Ch. 2 Review Questions (Bushong)

If atoms large enough to have electrons in the T shell existed, what would be the maximum number allowed in that shell?

200 electrons

The nucleus of the helium atom—two neutrons and two protons.

Alpha particle

Describe how ion pairs are formed.

An ion pair is formed when an electron is removed from an atom by ionizing radiation.

List the fundamental particles within an atom.

Electrons, protons, and neutrons

Why doesn't an electron spontaneously fly away from the nucleus of an atom?

Electrostatic force of attraction, electron binding energy.

How does carbon-14 dating determine the age of petrified wood?

Fixed 14C in petrified wood decays, while 14C in living wood is replenished.

Diagram the expected electron configuration of 40^Ca.

K = 2, L = 8, M = 8, N = 2

Innermost electron shell.

K shell

New substance that is formed when two or more atoms of different elements combine.

Chemical compound

Describe the difference between alpha and beta emission.

Mass and charge on the particle. An alpha particle has four units of mass and two units of positive charge. A beta particle has essentially no mass and one unit of negative charge.

Who developed the concept of the atom as a miniature solar system?

Niels Bohr

Can atoms be ionized by changing the number of positive charges?

No. Positive charges (protons) do not move, they are confined to the nucleus.

Neutrons and protons.

Nucleons

For what is Mendeleev remembered?

Periodic table of the elements.

Positively charged beta particle.

Positron

Time required to reduce radioactivity to half its original value.

Radioactive half-life

The first description of an atom having a nucleus.

The Rutherford atom

An arrangement of all known elements into rows and columns. The rows relate to the number of electron shells present; the columns relate to the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

The arrangement of the periodic table of the elements

What determines the chemical properties of an element?

The arrangements of electrons in the outermost shells.

What property of an atom does binding energy describe?

The energy required to hold nucleons together as a nucleus (nuclear binding energy). The energy required to maintain electrons in orbit about the nucleus (electron binding energy).

W (chemical symbol for what element?)

Tungsten

Any quantum of electromagnetic radiation. It has no mass and no charge.

photon