Ch 19: Set 1

What is the function of antithrombin?

Inactivates thrombin

What is the function of heparin?

Interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator

Type O is considered to be universal donor because?

It has neither antigen A nor antigen B on its RBCs

Erythropoietin is produced by?

Kidneys (a hormone of the kidneys)

An abnormally high number of normal white blood cells is called

Leukocytosis

Describe a neutrophil leukocyte.

Lobed nucleus with 2-5 segments, light purple granules

Which condition would stimulate erythropoietin secretion?

Low blood oxygen level

What is the function of plasma proteins?

Maintain blood osmotic pressure; involved in clotting

Normal erythrocytes do NOT have what?

Mitochondria or nuclei

What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) carried by hemoglobin?

NO relaxes blood vessels and decreases blood pressure

In which choice are the leukocytes correctly arranged in order of most common to least common?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

A blood transfusion reaction will occur when?

Plasma antibodies contact red blood cells carrying the antigen with which they react.

For a person whose hematocrit is 45%:

Plasma volume would be 55% of the total blood volume

For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, in which choice below are the components of blood correctly ranked in order of decreasing percent of total volume?

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells

What is the blood's job when the immune defense system is activated?

Platelet factors initiate clotting

Arrange these formed elements in order of increasing size. Platelet, neutrophil, red blood cell

Platelet, RBC, neutrophil

What is the function of prostacyclin?

Prevents platelet adhesion

What is the function of leukocytes?

Protect against disease

List these proteins in the order in which they are activated... Thrombin, prothrombinase, fibrin

Prothrombinase, thrombin, fibrin

Agglutination, which occurs after transfusion reactions, is caused by binding between:

RBC membrane antigens and plasma antibodies

A person who is Rh negative might form anti-Rh antibodies if she...

Receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood

What is the normal hemoglobin value?

15 g / 100 mL

What is the normal total platelet count?

250,000 / uL

Once released from the bone marrow into circulation, the average life span of a red blood cell is about?

4 months

The average blood volume for an adult is about:

5 liters

What is the normal RBC count?

5.1 million / uL

What percentage of body weight is blood?

8%

What happens when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin?

A clot is formed

Hemophilia is caused by?

A deficiency of any clotting factor

A dietary deficiency of iron could cause:

A low red blood cell count

Which describes anemia?

A reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

During platelet plug formation, platelets release these substances, which cause more platelets to adhere to the plug.

ADP and thromboxanes

After preliminary testing, a man who had had a stroke was given tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) at the hospital. The reason for this treatment is that tPA:

Activates an enzyme that dissolves clots

List the major groups of plasma proteins in order from highest to lowest percent.

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

What is true about RBC recycling?

Amino acids can be replaced into new proteins; iron is removed before heme is converted to bilirubin; liver dysfunction can cause accumulation of bilirubin in the body

In a red blood cell, CO2 is attached to the?

Amino acids of the globin subunits

A person with a vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency would probably also have?

Anemia

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are formed when?

Antigens A and B are absent from the red blood cell membranes.

Name three cells classified as granulocytes.

Basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

Describe the eosinophil leukocyte.

Bilobed nucleus, deep red granules

The production of prostacyclin by endothelial cells means that?

Blood clots do not normally form in healthy blood vessels.

Which of these conditions would most likely cause an increase in the number of reticulocytes in the blood?

Blood loss

What would you suspect to find if someone has high blood erythropoietin levels?

Blood oxygen deficiency

In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in chronological order?

Bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen

Removal of this element from blood would prevent clotting.

Calcium

Which process attracts leukocytes to damaged tissue?

Chemotaxis

Platelet plug formation is initiated when platelets come into contact with:

Collagen fibers in the connective tissue beneath damaged blood vessels.

Which of these blood components do NOT have a nuclei?

Erythrocytes

An overdose of erythropoietin would cause?

Erythrocytosis

Which hormone stimulates red blood cell formation?

Erythropoietin

Joe had to have both of his kidneys removed and is now kept alive only by dialysis machines that remove waste molecules from his blood and adjust electrolyte levels. Because Joe has no remaining kidney tissue, he may also need:

Erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production

Aplastic anemia is caused by:

Exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation

Based on lab results that show a person has a total white blood cell count of 7,000 WBC /µl blood, you would conclude that this person:

Has a normal white blood cell count

A person with type O+ blood would:

Have Rh but not A or B antigens on his RBCs

If someone has no megakaryocytes, he/she will?

Have a reduced ability to form blood clots

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by the red blood cells is the:

Hematocrit

Damaged red blood cells are phagocytized by macrophages in the spleen or liver and their components are recycled, EXCEPT for the:

Heme group (minus the Fe atom: which is converted into a green pigment called biliverdin)

What is the function of a basophil leukocyte?

Release histamine in areas of damaged tissue

Immature erythrocytes that contain a network of endoplasmic reticulum and normally make up about 1 - 3% of circulating blood are called:

Reticulocytes

Describe the lymphocyte leukocyte.

Smallest leukocytes, round nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasm

What does thrombin catalyze?

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Which of the following is true for an individual with type A blood?

The individual can donate blood to type AB

Which of the following is true for an individual with anti-A antibodies in the plasma?

The individual is blood type B

Blood viscosity is due to what?

The presence of the plasma proteins and erythrocytes

The term 'hematopoiesis' refers to?

The process of blood cell formation

What kind of risk exists when a woman who is Rh+ carries an Rh- fetus?

There is not a risk to the fetus when a woman who is Rh+ carries an Rh- fetus.

Vascular spasm closes off small blood vessels when?

They are damaged, mainly in response to chemicals released from the damaged cells.

RBC do not use any of the O2 they carry because...

They lack mitochondria to use O2 for aerobic respiration

Which molecule is a potent stimulator of coagulation?

Thromboplastin (tissue factor)...required in the extrinsic pathway

A blood clot that is formed in an undamaged vessel is called a _____, and if it breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream it is called a _____.

Thrombus; embolus

What does not prevent unwanted coagulation?

Tissue thromboplastin

The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is?

Transferrin

What do globulins do?

Transport minerals, lipids, hormones and vitamins

A patient lacks fat absorbing mechanisms in the intestines. This person will most likely suffer severe bleeding problems because:

Vitamin K will not be absorbed and this will lead to a deficiency of clotting factors

The buffy coat, a layer that appears when blood is centrifuged for determining the hematocrit is made of:

White blood cells and platelets

Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) occurs when:

anti-Rh antibodies from the maternal circulation cross the placenta and agglutinate the fetal red blood cells.

Blood cells all develop from a common stem cell in bone marrow, but early in development they split into separate lineages. Which three of these cells develop from the myeloblast lineage?

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

As red blood cells get older, they:

become more fragile

The benefit of the biconcave shape of red blood cells is that it:

decreases the distance between the cell membrane and hemoglobin molecules, facilitating oxygen uptake and delivery.

Blood types are determined:

genetically by glycoproteins and glycolipids on the RBC membrane

A blood disorder characterized by the rupture of red blood cells on infection by protozoa is:

malaria

A person's blood type is determined by:

mixing the blood with different antibodies to see which ones cause the red blood cells to agglutinate.

If you have some blood from which the formed elements have been removed, how can you tell if it is plasma or serum?

plasma contains clotting proteins; serum does not

Which of these blood components is NOT involved in clotting?

potassium

Other than water, the next greatest component of plasma by weight is:

protein

Without the RBC enzyme carbonic anhydrase...

the blood would not be able to convert CO2 into bicarbonate.

What is the function of erythrocytes?

transport oxygen

Blood helps to maintain homeostasis by:

transporting materials between the tissues and the external environment.

One molecule of hemoglobin contains?

two alpha globin proteins and two beta globin proteins