CH 18 Test Review
transportation, regulation, protection
3 general functions of blood are ______, ______, and ______
Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Lymphocytes
5 types of leukocytes are _________, _________, _________, _________, and _________
spectrin
A latticework of _________ protein supports the plasma membrane of the erythrocyte on its internal surface and provides flexibility to the erythrocyte as it moves through the capillaries.
...
Anatomy of RBC:
b, antibodies, humoral, T, immune system, infected, cell
B-lymphoblasts: mature into _ cells, which are lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and later produce _________; responsible for _________ immunity T-lymphoblasts: mature into _ cells, which are a _________ _________ cell that coordinates the immune system and attacks many _________ _________s
fluid, proteins, solutes
Discuss the composition of plasma. Plasma is the ______ portion of blood containing plasma ______ and dissolved ______.
squeeze, plug, clot.
Discuss the process of hemostasis squeeze, plug, clot
Fibrinogen,
Discuss the processes and chemicals that control blood clot formation. Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, _________ is converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin, which help form a blood clot
respiratory gases (oxygen and co2)
Function of RBC: function to transport ______ ______ in the blood.
1
GO BACK TO THE BLOOD TYPING FLASH CARDS NOW (compatibility, etc), THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION IS 1
erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors.
Hormones involved in hematopoiesis - _________, _________, _________, and _________-_________ _________
positive
Is hemostasis a negative or positive feedback mechanism? it is _________ feedback
seratonin, thromboxane, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Know chemicals released by platelets, _________ and _________ to prolong vascular spasm (clotting) _________ to facilitate the degranulation and release of these chemicals in other platelets
are not, never had a
Know the anatomy of thrombocytes (platelets): they _________ true cells Platelets are cell fragments, and unlike erythrocytes, they _________ nucleus.
Hemophilia, Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B, Hemophilia C, Vitamin K, Thrombocytopenia
Know the blood clotting and bleeding disorders. _________ is a group of bleeding disorders caused by specific genetic mutations. _________ _ represents the vast majority, results in a deficiency or complete lack of normal factor VIII protein _________ _ deficiency of factor IX _________ _ relatively rare autosomal dominant deficiency of factor XI. _________ _ deficiency is more common in newborns, and it is fat-soluble vitamin used by liver cells to produce many of the clotting factors _________ is a deficiency in platelet count
clot, blood loss,
Know the function of platelets. help ____ the blood and prevent ____ ____ from damaged vessels
defending, pathogens
Know the functions of WBC. contribute to _________ the body against _________
stem cells,120
Know the life cycle of RBCs. developing from committed_________ _________ to mature erythrocytes in about 7 days. When matured, these cells live in blood circulation for about _________ days. At the end of their lifespan, they become senescent, and are removed from circulation.
3,4
Know the life cycle of the WBCs. They live for about _-_ days in the average human body
5,10 (around a week),
Know the life cycle of thrombocytes. usually last __-__ days
99, 4.2, 6.2
Know the normal number of circulating RBC: Erythrocytes make up more than __% of formed elements with a concentration between __ and ___ million per cubic millimeter
1, 150,000-400,000
Know the normal number of circulating platelets. _________% of formed elements with a concentration between _________-_________ per cubic millimeter
0.01, 4000, 11000
Know the number of circulating WBC. make up less than _________% of formed elements with a concentration between _________ and _________ per cubic millimeter
hemoglobin, antioxidant enzymes, spectrin
Know the proteins found in RBC - _________, _________ _________, _________
erythropoietin (EPO),
Know what controls production of RBC: The hormone _________ controls this rate by increasing the rate of erythrocyte formation (described later).
Leukopoiesis, granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte
Know what controls production of WBC (leukocytes). _________ involves three different types of maturation processes: _________ maturation, _________ maturation, and _________ maturation.
Megakaryocytes
Know what keeps platelets in circulation. _________ extend long processes (called proplatelets) through the blood vessel wall. These proplatelets are spliced by the force of the blood flow into platelets, which then circulate in the blood.
diapedesis
Leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called _________, whereby they squeeze between the endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls, passage of blood cells through the unruptured walls of capillaries into the tissue spaces
white blood cell count,
List some diagnostic blood tests and the problems indicated by abnormal values., _________ ____ _____ _________- measures the proportion of each WBC type and is useful in distinguishing a viral infection from a bacterial infection or allergic reaction. Infection, tissue necrosis, bone marrow failure, cancers, or some other stresses to the body can affect the total ranges or percentages of a specific type of leukocyte, so differential counts are useful for diagnosing ailments.
thrombopoiesis
Production of platelets
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Terms with multiple names: erythrocytes- _________ leukocytes- _________ thrombocytes- _________
A, B, anti-A , Anti-B
The ABO blood group consists of surface antigens (_ or _) on the erythrocytes and plasma antibodies (_________ or _________). Blood type is determined by the surface antigens on the erythrocytes (type O blood has no antigens). Individuals have plasma antibodies in their blood that are different from their surface antigens.
Rh
The Rh blood group is determined by the presence or absence of the _________surface
erythropoietin
The hormone ______ controls the rate of erythrocyte production by increasing the rate of erythrocyte formation
colony-stimulating factors
The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells is influenced by _____-_____ ______. These molecules are all growth factors (except erythropoietin, which is a hormone).
1, 38
The temperature of blood is about _°C higher than measured body temperature, or around __°C
Neutrophil, lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil
To memorize the abundance of the 5 leukocytes: Never Let Monkeys eat Bananas Never= _________ (most abundant) Let= _________ Monkeys= _________ Eat= _________ Bananas= _________
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase
What are the 3 major steps in hemostasis.? _________ _________, (the blood vessel constricts suddenly and, in so doing, limits the amount of blood that can leak) _________ _________ _________, (platelets will adhere to the rough edges to stop leak.) _________ _________ (blood clotting enzyme chain reaction)
B-lymphoblasts, T-lymphoblasts
What are the the two types of lymphocytes? __-_______ __- ______
cells(erythrocytes(rbc), leukocytes(wbc), and platelets), plasma
What are the two major components of blood? ______ and ______
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, clotting, regulatory
What other types of solutes are found in plasma? Plasma proteins include ______, ______, ______ and other ______ proteins, and ______ proteins.
stem
What type of cell do all blood cells come from? _________ cells
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Which leukocytes are agranular (unable to see granules)? _________ and _________
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Which leukocytes are granular (visible granules)? _________, _________, and _________
plasma proteins
______ ______ exert osmotic pressure and prevent the loss of fluid from the blood as it moves through the capillaries
Aplastic anemia
________ __________ results in decreased or abnormal hemoglobin (erythrocyte disorders )
white blood cells
_________ _________ _________ defend against invading pathogens and remove damaged cells, debris, and antigen-antibody complexes
antioxidant enzymes
_________ _________: 1.Break down oxidized fatty acids 2. make more vitamin antioxidants available to fight other free radicals
interleukins
_________ are proteins that stimulate the growth of B or T lymphocytes and activate specific components of the immune response.
common
_________ blood clotting pathway (phases 2 and 3)., factor X activates Prothrombinase which converts prothrombin into thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin seals the wound
intrinsic
_________ blood clotting pathways longer; leads to activation of factor X Due to tissue damage inside blood vessel (also known as the tissue factor pathway) initiated by damage to the inside of the vessel wall and is initiated by platelets. This pathway typically takes approximately 3 to 6 minutes: 1. Platelets adhering to a damaged vessel wall release factor XII. 2. Factor XII converts the inactive factor XI to the active factor XI. 3. Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX. 4. Factor IX binds with Ca2+ and platelet factor 3 to form a complex that converts inactive factor VIII to active factor VIII. 5. Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X.
extrinsic pathway
_________ blood clotting pathways shorter; leads to activation of factor X Due to tissue damage outside blood vessel (the contact activation pathway) process of hemostasis or blood clotting which is activated by Factor III, tissue thromboplastin, when the tissue is injured
chemotaxis
_________ is a process in which leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens., release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells
hemoglobin
_________ is a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells, gives color
hematopoiesis
_________ is the formation and development of blood cells. occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) of certain bones.
phagocytosis
_________ is the process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells
hemostasis
_________ is the process where the blood clots and stops blood flow through an injured blood vessel wall
hemolysis
_________ is when Erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations, making them unable to flow efficiently through the blood vessels to body tissues and more prone to destruction
neutrophils
_________ leukocytes are first responders to infection.
monocytes
_________ leukocytes are second responders to infection.
vascular spasm
a _________ _________ is the 1st step in hemostasis, important phase that platelets play in blood s clotting which helps to prevent blood loss by the contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels
small, are not
agranulocytes have such _________ specific granules in their cytoplasm that they _________ clearly visible under the light microscope
Monocytes
anatomy and function for _________: Anatomy: The nucleus of a _________ is kidney-shaped or C-shaped Color: Function: go into tissues to transform into macrophages and phagocytize bacteria, viruses, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.
Eosinophils
anatomy and function for _________: Anatomy: Their nucleus is bilobed, and the two lobes are connected by a thin strand, reddish or pink-orange granules Function: phagocytize numerous antigen-antibody complexes or allergens. If the body is infected by parasitic worms, the _________ release chemical mediators that attack the worms., white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates
Neutrophils
anatomy and function for _________: Anatomy: multilobed nucleus; as many as five lobes are interconnected by thin strands Color: light lilac Function: phagocytosis- eat debris , A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Lymphocyte
anatomy and function for each of for _________: Anatomy: derived from a lymphoid stem cell through the lymphoid line. Color: blue-gray cytoplasm Function: differentiates into B-lymphoblasts and T-lymphoblasts, type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens
Basophils
anatomy and function for for _________: Anatomy: exhibit a bilobed nucleus and abundant deep blue-violet granules Function: a type of WBC that promotes inflammation and participates in allergic responses.
hemolytic disease of the newborn.
anemia of a newborn that results from the destruction of the infant's RBCs by antibodies produced by the mother; usually due to an Rh blood type incompatibility
thicker (4-5 times thicker)
blood is ______ than water
temperature, ph, fluids
blood regulates the body's ______, ______, and ______
myeloid, erythropoiesis
developmental path of erythrocytes (RBC) The _________ line forms erythrocytes. The process of erythrocyte production is called _________
leukopoiesis, granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte, myeloid, lymphoid
developmental path of leukocytes(WBC): The production of leukocytes is called _________ Leukopoiesis involves three different types of maturation processes: _________ maturation, _________ maturation, and _________ maturation. Granulocytes and monocytes are derived from a _________ stem cell. Lymphocytes are derived from a _________ stem cell
thrombopoiesis, myeloid, amegakaryoblast, megakaryocyte, megakaryocyte
developmental path of thrombocytes (platelets) The production of platelets is called _________ From the _________ stem cell, a committed cell called _________(meg-ă-kar′ē-ō-blast; mega = big) is produced It matures under the influence of thrombopoietin to form a _________ Each _________ then produces thousands of platelets.
Sickle cell anemia
erythrocyte disorder: ____ _____ _________ is: an autosomal recessive anemia that occurs when a person inherits two copies of the sickle-cell gene. Erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations, making them unable to flow efficiently through the blood vessels to body tissues and more prone to destruction
Iron deficiency anemia
erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ _________ is: , anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin
Macrocytic anemia
erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: , Abnormally large red blood cells, a condition characterized by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid caused by inadequate intake or insufficient absorption secondary to alcoholism or drugs that inhibit DNA replication.
Hemolytic anemia
erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: , anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes
Pernicious anemia
erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: a chronic progressive anemia of adults caused by failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12.
Hemorrhagic anemia
erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: results from heavy blood loss. The hemorrhage may be caused, for example, by chronic ulcers or by heavy or prolonged menstrual flow.
Aplastic anemia
erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: significantly decreased formation of both erythrocytes and hemoglobin. This condition results from defective red bone marrow, perhaps as a result of poisons, toxins, or radiation exposure.
Polycythemia vera
erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: the condition of having a normal blood volume but a higher percentage of erythrocytes in the blood (otherwise known as an elevated hematocrit). The blood becomes thick and viscous, putting a tremendous strain on the heart.
Anemia
erythrocyte disorder: _________ is any condition in which either the percentage of erythrocytes is lower than normal or the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
Thalassemias
erythrocyte disorder: _________ is: , genetic anemia in which one of the globin chains is faulty or absent and the rbcs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin
myeloid, aproerythroblast, anerythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte
erythropoiesis (process of erythrocyte production ): begins with a _________ stem cell (under the influence of multi-CSF forms a progenitor cell. ) progenitor cell forms _________, (a large, nucleated cell) It then becomes _________, (a slightly smaller cell that is producing hemoglobin in its cytoplasm) The next stage, called a _________, (still smaller cell with more hemoglobin in the cytoplasm) A cell called a _________ eventually is formed. (has lost all organelles except some ribosomes, but it continues to produce hemoglobin)
large, are
granulocytes have such _________ specific granules in their cytoplasm that they _________ clearly visible under the light microscope
pluripotent
if considered _________ cells, they can differentiate and develop into many different kinds of cells.
Leukopenia
leukocyte disorder: _________ is when there is a reduced or low number of WBC
Leukemia
leukocyte(WBC) disorder: _________ is when there is a BIG elevation of WBC count
Leukocytosis
leukocyte(WBC) disorder: _________ is when there is a slighly elevated WBC count
bright red, dark red
physical characteristics of blood are oxygenated color: _____ _____ deoxygenated color: ______ ______
erythroblastosis fetalis
severe anemia in newborn babies, the result of Rh incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood; typically occurs when the child of an Rh-negative mother inherits Rh-positive blood from the father; can be diagnosed before birth by amniocentesis
platelet plug formation
the _________ _________ _________ is the 2nd step in hemostasis, When vessels are damaged, platelets will adhere to the rough edges. This may stop the leak. The platelets also release clotting factors.
coagulation phase
the _________ _________ is the 3rd hemostasis step: blood clotting enzyme chain reaction, ending with *fibrinogen converted into fibrin*
thrombopoietin
the _________ hormone regulates platelet formation
5 liters
the average volume of blood is ___ ______
7.35-7.45
the blood's ph is around ___-___
hematopoiesis
the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)
erythropoiesis
the process of producing red blood (erythrocytes) cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow
leukopoiesis
the production of white blood cells (leukocytes), begins with the same hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as erythropoiesis
Thrombocytopenia
thrombocyte(platelet) disorder: _________ is low platlets