Ch. 18 - Foreign Policy

How many permanent countries with a veto are there on the United Nations Security Council? - 5 - 9 - 15

- 5

Which two decision rules does the 15-member UN Security Council use? - A 9-vote majority is required to pass a substantive proposal. - The unanimous support of all non-permanent members is sufficient to pass a substantive proposal. - A veto by 5 non-permanent members will reject a proposal. - A veto by 1 of the permanent members will reject a proposal.

- A 9-vote majority is required to pass a substantive proposal. - A veto by 1 of the permanent members will reject a proposal.

Which country is North Korea's major backer and trading partner? - Russia - China - South Korea - Japan

- China

Which of the following are committees in Congress related to foreign policy? - Committee on Foreign Affairs - National Security Council - Foreign Relations Committee - Joint Chiefs of Staff

- Committee on Foreign Affairs - Foreign Relations Committee

This is the supreme body of the United Nations, with each of the 193 member states having one vote. - General Assembly - International Congress - Security Council - United Congress

- General Assembly

Order these states from those whose trade revenue represents the highest percentage of total state revenue to those whose trade revenue represents the lowest percentage of the state's revenue. - California - Florida - Hawaii - Kentucky

- Kentucky - California - Florida - Hawaii

Which of the following statements accurately characterize America's approach to human rights policy? - The United States typically provides assistance to nations facing crises and emergencies. - The United States usually overlooks human rights violations by its major trading partners. - The United States has a long-standing general commitment to human rights. - The United States always welcomes refugees and people displaced by humanitarian crises.

- The United States typically provides assistance to nations facing crises and emergencies. - The United States usually overlooks human rights violations by its major trading partners. - The United States has a long-standing general commitment to human rights.

Which of the following powers does the president have in foreign affairs? - declare war - allocate funds to the armed forces - serve as commander in chief of the armed forces - negotiate treaties

- serve as commander in chief of the armed forces - negotiate treaties

overrepresented

Black Americans, men

(True or False): The president can declare war on an enemy nation.

False

(True or False): The threat of massive retaliation is more useful in combating terrorism than in fighting traditional nation-states.

False

Committee on Foreign Affairs

House of Representative

arbitration

Nigeria asks the International Court of Justice to resolve a long-standing dispute it has with a neighboring country.

Foreign Relations Committee

Senate

Which region did the most U.S. military new enlistees come from in 2019? - Midwest - Northeast - South - West

South

military force

The United States sends a carrier battle group to conduct flight operations during a crisis with Iran over access to the Strait of Hormuz.

Amnesty International

interest group

United Nations

international organization

Canada

nation-state

House and Senate Intelligence Committees

oversees America's growing intelligence bureaucracies

Place the following diplomatic stages in the order they typically occur under most presidencies, from first event to last. - The president and their counterpart meet to sign the agreement. - Diplomats are assigned to talks. - The Secretary of State and their counterpart hammer out an agreement.

- Diplomats are assigned to talks. - The Secretary of State and their counterpart hammer out an agreement. - The president and their counterpart meet to sign the agreement.

Place these major moments in the history of American foreign relations in chronological order from earliest to most recent. - George Washington gives his Farewell Address. - The United States enters World War II. - President Monroe issues his Monroe Doctrine. - The September 11 terrorist attacks occur. - The United States and the Soviet Union engage in the Cold War.

- George Washington gives his Farewell Address. - President Monroe issues his Monroe Doctrine. - The United States enters World War II. - The United States and the Soviet Union engage in the Cold War. - The September 11 terrorist attacks occur.

Which foreign policy concern does the U.S. prioritize the least? - security - humanitarian policies - economic prosperity

- humanitarian policies

economic aid

Australia gives Indonesia money to help the Indonesian government provide basic services to its citizens after a typhoon.

National Security Council

Executive Office of the President

(True or False): A trade deficit means a country is exporting more than it is importing.

False

(True or False): American foreign ambassadors have become increasingly powerful in providing information and advice to presidents.

False

(True or False): China currently has the world's largest, most expensive military.

False

(True or False): During the Cold War, the United States adopted a strategy of appeasement to contain the conflict with the Soviet Union.

False

(True or False): Economic sanctions imposed unilaterally tend to be successful.

False

The army, navy, air force, marines, and National Guard are each led by a chief of staff, and collectively these leaders constitute the ________________________. They are led by a chairman, a presidential appointee serving as the nation's top military commander, who reports directly to ______________________.

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), the secretary of defense

The ______________________, located in ______________________, is responsible for synthesizing the messages coming out of the foreign policy establishment to help the president make his or her own foreign policy.

National Security Council, the bureaucracy

collective security

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization specifies that an attack against one country is an attack against all member nations.

(True or False): The Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) primary mission is to collect foreign intelligence.

True

(True or False): The United States is committed to preventing proliferation of nuclear weapons.

True

(True or False): The development of alliances and agreements among a group of nations, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, are an important means of fostering collective security since these nations pledge to aid one another, as members of the alliance, in fending off or confronting security threats.

True

If you were the president of a developing country and you wanted to get a low-interest loan to build some roads as a way of promoting trade, you might go to the _______________________. A few years later, imagine you are facing a massive budget deficit, and it looks like your nation might be insolvent. Before you get elected out of office, you might go to the ___________________________ for an emergency loan.

World Bank, International Monetary Fund

If you were the president of a developing country and you wanted to get a low-interest loan to build some roads as a way of promoting trade, you might go to the ____________________________. A few years later, imagine you are facing a massive budget deficit, and it looks like your nation might be insolvent. Before you get elected out of office, you might go to the ________________________ for an emergency loan.

World Bank, International Monetary Fund

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

confirms State Department officials and reviews treaties proposed by the executive branch before they receive a chamber vote

When a country is dealing with a rival nation, there are several options for how to approach the situation. One, called _________________________, involves trying to halt the military and physical expansion of the rival nation. Another, called ________________________________, involves building up one's military to try and discourage the rival nation from attacking.

containment, deterrence

Under President George W. Bush, and in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 and related concerns, America's security policy changed from one of ___________________ to a policy of _______________________.

deterrence, preventive war

An economic "carrot," or incentive, is ____________________. An economic "stick," or punishment, is ____________________.

foreign aid, sanctions

Whereas the House and Senate Armed Services Committees are generally _________________________ toward the agencies and contractors who provide support to those agencies, the House and Senate Intelligence Committees are generally _______________________________ toward the agencies and contractors who provide support to those agencies.

friendly, critical

World Trade Organization

international organization

terrorist

non-state actor

House and Senate Armed Services Committees

oversees the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy

The United States has had _____________________ success negotiating to limit Iran's nuclear development and ____________________ success negotiating to limit North Korea's nuclear development.

some, no

The president is ____________________, than they intended, particularly on ____________________ issues.

stronger, military

underrepresented

women, northeasterners

In the United States, the biggest losers from free trade are ____________________________, whereas the biggest winners are ____________________________.

workers in manufacturing, consumers

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about American foreign aid spending. - America spends the largest total amount of money on foreign aid. - America spends the least total amount of money on foreign aid. - As a percentage of gross national income, America spends the least of all countries in the graphic. - As a percentage of gross national income, America spends the most of all countries in the graphic.

- America spends the largest total amount of money on foreign aid. - As a percentage of gross national income, America spends the least of all countries in the graphic.

Which of the following statements accurately characterize how Americans feel about free trade and America's approach to free trade? - America typically opposes multilateral trade agreements. - America typically supports free trade agreements. - America typically tries to protect domestic industries. - While most Americans benefit from free trade, some American industries and their employers may be harmed by free trade agreements.

- America typically supports free trade agreements. - America typically tries to protect domestic industries. - While most Americans benefit from free trade, some American industries and their employers may be harmed by free trade agreements.

Which reasons help to explain why military force is often the last resort for America? - American use of military force becomes politically unpopular very quickly. - American use of military force is financially costly. - Use of military force is risky. - America's military is insufficient for most conflicts. - American use of military force is potentially costly in terms of human life.

- American use of military force becomes politically unpopular very quickly. - American use of military force is financially costly. - Use of military force is risky. - American use of military force is potentially costly in terms of human life.

The early twenty-first century policy of unilateral action and preemptive war is known as the - Monroe Doctrine. - Washington Doctrine. - Carter Doctrine. - Bush Doctrine.

- Bush Doctrine.

What goals does the International Monetary Fund serve today? - It finances long-term loans for development in poor countries. - It offers cash transfers to assist nations in humanitarian crises. - It facilitates international monetary exchange. - It promotes the structural readjustment of some economies.

- It facilitates international monetary exchange. - It promotes the structural readjustment of some economies.

What goals does the International Monetary Fund serve today? - It promotes the structural readjustment of some economies. - It offers cash transfers to assist nations in humanitarian crises. - It facilitates international monetary exchange. - It finances long-term loans for development in poor countries.

- It promotes the structural readjustment of some economies. - It facilitates international monetary exchange.

Which of the following statements accurately characterize the various positions surrounding the issue of immigration in U.S. politics? - Over the course of American history, agriculture and industry have favored high levels of immigration to lower their labor costs. - Democratic politicians generally wish to restrict immigration due to nativist concerns. - While both Democrats and Republicans overwhelmingly support the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, Republicans wish to further extend opportunities for undocumented parents of U.S. citizens children living in the United States. - Many American workers, including the children of immigrants, have favored restrictions on immigration to protect their own jobs.

- Over the course of American history, agriculture and industry have favored high levels of immigration to lower their labor costs. - Many American workers, including the children of immigrants, have favored restrictions on immigration to protect their own jobs.

Which of the following statements about the Paris Agreement are correct and which are incorrect? - Soon after taking office, President Biden issued executive orders restoring American participation in the Paris Agreement. - The United States never agreed to participate in the Paris Agreement due to Republican opposition. - President Trump withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement citing its potential detrimental effects on the economy

- President Trump withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement citing its potential detrimental effects on the economy - Soon after taking office, President Biden issued executive orders restoring American participation in the Paris Agreement.

Which of the following countries have a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council? - Japan - China - United Kingdom - France - United States - Germany - Russia - Brazil

- Russia - China - United Kingdom - France - United States

hard powers

- Russian forces invade Ukraine - The United States along with several other countries placed economic sanctions on Russia for its invasion into Ukraine.

Which of the following statements about the United Nations are true? - The United Nations can serve as a useful forum for international discussions and as an instrument for multilateral action. - The United Nations has the most powerful military in the world, yet it is most effective role tool is serving as a forum for international discussions. - The United Nations has few powers and little organization to make it an effective decision-making body. - The United Nations has no standing armed forces of its own to implement its rules and resolutions.

- The United Nations can serve as a useful forum for international discussions and as an instrument for multilateral action. - The United Nations has few powers and little organization to make it an effective decision-making body. - The United Nations has no standing armed forces of its own to implement its rules and resolutions.

Which of the following statements regarding U.S. relations with China are true? - The United States has worked to strengthen U.S. alliances with other Asian nations, including India, Japan, and Vietnam, in order to increase American power in the region and prevent the rise of China. - China and Russia are adversaries and the United States has used this rivalry to its advantage. - President Trump sought to use trade policy, especially tariff barriers, and stricter efforts to prevent China from acquiring American intellectual property. - The United States has accused China of unfair trade practices that limit the sale of imported goods within its own markets while it exports billions of dollars in goods to the United States.

- The United States has worked to strengthen U.S. alliances with other Asian nations, including India, Japan, and Vietnam, in order to increase American power in the region and prevent the rise of China. - President Trump sought to use trade policy, especially tariff barriers, and stricter efforts to prevent China from acquiring American intellectual property. - The United States has accused China of unfair trade practices that limit the sale of imported goods within its own markets while it exports billions of dollars in goods to the United States.

soft powers

- The United States supports the Fulbright program which oversees an exchange of scholars between American and foreign universities. - Slovenia and Croatia sought arbitration in a dispute involving the maritime boundary between the two countries in the Piran Bay.

Which of the following organizations or agreements are primarily related to free trade? - United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement - World Health Organization - World Trade Organization - North Atlantic Treaty Organization

- United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement - World Trade Organization

Which reasons help to explain why military force is often the last resort for America? - Use of military force is risky. - American use of military force is potentially costly in terms of human life. - American use of military force is financially costly. - America's military is insufficient for most conflicts. - American use of military force becomes politically unpopular very quickly.

- Use of military force is risky. - American use of military force is potentially costly in terms of human life. - American use of military force is financially costly. - American use of military force becomes politically unpopular very quickly.

What kinds of foreign policy issues might interest groups get involved in? - a business lobby objecting to China's piracy of intellectual property rights - environmental activists seeking to promote climate agreements - concerned citizens attempting to get the United States to oppose human rights abuses by foreign governments - Jewish Americans lobbying against a foreign deal that they believe hurts Israel

- a business lobby objecting to China's piracy of intellectual property rights - environmental activists seeking to promote climate agreements - concerned citizens attempting to get the United States to oppose human rights abuses by foreign governments - Jewish Americans lobbying against a foreign deal that they believe hurts Israel

Which humanitarian scenarios are the United States most likely to engage in? - a political dissident jailed in Mexico - a famine in South Sudan - Saudi Arabia banning all public gatherings - an earthquake in Haiti

- a famine in South Sudan - an earthquake in Haiti

During the Cold War, the United States balanced between two extremes. On the one hand, the United States built a huge military force. On the other hand, it frequently stated that it had no intention of attacking the Soviet Union, though it did engage in several proxy conflicts such as the wars in Vietnam and Korea. What two principles did the U.S. adopt with the Soviet Union? - preventive war - containment - appeasement - deterrence

- containment - deterrence

Suppose that the United States and Canada are having a disagreement over timber rights along their border. Canada has one of its government officials talk with the U.S. ambassador about how they might solve their dispute. This is an example of which of the following methods? - sanctions - arbitration - economic aid - diplomacy

- diplomacy

Imagine that the nation of Bermuda was trying to develop the ability to manufacture nuclear weapons, and the United States did not want them to do so. Order the following possible responses the United States could use, from the one that is likely to be tried first to the one that is likely to be used only as a last resort. - diplomacy - sanctions - military force

- diplomacy - sanctions - military force

The foreign policy section of the bureaucracy has changed since the September 11, 2001, attacks, including the creation of several new posts. Which of the following posts or departments were part of this expansion? - director of national intelligence - Department of Homeland Security - director of the Central Intelligence Agency - Department of State

- director of national intelligence - Department of Homeland Security

Which of the following are ways in which Congress can check the power of the president in foreign policy? - fail to ratify a treaty - command the army to cease military actions - refuse to confirm a nominee for ambassador - provide no funding for a military operation

- fail to ratify a treaty - refuse to confirm a nominee for ambassador - provide no funding for a military operation

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an example of which kind of organization? - nation-state - interest group - international

- international

From 1641 to 1853, Japan maintained a policy of (almost) never involving itself in the affairs of its neighboring countries, whether it be military conflicts or general power struggles. This is an example of what policy? - containment - appeasement - isolationism - deterrence

- isolationism

In the history of American foreign policy in the twentieth century, which came first: American isolationism or American engagement? - isolationism - engagement

- isolationism

During the Cold War, the United States had enough nuclear weapons to ensure that they could wipe out the Soviet Union even if the Soviet Union launched a first attack. In turn, the Soviet Union had enough nuclear weapons to ensure that they could wipe out the United States even if the United States launched a first attack. This is an example of which concept? - mutually assured destruction - diplomacy - isolationism - containment

- mutually assured destruction

Suppose Saudi Arabia is worried that its regional rival, Iran, is building a new weapon that would be capable of wiping out its country. It attacks Iran before the weapon can be completed, thus stopping a future attack before it can happen. This is an example of what? - preventive war - mutually assured destruction - containment - deterrence

- preventative war

Which of the following are ways in which Congress can check the power of the president in foreign policy? - command the army to cease military actions - provide no funding for a military operation - refuse to confirm a nominee for ambassador - fail to ratify a treaty

- provide no funding for a military operation - refuse to confirm a nominee for ambassador - fail to ratify a treaty

In which of the following categories does the United States classify North Korea? - rogue state - international organization - non-state actor - terrorist network

- rogue state

Some Americans believe that America's human rights and humanitarian policies serve American interests by winning friends and demonstrating our concern for the oppressed and less fortunate. They believe that human rights and humanitarian policies are a form of what? - deterrence - containment - major power - soft power

- soft power

Democratic Party

- supports diverting funds away from defense and to domestic social programs - aligned with groups favoring free trade

Republican Party

- supports high levels of military spending - aligned with groups opposing free trade

Which player is most dominant in establishing American foreign policy? - the president - the military - Congress - interest groups

- the president

Economic sanctions can include which of the following actions? - trade embargoes - bans on investment - naval blockade - diplomatic negotiations

- trade embargoes - bans on investment

Which American industries benefit substantially from international trade? - textiles - transportation manufacturers - medical - oil/petroleum

- transportation manufacturers - medical - oil/petroleum

Which of the following trade policies did President Trump implement during his time as president? - withdrew from the United Nations Security Council - withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership - established trade sanctions with China - withdrew from a trade partnership with Mexico and Canada

- withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership - established trade sanctions with China

The _________________________, located in _____________________, is responsible for synthesizing the messages coming out of the foreign policy establishment to help the president make his or her own foreign policy.

National Security Council, the bureaucracy

Since 1949, the United States has had been part of a collective security arrangement with most of Western Europe known as the _______________________. The resurgence of Russia as a military power and its invasion of Ukraine now has NATO set to _____________________________.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, expand

Since 1949, the United States has had been part of a collective security arrangement with most of Western Europe known as the _____________________________. The resurgence of Russia as a military power and its invasion of Ukraine now has NATO set to ___________________________.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, expand

If the president wants to avoid having to go to the _______________________ for ratification of a treaty, he can sign a(n) ________________________ with a foreign nation instead.

Senate, executive agreement

(True or False): On average, southern states rely more on foreign trade for their economies than northeastern states.

True