ch 18

Which factors contribute to edema during pregnancy?

Placental hormones Increased blood volume

gestation period

the length of time between fertilization and birth

Positive energy balance

The amount of calories consumed exceeds the number of calories required to support basic body processes and physical activity.

A woman's needs for vitamin A and iodine during breastfeeding are ______ her needs for vitamin A and iodine during pregnancy.

higher than

Edema becomes a concern if it is accompanied by

hypertension. protein in the urine.

Antioxidants

may prevent birth defects by attenuating the damage induced by free radicals.

WIC

program is focused on reducing infant mortality by providing quality health care and nutrition education and improving nutrition intake?

There is a reduced risk for the following diseases for infants that are breastfed.

type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease obesity and Type 2 diabetes childhood leukemia and lymphoma

gestational diabetes.

High blood glucose that occurs for the first time during pregnancy

Calorie intake during the first trimester should be

essentially the same as for a nonpregnant woman.

What is considered to be important indicators of a successful pregnancy?

-Birth weight <5.5 -Mother's physical/emotional health are protected

When it comes to carbohydrate choices, women with PCOS should

-Choose whole grain -consume fewer sugar sweet beverages

Why should you avoid alcohol when trying to become pregnant?

-Disrupts ovulation -Increases birth defects

What should be included in a food plan for a pregnant woman during the first trimester?

3 cups from the vegetables group 3 cups of calcium-rich foods 2 cups from the fruits group

What is the time period for a normal pregnancy?

38-42 weeks

What is the recommendation for omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy?

1.4 grams/day

Recommendations for omega-6 fatty acid intakCalorie intake during the first trimester should bee during pregnancy are increased to

13 grams per day

When is gestational diabetes most likely to begin during a pregnancy?

20-28 weeks

The ideal age for pregnancy is

20 to 35

On average, how much do vitamin requirements increase during pregnancy?

30%

What are some substances a woman should avoid/eliminate both in preparation and during pregnancy?

Alcohol Common cold medications Tobacco NSAIDs

Which statement is true about breastfeeding and women?

Almost all women are physically capable of breastfeeding.

Which statement is true about breastfeeding mothers in the United States?

Although about 80% of U.S. women begin breastfeeding their infants, the percentage rapidly declines to about one-third at 1 year.

What is physiological anemia?

An increase in blood volume that dilutes red blood cell concentration

infants are likely to be born with a low birth weight

An infant born 14 months after his older sibling

birth defects rates in the United States?

Birth defects impact 1 in 33 babies born in the U.S.

Which factors differentiate cow's milk from human milk?

Cow's milk does not contain enough carbohydrate to meet the infant's need. Cow's milk is too high in minerals and protein in comparison to human milk. Certain proteins in cow's milk may spur allergies in the infant.

Folate is important for fertility because of its role in

DNA synthesis

Which statement is true about milk-producing cells in the breast?

During pregnancy, hormones from the placenta stimulate the development of lobules.

dietary components must be increased to support pregnancy

Essential fatty acids Protein Carbohydrates

What are some common physiological changes that occur during pregnancy?

Fluid retention due to placental hormones Hormones relax muscles of uterus and GI tract

True or false: There is significant evidence to support supplementation with antioxidant nutrients during pregnancy to reduce the risk of birth defects.

False

Which factor contributes to the increased occurrence of heartburn during pregnancy?

Hormones from the placenta relax GI tract muscles.

What are some nutritional problems experienced by infants that are born before 37 weeks' gestation?

Insufficient fat Poor ability to suck and swallow Insufficient iron and calcium stores

The foodborne illness that poses the greatest risk during pregnancy is caused by

Listeria monocytogenes.

What are the major functions of folate?

Metabolism of amino acids DNA synthesis

lobules

Milk producing cells found in the breast

three main barriers to breastfeeding?

Misinformation Mother's need to return to work Embarrassment about nursing an infant in public

Which foods should be increased in a vegan diet to meet the nutritional needs during pregnancy?

Nuts Grains Seeds Beans

When choosing a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement, what should one look for on the label in order to ensure the product is safe?

USP symbol

the USP symbol on prenatal supplements signify?

The supplement meets the standards set by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia.

During pregnancy, the RDA or AI increase

Vitamin B-6 Vitamin B-12 Folate

risk factors that put a woman at greater risk for gestational hypertension.

Woman's first pregnancy African-American race Diabetes

Breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months will reduce the infant's risk of developing

allergies

A teratogen is a compound that may cause

birth defects.

Negative energy balance

calorie intake falls short of needs, leads to weight loss

What vitamin plays a role in the metabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of DNA?

folate

Compared to a mother who is 25 years old, a mother who is 15 years old

has increased likelihood for birth complications.

Physiological anemia during pregnancy is also referred to as

hemodilution.

What is the RDA for carbohydrates during pregnancy?

increases to 175 grams per day during pregnancy.

Siblings born in close succession are more likely to be born with a ______ birth weight than those farther apart in age.

lower

Compared to the needs of nonpregnant women, the RDA for ______ is increased during pregnancy.

iron iodine zinc

Folate

is a B vitamin that is important for DNA synthesis and homocysteine metabolism.

The main purpose of the increase in carbohydrates during pregnancy is primarily to prevent

ketosis

A woman's needs for folate and iron during breastfeeding are ______ her needs for folate and iron during pregnancy.

lower than

To improve fertility among women with PCOS, research most clearly supports the benefits of

loss of excess body weight.

A preterm infant is likely to have

low iron and calcium levels.

Compared to cow's milk, human milk contains ______ essential fatty acids.

more

Certain hormones increase a pregnant woman's sense of smell contributing to

morning sickness.

Increased calorie intake during pregnancy

supports fetal growth and development. contributes to maternal fat storage.

Healthy prepregnancy weight and adequate_________during pregnancy are two excellent predictors of pregnancy outcome.

weight gain

Who is at most risk for hypertension during pregnancy?

women under age 17 and over 35 overweight or obese women women with diabetes