CH 18 Test Review

transportation, regulation, protection

3 general functions of blood are ______, ______, and ______

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Lymphocytes

5 types of leukocytes are _________, _________, _________, _________, and _________

spectrin

A latticework of _________ protein supports the plasma membrane of the erythrocyte on its internal surface and provides flexibility to the erythrocyte as it moves through the capillaries.

...

Anatomy of RBC:

b, antibodies, humoral, T, immune system, infected, cell

B-lymphoblasts: mature into _ cells, which are lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and later produce _________; responsible for _________ immunity T-lymphoblasts: mature into _ cells, which are a _________ _________ cell that coordinates the immune system and attacks many _________ _________s

fluid, proteins, solutes

Discuss the composition of plasma. Plasma is the ______ portion of blood containing plasma ______ and dissolved ______.

squeeze, plug, clot.

Discuss the process of hemostasis squeeze, plug, clot

Fibrinogen,

Discuss the processes and chemicals that control blood clot formation. Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, _________ is converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin, which help form a blood clot

respiratory gases (oxygen and co2)

Function of RBC: function to transport ______ ______ in the blood.

1

GO BACK TO THE BLOOD TYPING FLASH CARDS NOW (compatibility, etc), THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION IS 1

erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors.

Hormones involved in hematopoiesis - _________, _________, _________, and _________-_________ _________

positive

Is hemostasis a negative or positive feedback mechanism? it is _________ feedback

seratonin, thromboxane, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Know chemicals released by platelets, _________ and _________ to prolong vascular spasm (clotting) _________ to facilitate the degranulation and release of these chemicals in other platelets

are not, never had a

Know the anatomy of thrombocytes (platelets): they _________ true cells Platelets are cell fragments, and unlike erythrocytes, they _________ nucleus.

Hemophilia, Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B, Hemophilia C, Vitamin K, Thrombocytopenia

Know the blood clotting and bleeding disorders. _________ is a group of bleeding disorders caused by specific genetic mutations. _________ _ represents the vast majority, results in a deficiency or complete lack of normal factor VIII protein _________ _ deficiency of factor IX _________ _ relatively rare autosomal dominant deficiency of factor XI. _________ _ deficiency is more common in newborns, and it is fat-soluble vitamin used by liver cells to produce many of the clotting factors _________ is a deficiency in platelet count

clot, blood loss,

Know the function of platelets. help ____ the blood and prevent ____ ____ from damaged vessels

defending, pathogens

Know the functions of WBC. contribute to _________ the body against _________

stem cells,120

Know the life cycle of RBCs. developing from committed_________ _________ to mature erythrocytes in about 7 days. When matured, these cells live in blood circulation for about _________ days. At the end of their lifespan, they become senescent, and are removed from circulation.

3,4

Know the life cycle of the WBCs. They live for about _-_ days in the average human body

5,10 (around a week),

Know the life cycle of thrombocytes. usually last __-__ days

99, 4.2, 6.2

Know the normal number of circulating RBC: Erythrocytes make up more than __% of formed elements with a concentration between __ and ___ million per cubic millimeter

1, 150,000-400,000

Know the normal number of circulating platelets. _________% of formed elements with a concentration between _________-_________ per cubic millimeter

0.01, 4000, 11000

Know the number of circulating WBC. make up less than _________% of formed elements with a concentration between _________ and _________ per cubic millimeter

hemoglobin, antioxidant enzymes, spectrin

Know the proteins found in RBC - _________, _________ _________, _________

erythropoietin (EPO),

Know what controls production of RBC: The hormone _________ controls this rate by increasing the rate of erythrocyte formation (described later).

Leukopoiesis, granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte

Know what controls production of WBC (leukocytes). _________ involves three different types of maturation processes: _________ maturation, _________ maturation, and _________ maturation.

Megakaryocytes

Know what keeps platelets in circulation. _________ extend long processes (called proplatelets) through the blood vessel wall. These proplatelets are spliced by the force of the blood flow into platelets, which then circulate in the blood.

diapedesis

Leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called _________, whereby they squeeze between the endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls, passage of blood cells through the unruptured walls of capillaries into the tissue spaces

white blood cell count,

List some diagnostic blood tests and the problems indicated by abnormal values., _________ ____ _____ _________- measures the proportion of each WBC type and is useful in distinguishing a viral infection from a bacterial infection or allergic reaction. Infection, tissue necrosis, bone marrow failure, cancers, or some other stresses to the body can affect the total ranges or percentages of a specific type of leukocyte, so differential counts are useful for diagnosing ailments.

thrombopoiesis

Production of platelets

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Terms with multiple names: erythrocytes- _________ leukocytes- _________ thrombocytes- _________

A, B, anti-A , Anti-B

The ABO blood group consists of surface antigens (_ or _) on the erythrocytes and plasma antibodies (_________ or _________). Blood type is determined by the surface antigens on the erythrocytes (type O blood has no antigens). Individuals have plasma antibodies in their blood that are different from their surface antigens.

Rh

The Rh blood group is determined by the presence or absence of the _________surface

erythropoietin

The hormone ______ controls the rate of erythrocyte production by increasing the rate of erythrocyte formation

colony-stimulating factors

The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells is influenced by _____-_____ ______. These molecules are all growth factors (except erythropoietin, which is a hormone).

1, 38

The temperature of blood is about _°C higher than measured body temperature, or around __°C

Neutrophil, lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil

To memorize the abundance of the 5 leukocytes: Never Let Monkeys eat Bananas Never= _________ (most abundant) Let= _________ Monkeys= _________ Eat= _________ Bananas= _________

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase

What are the 3 major steps in hemostasis.? _________ _________, (the blood vessel constricts suddenly and, in so doing, limits the amount of blood that can leak) _________ _________ _________, (platelets will adhere to the rough edges to stop leak.) _________ _________ (blood clotting enzyme chain reaction)

B-lymphoblasts, T-lymphoblasts

What are the the two types of lymphocytes? __-_______ __- ______

cells(erythrocytes(rbc), leukocytes(wbc), and platelets), plasma

What are the two major components of blood? ______ and ______

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, clotting, regulatory

What other types of solutes are found in plasma? Plasma proteins include ______, ______, ______ and other ______ proteins, and ______ proteins.

stem

What type of cell do all blood cells come from? _________ cells

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Which leukocytes are agranular (unable to see granules)? _________ and _________

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Which leukocytes are granular (visible granules)? _________, _________, and _________

plasma proteins

______ ______ exert osmotic pressure and prevent the loss of fluid from the blood as it moves through the capillaries

Aplastic anemia

________ __________ results in decreased or abnormal hemoglobin (erythrocyte disorders )

white blood cells

_________ _________ _________ defend against invading pathogens and remove damaged cells, debris, and antigen-antibody complexes

antioxidant enzymes

_________ _________: 1.Break down oxidized fatty acids 2. make more vitamin antioxidants available to fight other free radicals

interleukins

_________ are proteins that stimulate the growth of B or T lymphocytes and activate specific components of the immune response.

common

_________ blood clotting pathway (phases 2 and 3)., factor X activates Prothrombinase which converts prothrombin into thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin seals the wound

intrinsic

_________ blood clotting pathways longer; leads to activation of factor X Due to tissue damage inside blood vessel (also known as the tissue factor pathway) initiated by damage to the inside of the vessel wall and is initiated by platelets. This pathway typically takes approximately 3 to 6 minutes: 1. Platelets adhering to a damaged vessel wall release factor XII. 2. Factor XII converts the inactive factor XI to the active factor XI. 3. Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX. 4. Factor IX binds with Ca2+ and platelet factor 3 to form a complex that converts inactive factor VIII to active factor VIII. 5. Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X.

extrinsic pathway

_________ blood clotting pathways shorter; leads to activation of factor X Due to tissue damage outside blood vessel (the contact activation pathway) process of hemostasis or blood clotting which is activated by Factor III, tissue thromboplastin, when the tissue is injured

chemotaxis

_________ is a process in which leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens., release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells

hemoglobin

_________ is a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells, gives color

hematopoiesis

_________ is the formation and development of blood cells. occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) of certain bones.

phagocytosis

_________ is the process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells

hemostasis

_________ is the process where the blood clots and stops blood flow through an injured blood vessel wall

hemolysis

_________ is when Erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations, making them unable to flow efficiently through the blood vessels to body tissues and more prone to destruction

neutrophils

_________ leukocytes are first responders to infection.

monocytes

_________ leukocytes are second responders to infection.

vascular spasm

a _________ _________ is the 1st step in hemostasis, important phase that platelets play in blood s clotting which helps to prevent blood loss by the contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels

small, are not

agranulocytes have such _________ specific granules in their cytoplasm that they _________ clearly visible under the light microscope

Monocytes

anatomy and function for _________: Anatomy: The nucleus of a _________ is kidney-shaped or C-shaped Color: Function: go into tissues to transform into macrophages and phagocytize bacteria, viruses, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.

Eosinophils

anatomy and function for _________: Anatomy: Their nucleus is bilobed, and the two lobes are connected by a thin strand, reddish or pink-orange granules Function: phagocytize numerous antigen-antibody complexes or allergens. If the body is infected by parasitic worms, the _________ release chemical mediators that attack the worms., white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates

Neutrophils

anatomy and function for _________: Anatomy: multilobed nucleus; as many as five lobes are interconnected by thin strands Color: light lilac Function: phagocytosis- eat debris , A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Lymphocyte

anatomy and function for each of for _________: Anatomy: derived from a lymphoid stem cell through the lymphoid line. Color: blue-gray cytoplasm Function: differentiates into B-lymphoblasts and T-lymphoblasts, type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens

Basophils

anatomy and function for for _________: Anatomy: exhibit a bilobed nucleus and abundant deep blue-violet granules Function: a type of WBC that promotes inflammation and participates in allergic responses.

hemolytic disease of the newborn.

anemia of a newborn that results from the destruction of the infant's RBCs by antibodies produced by the mother; usually due to an Rh blood type incompatibility

thicker (4-5 times thicker)

blood is ______ than water

temperature, ph, fluids

blood regulates the body's ______, ______, and ______

myeloid, erythropoiesis

developmental path of erythrocytes (RBC) The _________ line forms erythrocytes. The process of erythrocyte production is called _________

leukopoiesis, granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte, myeloid, lymphoid

developmental path of leukocytes(WBC): The production of leukocytes is called _________ Leukopoiesis involves three different types of maturation processes: _________ maturation, _________ maturation, and _________ maturation. Granulocytes and monocytes are derived from a _________ stem cell. Lymphocytes are derived from a _________ stem cell

thrombopoiesis, myeloid, amegakaryoblast, megakaryocyte, megakaryocyte

developmental path of thrombocytes (platelets) The production of platelets is called _________ From the _________ stem cell, a committed cell called _________(meg-ă-kar′ē-ō-blast; mega = big) is produced It matures under the influence of thrombopoietin to form a _________ Each _________ then produces thousands of platelets.

Sickle cell anemia

erythrocyte disorder: ____ _____ _________ is: an autosomal recessive anemia that occurs when a person inherits two copies of the sickle-cell gene. Erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations, making them unable to flow efficiently through the blood vessels to body tissues and more prone to destruction

Iron deficiency anemia

erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ _________ is: , anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin

Macrocytic anemia

erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: , Abnormally large red blood cells, a condition characterized by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid caused by inadequate intake or insufficient absorption secondary to alcoholism or drugs that inhibit DNA replication.

Hemolytic anemia

erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: , anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes

Pernicious anemia

erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: a chronic progressive anemia of adults caused by failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12.

Hemorrhagic anemia

erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: results from heavy blood loss. The hemorrhage may be caused, for example, by chronic ulcers or by heavy or prolonged menstrual flow.

Aplastic anemia

erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: significantly decreased formation of both erythrocytes and hemoglobin. This condition results from defective red bone marrow, perhaps as a result of poisons, toxins, or radiation exposure.

Polycythemia vera

erythrocyte disorder: _________ _________ is: the condition of having a normal blood volume but a higher percentage of erythrocytes in the blood (otherwise known as an elevated hematocrit). The blood becomes thick and viscous, putting a tremendous strain on the heart.

Anemia

erythrocyte disorder: _________ is any condition in which either the percentage of erythrocytes is lower than normal or the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

Thalassemias

erythrocyte disorder: _________ is: , genetic anemia in which one of the globin chains is faulty or absent and the rbcs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin

myeloid, aproerythroblast, anerythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte

erythropoiesis (process of erythrocyte production ): begins with a _________ stem cell (under the influence of multi-CSF forms a progenitor cell. ) progenitor cell forms _________, (a large, nucleated cell) It then becomes _________, (a slightly smaller cell that is producing hemoglobin in its cytoplasm) The next stage, called a _________, (still smaller cell with more hemoglobin in the cytoplasm) A cell called a _________ eventually is formed. (has lost all organelles except some ribosomes, but it continues to produce hemoglobin)

large, are

granulocytes have such _________ specific granules in their cytoplasm that they _________ clearly visible under the light microscope

pluripotent

if considered _________ cells, they can differentiate and develop into many different kinds of cells.

Leukopenia

leukocyte disorder: _________ is when there is a reduced or low number of WBC

Leukemia

leukocyte(WBC) disorder: _________ is when there is a BIG elevation of WBC count

Leukocytosis

leukocyte(WBC) disorder: _________ is when there is a slighly elevated WBC count

bright red, dark red

physical characteristics of blood are oxygenated color: _____ _____ deoxygenated color: ______ ______

erythroblastosis fetalis

severe anemia in newborn babies, the result of Rh incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood; typically occurs when the child of an Rh-negative mother inherits Rh-positive blood from the father; can be diagnosed before birth by amniocentesis

platelet plug formation

the _________ _________ _________ is the 2nd step in hemostasis, When vessels are damaged, platelets will adhere to the rough edges. This may stop the leak. The platelets also release clotting factors.

coagulation phase

the _________ _________ is the 3rd hemostasis step: blood clotting enzyme chain reaction, ending with *fibrinogen converted into fibrin*

thrombopoietin

the _________ hormone regulates platelet formation

5 liters

the average volume of blood is ___ ______

7.35-7.45

the blood's ph is around ___-___

hematopoiesis

the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)

erythropoiesis

the process of producing red blood (erythrocytes) cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow

leukopoiesis

the production of white blood cells (leukocytes), begins with the same hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as erythropoiesis

Thrombocytopenia

thrombocyte(platelet) disorder: _________ is low platlets