.) It would be easier to expand the lungs on inspiration. D.) Ventilation would require less energy. E.) More air would be forced out during expiration.

A.) Breathing would be labored and difficult.

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? A.) The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. B.) The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. C.) How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.

A.) The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled on top of a normal inspiration is called the A.) inspiratory reserve volume. B.) total lung capacity. C.) inspiratory capacity. D.) vital capacity.

A.) inspiratory reserve volume.

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? A.) intrapleural pressure B.) atmospheric pressure C.) intrapulmonary pressure

A.) intrapleural pressure

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A.) intrapleural pressure decreases. B.) the volume of the lungs decreases. C.) expiration occurs. D.) intrapulmonary pressure increases. E.) All of the answers are correct.

A.) intrapleural pressure decreases.

The ________ consist(s) of light, spongy tissue whose volume is occupied mostly by air-filled spaces. A.) lungs B.) larynx C.) trachea D.) pharynx

A.) lungs

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? A.) lungs will collapse B.) lung volume will stay the same C.) lungs will inflate

A.) lungs will collapse

The opposing layers of pleural membrane are held together by a thin film of A.) pleural fluid. B.) plasma. C.) mucus. D.) surfactant.

A.) pleural fluid.

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration is called the A.) residual volume. B.) expiratory reserve volume. C.) functional residual volume. D.) tidal volume.

A.) residual volume.

The distance between the alveolar airspace and capillary endothelium is ________, allowing gases to diffuse ________ between them. A.) short, rapidly B.) long, rapidly C.) long, slowly D.) short, slowly E.) None of the answers are correct-distance does not affect diffusion rate.

A.) short, rapidly

Which set of instructions would allow the measurement of inspiratory reserve volume on a spirometer? A.) "Now, at the end of a quiet inspiration, take in as much additional air as you possibly can." B.) "Breathe quietly." C.) "Now stop at the end of a normal exhalation, and then exhale as much air as you possibly can." D.) None of these. IRV is left over after a subject exhales all the air that they are able to.

A.) "Now, at the end of a quiet inspiration, take in as much additional air as you possibly can."

If you were visiting Vail, CO, what would the partial pressure of oxygen be in your inspired air once it had been fully conditioned (warmed and humidified)? Remember, the partial pressure starts at 120 mm Hg. A.) 110 mm Hg B.) 115 mm Hg C.) 120 mm Hg D.) 21%

A.) 110 mm Hg

What causes normal expiration? A.) Elastic recoil of lungs and the thoracic cage B.) The expiratory muscles contract to reverse the pressure and volume changes that produced inspiration. C.) Relaxation of the heart, which is between the two lungs, pushes on the walls of the lungs and forces the air out. D.) Contraction of the diaphragm

A.) Elastic recoil of lungs and the thoracic cage

Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of diffusion of gasses? A.) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium. B.) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur. C.) Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur. D.) Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant.

A.) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A.) alveoli. B.) terminal sacs. C.) pleural spaces. D.) alveolar ducts. E.) bronchioles.

A.) alveoli.

Ventilation is also known as A.) breathing. B.) expiration. C.) inspiration. D.) air conduction. E.) blowing.

A.) breathing.

This characteristic of lung tissue promotes expiration. A.) elastance B.) convergence C.) compliance D.) emergence

A.) elastance

The ability of a lung to recoil, or recover from stretch, is called A.) elastance. B.) bounce. C.) compliance. D.) recoil.

A.) elastance.

The additional air that you can exhale after a normal exhale is the ________. A.) expiratory reserve volume B.) residual volume C.) inspiratory reserve volume D.) tidal volume

A.) expiratory reserve volume

Contraction of the respiratory muscles causes air to flow into the lungs by directly __________. A.) increasing alveolar volume B.) decreasing alveolar pressure C.) decreasing alveolar volume D.) increasing alveolar pressure

A.) increasing alveolar volume

In quiet breathing, A.) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. B.) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C.) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes. D.) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. E.) None of the answers are correct.

A.) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Air moves into the lungs because A.) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. B.) the thorax is muscular. C.) contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity. D.) the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration. E.) All of the answers are correct.

A.) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.

The amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration A.) tidal volume B.) inspiratory reserve volume C.) expiratory reserve volume D.) residual volume

A.) tidal volume

The sum of all the lung volumes A.) total lung capacity B.) inspiratory capacity C.) vital capacity D.) functional residual capacity

A.) total lung capacity

The term that is simply defined as breathing is ________. A.) ventilation B.) inspiration C.) expiration D.) respiration

A.) ventilation

Which word or phrase means "the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs"? A.) ventilation B.) expiration C.) external respiration D.) cellular respiration

A.) ventilation

When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs. A.) True B.) False

B.) False

Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere occurs at the ________. A.) trachea B.) alveoli C.) bronchi D.) bronchioles

B.) alveoli

Because of their smooth muscle component, the structures of the lower respiratory system that can most alter airway resistance are the A.) alveoli. B.) bronchioles. C.) bronchus. D.) trachea.

B.) bronchioles.

Histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a A.) vasoconstrictor. B.) bronchoconstrictor. C.) bronchodilator. D.) vasodilator. E.) surfactant.

B.) bronchoconstrictor.

The ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure is termed A.) expansion. B.) compliance. C.) recoil. D.) elastance.

B.) compliance.

What causes the greatest change in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration? A.) increased intrapleural pressure B.) contraction of the diaphragm C.) air flowing into the lungs D.) relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles

B.) contraction of the diaphragm

During normal expiration, A.) the abdominal muscles become involved. B.) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume. C.) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the internal intercostal muscles are required, and the abdominal muscles become involved. D.) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume and the internal intercostal muscles are required. E.) the internal intercostal muscles are required.

B.) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume.

The primary function of the alveoli is to A.) produce sound. B.) exchange gases with the blood. C.) remove pathogens from the air. D.) remove excess fluid.

B.) exchange gases with the blood.

The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a normal exhalation is called the A.) residual volume. B.) expiratory reserve volume. C.) functional residual capacity. D.) tidal volume.

B.) expiratory reserve volume.

Conditioning of air by the respiratory tract has three purposes: warming, filtering, and which other component? A.) oxygenating B.) humidifying C.) denaturing D.) inspiring

B.) humidifying

The amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration A.) total lung capacity B.) inspiratory capacity C.) vital capacity D.) functional residual capacity

B.) inspiratory capacity

The additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration A.) tidal volume B.) inspiratory reserve volume C.) expiratory reserve volume D.) residual volume

B.) inspiratory reserve volume

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n) A.) paracellular transport. B.) mucociliary escalator. C.) epithelial transport. D.) transcytosis.

B.) mucociliary escalator.

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle that assists in the pressure changes associated with breathing? A.) scalenes B.) pleural sac C.) intercostal muscles D.) diaphragm

B.) pleural sac

Which is the best definition of anatomical dead space? A.) the rate of ventilation B.) the volume of the conducting system C.) the volume of the exchange portion of the respiratory system D.) the tidal volume

B.) the volume of the conducting system

The volume of air moved in a single respiration is called the A.) expiratory reserve volume. B.) tidal volume. C.) vital capacity. D.) total lung capacity.

B.) tidal volume.

Contraction of the muscles of inspiration most directly produces what change? A.) A decrease in alveolar pressure B.) A decrease in thoracic pressure C.) An increase in thoracic volume D.) An increase in alveolar volume

C.) An increase in thoracic volume

What is the main driving force that directly causes air to flow in and out of the respiratory system? Hint: It is the same force that creates blood flow. A.) The body needs oxygen and to rid itself of carbon dioxide. B.) Oxygen used during metabolism creates a chemical gradient between the air and the cells, pulling oxygen into the body. C.) As the volume of the thoracic cavity changes, it creates a pressure gradient that allows air to flow. D.) Acting like a pump, the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and thoracic cavity allow us to suck air into the throat and then push it onto the chest.

C.) As the volume of the thoracic cavity changes, it creates a pressure gradient that allows air to flow.

Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from A.) a collapsed trachea. B.) a bruised diaphragm. C.) a pneumothorax. D.) an obstruction in the bronchi. E.) decreased surfactant production.

C.) a pneumothorax.

Active expiration is produced by contraction of A.) external intercostals only. B.) internal intercostals only. C.) abdominal muscles and internal intercostals. D.) diaphragm only. E.) abdominal muscles only.

C.) abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? A.) diaphragm and internal intercostals B.) internal intercostals and external oblique C.) diaphragm and external intercostals

C.) diaphragm and external intercostals

When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of A.) contraction of the external intercostals. B.) contraction of the internal intercostals. C.) elastic recoil. D.) contraction of the diaphragm.

C.) elastic recoil.

The extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation A.) tidal volume B.) inspiratory reserve volume C.) expiratory reserve volume D.) residual volume

C.) expiratory reserve volume

An increase in the rate and depth of breathing is known as A.) tachypnea. B.) eupnea. C.) hyperventilation. D.) dyspnea.

C.) hyperventilation.

Alveolar ventilation refers to the A.) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. B.) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. C.) movement of air into and out of the alveoli. D.) movement of air into and out of the lungs. E.)utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

C.) movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

Air moves out of the lungs because A.) the thorax is muscular. B.) contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity. C.) the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration. D.) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. E.) All of the answers are correct.

C.) the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.

What is a function of the pleural fluid? A.) to promote oxygen diffusion into the blood B.) to keep the thoracic cavity from collapsing C.) to hold the lungs to the thoracic wall D.) to humidify inhaled air

C.) to hold the lungs to the thoracic wall

The total amount of air that can be exchanged at will A.) total lung capacity B.) inspiratory capacity C.) vital capacity D.) functional residual capacity

C.) vital capacity

Movement of muscles during inspiration allows expansion of the lungs and thus, a decrease in internal lung pressure (decrease in alveoli pressure) resulting in air entering into the alveoli. Which of the following statements describes what makes this possible? A.) Contraction in the rib and neck muscles creates a vacuum in the trachea, which fills with air and forces that air down into the alveoli. B.) The alveoli are located around the periphery of the lungs, and they stick to the thoracic wall. C.) Contraction in the rib and neck muscles creates a vacuum in the primary bronchi, which fill with air from the always-open trachea and forces that air down into the alveoli. D.) Pleural fluid surrounding the lungs causes the lung walls to stick to the thoracic wall.

D.) Pleural fluid surrounding the lungs causes the lung walls to stick to the thoracic wall.

Ongoing diseases in which air flow during expiration is diminished are known as A.) pulmonary fibrosis. B.) pneumonia. C.) cystic fibrosis. D.) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

D.) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Which two factors have the greatest influence on the amount of work needed for breathing? A.) surface tension and pneumothorax B.) elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and the tension created by the ribs C.) compliance and inertia D.) compliance and airway resistance

D.) compliance and airway resistance

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? A.) acetylcholine (ACh) B.) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system C.) histamine D.) epinephrine

D.) epinephrine

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath A.) total lung capacity B.) inspiratory capacity C.) vital capacity D.) functional residual capacity

D.) functional residual capacity

Surfactant A.) is not found in healthy lung tissue. B.) replaces mucus in the alveoli. C.) phagocytizes small particulate matter. D.) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing. E.) protects the surface of the lungs.

D.) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.

A powerful bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells is A.) surfactant. B.) NaCl. C.) pleural fluid. D.) histamine.

D.) histamine.

Compared to their partial pressures in air, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli are __________. A.) lower B.) higher (PO2) and lower (PCO2) C.) higher D.) lower (PO2) and higher (PCO2)

D.) lower (PO2) and higher (PCO2)

The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases is known as ________ pressure. A.) alveolar B.) intrapleural C.) atmospheric D.) partial

D.) partial

Air flows into lungs because of A.) ion flow. B.) magnetic attraction. C.) temperature. D.) pressure gradients.

D.) pressure gradients.

The minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can A.) tidal volume B.) inspiratory reserve volume C.) expiratory reserve volume D.) residual volume

D.) residual volume

The substance produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension is called A.) mucus. B.) pleural fluid. C.) saline. D.) surfactant.

D.) surfactant.

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A.) lungs. B.) lower respiratory tract. C.) alveoli. D.) upper respiratory tract. E.) All of the answers are correct.

D.) upper respiratory tract.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A.) utilization of oxygen. B.) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. C.) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D.) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E.) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

E.) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A.) the volume of the thorax decreases. B.) the lungs collapse. C.) expiration occurs. D.) the volume of the lungs decreases. E.) the volume of the thorax increases.

E.) the volume of the thorax increases.

If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his A.) inspiratory reserve volume. B.) expiratory reserve volume. C.) minimal volume. D.) tidal volume. E.) vital capacity.

E.) vital capacity.