Ch 20. Ch 21.

9. A nurse manager is mentoring a novice nurse manager in determining staffing needs. The mentor explains, "We must determine the acuity level of the patient by: a. assessing patient satisfaction with nursing care." b. quantifying the amount and intensity of care required." c. examining the skill mix and educational preparation of the staff." d. determining the number of hospital days required by the patients."

ANS: B Patient acuity is measured by determining the amount and intensity of care required. p. 367

*25. Which situations demonstrate effective delegation by the RN to the LPN? *Select all that apply* A. RN asks the LPN, "Do you have any concerns about your assignment for today?" B. LPN asks, "Where will you be if I need help with the dressing I've been assigned?" C. RN adjusts the LPN's assignments when a patient's condition becomes unstable D. LPN states, "I'll do whatever is necessary to keep my patients free of pain." E. RN assumes responsibility for ambulating a patient when he reports, "I'm feeling dizzy."

ANS: A, B, C, E The RN is responsible for communicating effectively with the LPN concerning responsibilities and accountability regarding patient care. *Asking the LPN if she/he has any concerns demonstrates effective communication*. Appropriate supervision is demonstrated by the LPN's when a question about support is asked. Evaluation and reassessment is demonstrated by the RN adjusting assignments and assuming a responsibility when the patients' conditions change. The LPN's statement about doing whatever is necessary demonstrates a possible risk for actions outside the established job description, competency, and standard of care on the part of the LPN. p. 360, Box 20-4

13. When deciding which staffing option to use on a nursing unit that will open soon, the manager realizes that: a. continuity of care is enhanced and errors are reduced when nurses provide care over longer shifts and consecutive workdays, such as 12-hour shifts on 3 consecutive days per week. b. the use of part-time nurses provides the variability needed to meet diverse patient needs. c. satisfaction of the staff equates to satisfaction of patients. d. nurses provide the same level of care, regardless of the work environment.

ANS: C High nurse satisfaction is generally equated with high patient satisfaction and positive patient outcomes. p. 368

2. Customer satisfaction is primarily based on: a. access to modern, up-to-date facilities. b. availability of an extensive menu selection. c. personal interactions with employees. d. having to undergo fewer invasive procedures.

ANS: C Interactions between employees and patients/families actually affect clinical outcomes, functional status, and even physiologic measures of health. p. 369

3. Nurses on a unit provide personal hygiene, administer medications, educate the patient and family about treatments, and provide emotional support. These nurses provide patient care based on which nursing delivery system? a. Total patient care b. Partnership nursing c. Team nursing d. Functional nursing

ANS: A In total patient care nurses provide all aspects of patient care. p. 370

22. Which factors would be considered in the first steps in developing an effective patient classification system? (select all that apply) a. Planned procedures b. Ethnic diversity of patients c. Clinical competency of staff d. Educational level of nurses e. Age of patients

ANS: A, B, E The first step in developing a patient classification system is to understand the intensity of care needs, which requires identifying specific patient characteristics and care requirements. p. 368

4. A hospital converts to a system of care delivery in which RNs, LPNs, and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are responsible for implementing a specific task, such as medication administration or personal hygiene, for the entire nursing unit. This type of delivery system is: a. total patient care. b. functional nursing. c. team nursing. d. primary nursing.

ANS: B In functional nursing members of the team are assigned specific tasks such as assessment or medication administration. pp. 370-371

4. A nurse has received the assignment for the day shift. After making initial rounds and checking all of the assigned clients, which client should the nurse plan to care for first? a. A client who is ambulatory b. A client scheduled for physical therapy at 1 pm c. A client with a fever who is diaphoretic and restless d. A postoperative client who has just received pain medication

4. C- The nurse should plan to care for the client who has a fever and is diaphoretic and restless first because this client's needs are the priority. The client who is ambulatory and the client scheduled for physical therapy later in the day do not have priority needs related to care. Waiting for pain medication to take effect before providing care to the postoperative client is best.

5. A nurse is delegating to the newly hired nursing unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) the task of assisting with oral hygiene, knowing that this assignment "does not require decisions based on the nursing process." The nurse is correctly using which of the five rights of delegation? A. Supervision B. Communication C. Person D. Circumstance

ANS: D Right circumstance involves the delegation of tasks that do not require independent nursing judgments. p. 360

1. The task of completing and signing the initial assessment on a newly admitted patient who is about to undergo minimally invasive procedures on an outpatient basis can be delegated to: A. The registered nurse (RN). B. The licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN). C. Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). D. All levels of staff, because the information is about the past and cannot change.

ANS: A Only the RN can perform and sign the admission assessment, although some components such as monitoring vital signs may be delegated. p. 357

5. The nurse is giving a bed bath to an assigned client when an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) enters the client's room and tells the nurse that another assigned client is in pain and needs pain medication. Which is the most appropriate nursing action? a. Finish the bed bath and then administer the pain medication to the other client b. Ask the UAP to find out when the last pain medication was given to the client c. Ask the UAP to tell the client in pain that medication will be administered as soon as the bed bath is complete. d. Cover the client, raise the side rails, tell the client that you will return shortly, and administer the pain medication to the other client.

5. D- The nurse is responsible for the care provided to assigned clients. The appropriate action in this situation is to provide safety to the client who is receiving the bed bath and prepare to administer the pain medication. Options 1 and 3 delay the administration of medication to the client in pain. Option 2 is not responsibility of the UAP.

23. Which functions can be delegated only to another RN with appropriate experience and training? *select all that apply* A. Assessment of skin integrity on the third day of hospitalization B. Evaluation of patient teaching related to turning, coughing, and deep breathing exercises C. Nursing judgment related to withholding medication based on vital signs D. RNs do not delegate to other RNs, they delegate only to licensed practical nurses or unlicensed assistive personnel E. Formulation of nursing diagnosis "potential for fall"

ANS: A, B, C, E Activities like assessing skin integrity—which include the core of the nursing process and require specialized knowledge, judgment, and/or skill—can be delegated only to another RN. Activities like evaluating patient teaching—which include the core of the nursing process and require specialized knowledge, judgment, and/or skill—can be delegated only to another RN. Activities like deciding to withhold medication based on vital signs—which include the core of the nursing process and require specialized knowledge, judgment, and/or skill—can be delegated only to another RN. Activities like formulating a nursing diagnosis—which include the core of the nursing process and require specialized knowledge, judgment, and/or skill—can be delegated only to another RN. pp. 361-362

*32. When considering nursing care what events are associated with the term "churning" and responsible for up to 70% of nursing care on a typical 20 bed medical-surgical unit (Select all that apply.) a. Seven patients have been written discharge orders by their physicians b. Five patients will have initial visits from physical therapy staff c. Twelve patients have needs that require assistance with bathing and elimination d. Five patients will be admitted for scheduled surgeries tomorrow AM e. Two patients are in the ER department with orders to be admitted as soon as a bed is available

ANS: A, D, E Fast-paced patient turnover in acute care settings; the rapid discharge and admission cycle is now referred to as "churning" and is estimated to range from 25% to 70% on a typical medical-surgical unit. The remaining options reflect standard unit care. p. 376

*27. The nurse responsible for unit staffing recognize that client care is most affected positively by: a. A mix of high- and low-acuity client needs. b. Units that implement the job-sharing model. c. Nurses who report high levels of job satisfaction. d. Nursing staff that hold advanced nursing degrees.

ANS: C Nurses who are satisfied with their work generally provide higher-quality, more cost-effective care. Staffing systems should consider the quality of work life for the nursing staff as important as the quality of patient outcomes. Although the other options are factors to be considered, they are all influenced by whether the staff is satisfied with their work environment. pp. 368

12. Which statement related to delegation is correct? A. The practice of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) is defined in the nurse practice act. B. Nursing practice can be delegated only when the LPN/LVN and UAP have received adequate training. C. Supervision is not required when routine tasks are delegated to a competent individual. D. The RN must be knowledgeable about the laws and regulations that govern nursing practice, as well as those that have no clearly defined parameters, such as for UAP.

ANS: D Accountability remains with the RN, and he or she is responsible for knowing what tasks can be delegated and what is defined as nursing practice. p. 354

1. Accrediting agencies such as The Joint Commission address staffing by: A. imposing maximum staffing levels. B. requiring a specific staff mix. C. stipulating nurse-patient ratios. D. looking for evidence that patients receive satisfactory care.

ANS: D Accrediting agencies do not address minimum staffing levels; however, they do look for evidence that patients receive adequate care, and this can occur only with adequate staffing. p. 369

17. A nurse makes patient care assignments as follows: RN1 has rooms 200-210; RN2 has rooms 211-221; RN3 has rooms 222-232. The two unlicensed assistive personnel have half the rooms, with one assigned to 200-215 and the second to 216-232. The care delivery model used in this situation is: a. team. b. primary. c. partnership. d. modular.

ANS: D Modular (or geographic) assignments are based on a geographic location in the nursing unit. p. 372

1. The nurse is assigned to care for four clients. In planning client rounds, which client should the nurse assess first? a. A client scheduled for a chest x-ray b. A client requiring daily dressing changes c. A postoperative client preparing for discharge d. A client receiving nasal oxygen who had difficulty breathing during the previous shift.

1. D- Airway is always the highest priority, and the nurse would attend to the client who has been experiencing an airway problem first. The clients described in option 1, 2, and 3 have needs that would be identified as intermediate priorities.

11. A hospital is concerned with nurse retention and realizes that job satisfaction is a major influence. To enhance employee satisfaction related to staffing, the management team: a. negotiates for additional agency nurses. b. hires more part-time employees. c. includes participatory management into staffing decisions. d. uses "float" nurses to cover vacancies.

ANS: C Staffing methods that include staff participation and enhance staff autonomy have been demonstrated to play a major part in ensuring employee satisfaction. p. 368

*30. When considering supervisory responsibilities, the registered nurse (RN) must recognize that: a. When two RNs work together to move a client, neither nurse is in a supervisory position. b. Supervision is required only when staff is new to the unit, the patient, or the task. c. All supervision is done with the RN being immediately available to the staff. d. A charge nurse is actually supervising only the LPNs and UAPs on the unit.

ANS: A One RN is working with another RN in a collegial relationship, and neither RN is in the position of supervising the other. Each RN is responsible and accountable for his or her own practice. However, the RN in a supervisory or management position (e.g., team leader, charge nurse, nurse manager), as defined by the health care organization, will be in a position to supervise other RNs. Appropriate supervision is a responsibility of any delegation of task, not just when the staff is unfamiliar with the patient, the task, or the unit. Supervision may be categorized as on-site, in which the nurse is physically present or immediately available while the activity is being performed, or off-site, in which the nurse has the ability to provide direction through various means of written, verbal, and electronic communication.REF: pp. 361-362

21. Which statement made by an RN regarding delegation indicates the need for additional teaching? *select all that apply* A. Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) can assess vital signs during the first 5 minutes for a patient who is receiving a blood transfusion because a reaction at this time is unlikely. B. An LPN/LVN can administer a PPD (tuberculin skin test) if there is no history of a positive PPD. C. When dopamine is ordered continuously, the LPN/LVN can administer dopamine at a low dose for the purpose of increasing renal perfusion. D. UAPs can transfer a patient who is being discharged home from the wheelchair to the bed if they have received training and demonstrated competency. E. Responsibility can be delegated to the UAP, but the delegator retains accountability.

ANS: A, B, C The statement "UAPs can assess vital signs during the first 5 minutes for a patient who is receiving a blood transfusion because a reaction at this time is unlikely" indicates the need for further teaching because the patient is at highest risk of a reaction during the first few minutes of a blood transfusion; thus the assessment skills of an RN are required. The statement "an LPN/LVN can administer a PPD (tuberculin skin test) if there is no history of a positive PPD" indicates the need for further teaching because administration of intradermal medication requires the skill of an RN. Dopamine is a vasoactive drug that can have a profound effect on a patient's blood pressure and cardiac output; administration requires the assessment and evaluation skills of an RN. pp. 357-358, Box 20-3

*24. Which statements reflect common nurse practice acts policies? *Select all that apply* A. Only nursing tasks can be delegated, not nursing practice B. The LPN practices professional nursing C. The RN can delegate only what is within the scope of nursing practice D. The RN must evaluate patient outcomes resulting from the delegated activity E. The LPN works under the supervision and direction of the RN

ANS: A, C, D, E The common policies reflected in nurse practice acts include: only nursing tasks can be delegated, not nursing practice, the RN can delegate only what is within the scope of nursing practice, the LPN or LVN works under the direction and supervision of the RN, the RN must evaluate patient outcomes resulting from the delegated activity. The LPN or LVN and UAP do not practice professional nursing. REF: p. 355, Box 20-1

*29. The most basic factor contributing to the effective supervision of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) is the nurse's: A. ability to communicate effectively with others. B. confidence in his or her ability to delegate appropriately. C. experience managing other members of the health care team. D. ability to teach UAPs the necessary skills for their assigned tasks.

ANS: B Because RNs are becoming increasingly responsible for delegation and supervision in today's health care system, it is imperative that they have confidence in their delegation skills and understand the legal responsibility that they assume when delegating to and supervising licensed personnel and UAP. RNs must know what aspects of nursing and health care can be delegated. Although the other options support their supervision of UAP, the basic component is appropriate delegation. p. 353-354

*29. The implementation of a "Medication Nurse" is an example of what nursing care delivery model? a. Total patient care b. Functional c. Primary d. Team

ANS: B In the functional nursing method of patient care delivery, staff members are assigned to complete certain tasks for a group of patients rather than care for specific patients. In total patient care, nurses are responsible for planning, organizing, and performing all care for specific clients. In team nursing, the RN functions as a team leader and coordinates a small group (generally no more than four or five) of ancillary personnel to provide care to a small group of patients. In primary nursing, the RN, or "primary" nurse, assumes 24-hour responsibility for planning, directing, and evaluating the patient's care from admission through discharge. pp. 370-371

18. A patient has decided to stop hemodialysis because his renal failure progresses and he wishes to spend more time with family. Palliative care will continue, and the approach will be discussed with the patient and family as needed and at change of shift. The care delivery model in this situation is termed: a. partnership. b. patient-centered. c. case management. d. total patient care.

ANS: B Patient-centered care models entail the health care team partnering with the patient and family to ensure that patients' wants, needs, and preferences are the priority while allowing the patient and family to participate in decisions and educational needs. p. 373

*26. Which statement made by the RN demonstrates a lack of effective delegation to a LPN? *Select all that apply.* A. "Have you ever cared for a postoperative patient who experienced a total mastectomy?" B. "If you begin that complex dressing change while I'm off the floor, get someone to help you." C. "Don't change the patient's catheter until you are sure the correct one has arrived on the unit." D. "Which mandatory competency testing session are you planning to attend?" E. "Remember the patient is depressed so don't say anything to make her more sad."

ANS: B, E Not being available to provide effective supervision and addressing the issue in such a general manner is not a demonstration of effective delegation. Assigning a patient whose emotional state is unstable is not reflective of effective delegation. Evaluating the staff member's competency to perform a task or care for a patient with a particular set of needs and the requirement of mandatory competency testing is a factor in effective delegation. It is necessary to assure that the staff member has the resources including supplies to accomplish the assigned task.REF: p. 360, Box 20-4

10. An RN is counseled by the nurse manager regarding inappropriate delegation when the: A. RN instructs the nursing assistant to greet ambulatory surgery patients and show them to their rooms. B. nursing assistant informs the RN that she has not been trained to collect a sputum specimen and the RN states, "I will show you this time and you can show me the next time." C. RN assigns the float LPN/LVN the task of completing a plan of care for a stable patient who was admitted for routine replacement of a feeding tube. D. LPN/LVN who has demonstrated competence is asked to perform a dressing change for a patient before she is discharged home.

ANS: C Only an RN can initiate and complete a new plan of care; this does not fall within the scope of practice of the LPN/LVN. The RN has violated one of the five rights of delegation. p. 357

*31. Which statement made by an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) would cause the registered nurse team leader the most concern? a. "The nurse will follow up to make sure the client is well cared for." b. "I wonder who I can ask about how to use this new electronic thermometer." c. "I've only been working on this unit for a month and things are still new to me." d. "It's good to know that the nurse is really the one responsible for the client's care."

ANS: D The UAP is responsible for his or her own actions. A belief that the nurse is fully responsible is a concern and needs immediate attention by the nurse. It is true that the nurse will follow up and evaluate the client's care. The statements concerning being new and asking for help are appropriate. REF: p. 354

*24. When considering staffing needs, the registered nurse (RN) is primarily concerned with: a. The number of available licensed staff. b. The history of staff absenteeism. c. The availability of support staff. d. Client acuity.

ANS: D The primary considerations for staffing a specific nursing unit are the number of patients followed by the level of intensity of care required by those patients (commonly referred to as patient acuity). Knowing only the number of patients that require care is an ineffective way to plan staffing because of the wide range of care requirements needed by individual patients. The other options may in some degree affect the delivery of care but not to the degree that client acuity does. p. 367

*32. Match the following actions with the appropriate responsibility regarding the delegation of nursing interventions: 1. UAP's statement, "I'll notify you of Mr. Smith's BP as soon as I take it so you can decide whether he gets his medication." 2. RN discusses the way the LPN handled a patient complaint 3. RN initially observes a newly hired LPN is changing a simple dressing a. Appropriate supervision b. Evaluation and reassessment c. Effective communication

1. C. Effective communication 2. B. Evaluation and reassessment 3. A. appropriate supervision

26. The nurse is assigned to care for four clients. In planning client rounds, which client should the nurse assess first? 1. A postoperative client preparing for discharge with a new medication 2. A client requiring daily dressing changes of a recent surgical incision 3. A client scheduled for a chest x-ray after insertion of a nasogastric tube 4. A client with asthma who requested a breathing treatment during the previous shift

26. 4 Rationa le: Airway is always the highest priority, and the nurse would attend to the client with asthma who requested a breathing treatment during the previous shift. This could indicate that the client was experiencing difficulty breathing. The clients described in options 1, 2, and 3 have needs that would be identified as intermediate priorities.

29. The nurse has received the assignment for the day shift. After making initial rounds and checking all of the assigned clients, which client should the nurse plan to care for first? 1. A client who is ambulatory demonstrating steady gait 2. A postoperative client who has just received an opioid pain medication 3. A client scheduled for physical therapy for the first crutch-walking session 4. A client with a white blood cell count of 14,000 mm3 (14Â109/L) and a temperature of 38.4 °C

29. 4 Rationale: The nurse should plan to care for the clientwho has an elevated white blood cell count and a fever first because this client's needs are the priority. The client who is ambulatory with steady gait and the client scheduled for physical therapy for a crutch-walking session do not have priority needs. Waiting for pain medication to take effect before providing care to the postoperative client is best.

3. A nursing graduate is attending an agency orientation regarding the nursing model of practice implanted in the health care facility. The nurse is told that the model is a team nursing approach. The nurse understands that planning care delivery will be based on which characteristic of this type of nursing model of practice. a. A task approach method is used to provide care to clients b. Managed care concepts and tools are used in providing client care. c. A single registered nurse is responsible for providing care to a group of clients d. A registered nurse leads nursing personnel in providing care to a group of clients.

3. D- In team nursing, nursing personnel are led by a registered nurse leader in providing care to a group of clients. Option 1 identifies functional nursing. Option 2 identifies a component of case management. Option 3 identifies primary nursing (relationship-based practice).

32. The registered nurse is planning the client assignments for the day. Which is the most appropriate assignment for an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? 1. A client requiring a colostomy irrigation 2. A client receiving continuous tube feedings 3. A client who requires urine specimen collections 4. A client with difficulty swallowing food and fluids

32. 3 Rationale: The nurse must determine the most appropriate assignment based on the skills of the staff member and the needs of the client. In this case, the most appropriate assignment for the UAP would be to care for the client who requires urine specimen collections. The UAP is skilled in this procedure. Colostomy irrigations and tube feedings are not performed by UAPs because these are invasive procedures. The client with difficulty swallowing food and fluids is at risk for aspiration.

9. The nurse employed in a long-term care facility is planning assignments for the clients on a nursing unit. The nurse needs to assign four clients and has a licensed practical (vocational) nurse and three unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) on a nursing team. Which client would the nurse most appropriately assign to the licensed practical (vocational) nurse? a. A client who requires a bed bath b. An older client requiring frequent ambulation c. A client who requires hourly vital sign measurements d. A client requiring abdominal wound irrigations and dressing changes every 3 hours

9. D- When delegating nursing assignments, the nurse needs to consider the skills and educational level of the nursing staff. Giving a bed bath, assisting with frequent ambulation, and taking vital signs can be provided most appropriately by the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). The licensed practical (vocational) nurse is skilled in wound irrigations and dressing changes and most appropriately would be assigned to the client who needs this care

*32. Match the nursing model most utilized in the following nursing care settings? 1. Functional 2. Case Management 3. Team 4. Total a. Emergency department b. Medical surgical unit c. Critical care d. Home health

ANS: 1. Functional -- a. Emergency Dept 2. Case Management-- d. Home health 3. Team-- b. Medical-surgical unit 4. Total -- c. Critical care

*25. A _____________ is a measurable condition that results from interventions that can be either positive or negative in nature.

ANS: *patient outcome* Patient outcome is a measurable condition that results from interventions by the health care team; a change in a person's health after treatment; outcomes may be positive such as improved mobility or improved lab values or negative such as infections, falls, or death. p. 366

*27. The active process of directing, guiding, and influencing the outcome of an individual's performance of an activity or task is referred to as ___________________.

ANS: *supervision* Supervision is the active process of directing, guiding, and influencing the outcome of an individual's performance of an activity or task. p. 352

16. A nurse groups patients with criteria such as: "high risk for falls", "infection protocols", and "special communication needs" to determine the mix and number of staff needed on a telemetry unit. The nurse is using: A. a patient classification system to determine safe staffing levels. B. diagnostic-related groups for Medicare billing. C. case management to coordinate care. D. clinical pathways to determine care.

ANS: A Patient classification systems group patients according to care needs to determine safe staffing levels. p. 367

3. Which task is most likely to be considered in a state's practice act as appropriate to delegate to an LPN/LVN if the patient 's condition is stable and competence in the task has been established? A. Administer an enema for an elective surgery patient. B. Administer an antiarrhythmic medication IV while interpreting the patient's rhythm on the cardiac monitor. C. Develop a plan of care for a stable patient admitted for observation after a head injury. D. Teach a patient how to instill eye drops for glaucoma.

ANS: A The RN who is delegating must consider the following: (1) the delegatee's current workload and the complexity of the task, (2) whether the staff member is familiar with the patient population and with the task to be performed, and (3) whether the RN is able to provide the appropriate level of supervision. The delegation decision-making tree would also support the delegation of this task. pp. 357-358, Box 20-3

19. A nurse is concerned about the risk of delegating tasks to licensed practical nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel. What is the best way for the nurse to determine competency of an inexperienced delegatee? A. Actually observe the delegatee perform the assigned task. B. Ask the delegatee how many times he/she has performed the task. C. Ask the patient if the care provided was satisfactory. D. Ask other nurses if they feel the delegatee is competent.

ANS: A The best way for the nurse to determine the competency of LPNs or UAPs is to observe them perform the task. p. 361

19. A nurse plans care knowing when specific recovery milestones are expected. The nurse is providing care via: a. patient classification systems. b. clinical pathways. c. functional nursing. d. case management.

ANS: B Clinical pathways plans patient care activities and interprofessional interventions and desired patient outcomes within a specified time period for a particular diagnosis or health condition. p. 366

*30. An emergency department nurse will likely provide care according to which care delivery model? a. Team b. Primary c. Functional d. Total care

ANS: C Emergency departments often use functional approaches to care because emphasis is on efficient assessment and immediate treatment. The team model is often used in medical-surgical units while the primary care model can be used in long-term care facilities. Some aspects of home health nursing function under the total care model. p. 375

2. The nurse employed in an emergency department is assigned to triage clients coming to the emergency department for treatment on the evening shift. The nurse should assign priority to which client? a. A client complaining of muscle aches, a headache, and malaise b. A client who twisted her ankle when she fell while rollerblading c. A client with a minor laceration on the index finger sustained while cutting an eggplant d. A client with chest pain who states that he just are pizza that was made with a very spicy sauce.

2. D- In an emergency department, triage involves brief client assessment to classify clients according to their need for care and includes establishing priorities of care. The type of illness or injury, the severity of the problem, and the resources available govern the process. Clients with trauma, chest pain, severe respiratory distress or cardiac arrest, limb amputation, and acute neurological deficits, or who have sustained chemical splashes to the eyes, are classified as emergent and are the number 1 priority. Clients with conditions such as a simple fracture, asthma without respiratory distress, fever, hypertension, abdominal pain, or a renal stone have urgent needs and are classified as a number 2 priority. Clients with conditions such as a minor laceration, sprain, or cold symptoms are classified as nonurgent and are a number 3 priority.

27. The nurse employed in an emergency department is assigned to triage clients coming to the emergency department for treatment on the evening shift. The nurse should assign priority to which client? 1. A client complaining of muscle aches, a headache, and history of seizures 2. A client who twisted her ankle when rollerblading and is requesting medication for pain 3. A client with a minor laceration on the index finger sustained while cutting an eggplant 4. Aclient with chest pain who states that he just ate pizza that was made with a very spicy sauce

27. 4 Rationa le: In an emergency department, triage involves brief client assessment to classify clients according to their need for care and includes establishing priorities of care. The type of illness or injury, the severity of the problem, and the resources available govern the process. Clients with trauma, chest pain, severe respiratory distress or cardiac arrest, limb amputation, and acute neurological deficits, or who have sustained chemical splashes to the eyes, are classified as emergent and are the number-1 priority. Clientswith conditions such as a simple fracture, asthma without respiratory distress, fever, hypertension, abdominal pain, or a renal stone have urgent needs and are classified as a number-2 priority. Clients with conditions such as a minor laceration, sprain, or cold symptoms are classified as nonurgent and are a number-3 priority.

30. The nurse is giving a bed bath to an assigned client when an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) enters the client's room and tells the nurse that another assigned client is in pain and needs pain medication. Which is the most appropriate nursing action? 1. Finish the bed bath and then administer the pain medication to the other client. 2. Ask the UAP to find out when the last pain medication was given to the client. 3. Ask the UAP to tell the client in pain that medication will be administered as soon as the bed bath is complete. 4. Cover the client, raise the side rails, tell the client that you will return shortly, and administer the pain medication to the other client.

30. 4 Rationale: The nurse is responsible for the care provided to assigned clients. The appropriate action in this situation is to provide safety to the client who is receiving the bed bath and prepare to administer the pain medication. Options 1 and 3 delay the administration of medication to the client in pain. Option 2 is not a responsibility of the UAP.

31. The nurse manager has implemented a change in the method of the nursing delivery system from functional to team nursing. An unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) is resistant to the change and is not taking an active part in facilitating the process of change. Which is the best approach in dealing with the UAP? 1. Ignore the resistance. 2. Exert coercion on the UAP. 3. Provide a positive reward system for the UAP. 4. Confront the UAP to encourage verbalization of feelings regarding the change.

31. 4 Rationale: Confrontation is an important strategy to meet resistance head-on. Face-to-face meetings to confront the issue at hand will allow verbalization of feelings, identification of problems and issues, and development of strategies to solve the problem. Option 1 will not address the problem. Option 2 may produce additional resistance. Option 3 may provide a temporary solution to the resistance, but will not address the concern specifically.

8. The nurse manager determines that four RNs, five LPN/LVNs, and two unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are required per shift to meet the needs of the patient population on the unit, according to acuity and census. The nurse manager is concerned with: a. assignments. b. staffing. c. output. d. productivity.

ANS: B Staffing is the activity of determining that an adequate number and mix of health care team members are available to provide safe, high-quality patient care. p. 367

7. The registered nurse is planning the client assignments for the day. Which is the most appropriate assignment for an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? a. A client requiring a colostomy irrigation b. A client receiving continuous feedings c. A client who requires urine specimen collections d. A client with difficulty swallowing food and fluids

7. C- The nurse must determine the most appropriate assignment based on the skills of the staff member and the needs of the client. In this case, the most appropriate assignment for the UAP would be to care for the client who requires urine specimen collections. The UAP is skilled in this procedure. Colostomy irrigations and tube feedings are not performed by unlicensed personnel. The client with difficulty swallowing food and fluids is at risk for aspiration

33. The nurse manager is discussing the facility protocol in the event of a tornado with the staff. Which instructions should the nurse manager include in the discussion? Select all that apply. 1. Open doors to client rooms. 2. Move beds away from windows. 3. Close window shades and curtains. 4. Place blankets over clients who are confined to bed. 5. Relocate ambulatory clients from the hallways back into their rooms.

33. 2, 3, 4 Rationale: In this weather event, the appropriate nursing actions focus on protecting clients from flying debris or glass. The nurse should close doors to each client's room and move beds away from windows, and close window shades and curtains to protect clients, visitors, and staff from shattering glass and flying debris. Blankets should be placed over clients confined to bed. Ambulatory clients should be moved into the hallways from their rooms, away from windows.

15. A nursing unit is comparing team nursing to the partnership model and finds that: a. with the partnership model, an RN does not have to be part of the mix. b. leadership abilities of the RN is a major determinant of effectiveness of care for both models. c. the RN teaches the LPN/LVN or unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) how to apply the nursing process in team nursing. d. with team nursing the RN cares for the patient while the team members work with the family or significant others.

ANS: B The RN leads regardless of whether partnership model or team nursing is practiced. p. 371 |p. 372

20. An orthopedic unit is considering different types of care delivery models and staff have an opportunity to ask questions about how the models differ. The nurse manager provides an overview and uses the above visual to demonstrate which model of care delivery? a. Team b. Partnership c. Primary d. Functional

ANS: D Functional care delivery models assign tasks to each provider. In the above visual, the LPN is responsible for oral medication administration, the unlicensed assistive personnel provide hygiene, and the RN is assigned to task that require the nursing process. pp. 370-371

28. Anursing graduate is attending an agency orientation regarding the nursingmodel of practice implemented in the health care facility. The nurse is told that the nursingmodel is a team nursing approach. The nurse determines that which scenario is characteristic of the team-based model of nursing practice? 1. Each staff member is assigned a specific task for a group of clients. 2. A staff member is assigned to determine the client's needs at home and begin discharge planning. 3. A single registered nurse (RN) is responsible for providing care to a group of 6 clients with the aid of an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). 4. An RN leads 2 licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and 3 UAPs in providing care to a group of 12 clients.

28. 4 Rationale: In team nursing, nursing personnel are led by a registered nurse leader in providing care to a group of clients. Option 1 identifies functional nursing. Option 2 identifies a component of case management. Option 3 identifies primary nursing (relationship-based practice).

34. The nurse employed in a long-term care facility is planning assignments for the clients on a nursing unit. The nurse needs to assign four clients and has a licensed practical (vocational) nurse and 3 unlicensed assistive personnel (UAPs) on a nursing team. Which client would the nurse most appropriately assign to the licensed practical (vocational) nurse? 1. A client who requires a bed bath 2. An older client requiring frequent ambulation 3. A client who requires hourly vital sign Measurements 4. A client requiring abdominal wound irrigations and dressing changes every 3 hours

34. 4 Rationale: When delegating nursing assignments, the nurse needs to consider the skills and educational level of the nursing staff. Giving a bed bath, assisting with frequent ambulation, and taking vital signs can be provided most appropriately by UAP. The licensed practical (vocational) nurse is skilled in wound irrigations and dressing changes and most appropriately would be assigned to the client who needs this care.

35. The charge nurse is planning the assignment for the day.Which factors should the nurse remain mindful of when planning the assignment? Select all that apply. 1. The acuity level of the clients 2. Specific requests from the staff 3. The clustering of the rooms on the unit 4. The number of anticipated client discharges 5. Client needs and workers' needs and abilities

35. 1, 5 Rationale: There are guidelines that the nurse should use when delegating and planning assignments. These include the following: ensure client safety; be aware of individual variations in work abilities; determine which tasks can be delegated and to whom; match the task to the delegatee on the basis of the nurse practice act and appropriate position descriptions; provide directions that are clear, concise, accurate, and complete; validate the delegatee's understanding of the directions; communicate a feeling of confidence to the delegatee and provide feedback promptly after the task is performed; and maintain continuity of care as much as possible when assigning client care. Staff requests, convenience as in clustering client rooms, and anticipated changes in unit census are not specific guidelines to use when delegating and planning assignments.

6. The nurse manager has implemented a change in the method of the nursing delivery system from functional to team nursing. An unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) is resistant to the change and is not taking an active part in facilitating the process of change. Which is the best approach in dealing with the UAP? a. Ignore the resistance b. Exert coercion on the UAP c. Provide a positive reward system for the UAP d. Confront the UAP to encourage verbalization of feelings regarding the change

6. D- Confrontation is an important strategy to meet resistance head on. Face-to face meetings to confront the issue at hand will allow verbalization of feelings, identification of problems and issues, and development of strategies to solve the problem. Option 1 will not address the problem. Option 2 may produce additional resistance. Option 3 may provide a temporary solution to the resistance, but will not address the concern specifically

16. The RN instructs the LPN to "Give an enema to the patient in room 327 who is being discharged but is complaining of being constipated. Then be sure to document on the medication administration record when given." Which of the five rights was missing in this situation? The right of: A. direction and communication. B. task. C. person. D. circumstances.

ANS: A The directions were not clear. The RN did not specify which type of enema to give and what outcome to expect. And the RN gave no instructions related to reporting back. p. 360

10. The nurse manager is planning staffing levels and realizes that the first step is to: a. know the intensity of care needed by patients according to physical and psychosocial factors. b. examine the educational level of the staff. c. assess the skill level of caregivers. d. review the budget to determine the financial consequences of past staffing patterns.

ANS: A The nurse manager must determine the number and mix of health care providers according to the wide range of care requirements of individual patients. p. 367

4. A patient is admitted with hypotension, shortness of breath, flushing, and hives. All levels of staff have been trained to assess vital signs. Given budget restrictions and proper delegation rules, to which care provider would the RN delegate the task of obtaining the initial blood pressure reading? A. RN B. LPN/LVN C. Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) D. Use the blood pressure obtained in the ambulance, because it was assessed via electronic monitoring.

ANS: A The patient's condition is not stable; therefore, the skills of an RN are required. pp. 357-358, Box 20-3

21. While participating in a task force to proactively plan for nursing care delivery over the next 20 years, a nurse learns that dramatic changes will occur as a result of: (select all that apply.) A. the increase in the number of minimally invasive procedures being performed for disease treatment. B. care provided for patients over an extended period in acute care settings. C. the reduction in the number of nurses and other health care professionals who are available to provide care. D. the widespread illiteracy and decreased self-efficacy of the aging patient population. E. the need to focus on social and environmental influences, educational level, and individual characteristics and values of the patient. F. the devaluing of nursing as a means of improving patient outcomes.

ANS: A, C, E Invasive surgical procedures are being replaced by laparoscopic procedures. The demand for nurses and other health care professionals cannot keep pace with the increased need for health care required by the growing older population. Care will focus on the unique lifestyles and values of a diverse population. p. 376

6. A student nurse is concerned about delegation practices and wonders why hospitals employ unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) and LPN/LVNs. The student nurse refers to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing and learns that the role of these personnel is to: A. supplement the staffing pattern when an RN is not available. B. aid the RN by performing appropriately delegated care tasks. C. replace the RN when the health care facility provides long-term care. D. provide patient teaching, allowing more direct care to be provided by the RN.

ANS: B The UAP and LPN/LVN can increase productivity of the RN by performing those tasks that fall within their scope of practice. p. 353

8. Which task is appropriate for the RN to delegate to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) provided the delegatee has had experience and training? A. Evaluate the ability of a patient to swallow ice after a gastroscopy. B. Assist a patient who has a postoperative hip replacement to ambulate with a walker for the first time. C. Change the disposable tracheotomy cannula for a new postoperative tracheotomy patient if secretions are thick and tenacious. D. Obtain a sterile urine sample from a patient with a Foley catheter that is connected to a closed drainage system.

ANS: D Obtaining a sterile urine sample from a patient with a Foley catheter that is connected to a closed drainage system is not an invasive procedure, and risk to the patient is minimal, making the task appropriate for delegation. pp. 357-358, Box 20-3

13. During orientation, an RN learns that LPN/LVNs in the facility receive additional training to perform some tasks such as hanging continuously infusing intravenous fluids that have no additives. It is important for the RN to understand that: A. the health care facility can override the state practice act by having all LPN/LVNs and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) participate in on-site training. B. LPN/LVNs are licensed, and accountability for their own practice rests with each LPN/LVN. C. UAPs cannot be held responsible for their own actions or inactions. D. the nurse practice act and state regulations related to delegation override the organization's policies.

ANS: D The state's nurse practice act is the deciding factor regarding what can legally be delegated. p. 355

2. An RN recently relocated to another region of the country and immediately assumed the role of charge nurse. When determining the appropriate person to whom to delegate, the RN knows that: A. the role of the LPN/LVN is the same from state to state. B. the LPN/LVN can be taught to perform all the duties of an RN if approved by the employer and if additional on-the-job training is provided. C. he or she must review the state's nurse practice act for LPN/LVNs, because each state defines the role and scope of practice of the LPN/LVN. D. The Joint Commission has certified and established roles for the LPN/LVN.

ANS: C The scope of practice of the LPN/LVN varies significantly from state to state; RNs should know the LPN/LVN nurse practice act in the state in which they practice and should understand the legal scope of practice of the LPN/LVN. p. 354

10. The nurse should use which guideline(s) to plan delegation and assignment-making activities? Select all that apply. a. Ensuring client safety b. Requests from the staff c. The clustering of the rooms on the unit d. The number of anticipated client discharges e. Client needs and workers' needs and abilities

10. A, E- There are guidelines that the nurse should use when delegating and planning assignments. These include the following: ensure client safety; be aware of individual variations in work abilities; determine which tasks can be delegated and to whom; match the task to the delegate on the basis of the nurse practice act and appropriate position descriptions; provide directions that are clear, concise, accurate and complete; validate the delegate's understanding of the directions; communicate a feeling of confidence to the delegate, and provide feedback promptly after the task is performed; and maintain continuity of care as much as possible when assigning client care. Staff requests, convenience as in clustering client rooms, and anticipated changes in unit census are not specific guidelines to use when delegating and planning assignments.

5. The nurse who is responsible for following the patient from admission through discharge or resolution of illness while working with a broad range of health care providers is called a: a. nurse manager. b. case manager. c. coordinator of patient-centered care delivery. d. team leader in team nursing care delivery.

ANS: B The case manager, in collaboration with an interdisciplinary team, oversees the use of health care services by clients throughout a course of illness. p. 373

*28. When considering clinical pathways, the nurse recognizes that an outcome is: a. The result of a collaborative intervention of the healthcare team. b. An event that can prevent or help a patient reach wellness. c. The end result of interventions provided by the health care team. d. An unexpected event that determines a need to change the plan of care

ANS: C Patient outcomes are the end result of interventions by the health care team. Interprofessional intervention is the collaborative effort by all disciplines. Variance is any event that may alter the patient's progress through the clinical pathway. Triggers alert the caregiver that an unexpected event has occurred and a change in the plan of care may be indicated. p. 374-375

22. A nursing administrator who is considering the feasibility of an all-RN staff reviews the report, Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses (2003) and determines that RNs: *select all that apply* A. are more costly and less efficient than LPNs. B. have little or no effect by being proactive but instead are reactive to patient care errors. C. have a positive effect on patient outcomes when managing patient care. D. are effective overseers of patients' overall health condition. E. lack the training to be effective delegators.

ANS: C, D RNs are effective at coordinating care that results in improved patient outcomes. RNs are valuable monitors of a patient's health status—a practice that results in improved patient outcomes. p. 353

15. An RN makes the following assignments at the beginning of the shift. Which assignment would be considered high-risk delegation? A. A novice RN is assigned a patient with diabetes mellitus requiring mixing of regular and NPH insulin. B. An LPN is assigned an older adult with pneumonia and who requires dressing changes on a foot wound. C. An unlicensed assistive person is assigned the task of assisting a patient with late stages of Huntington's disease to ambulate a short distance in the hallway. D. A float RN from the oncology unit is assigned a patient with a white blood cell count of 4000 mm3

ANS: C Risk of falling is great in later stages of Huntington's disease due to chorea movements. pp. 359-360

*33. After first having a strong understanding of the standards of practice that govern delegation, the registered nurse must know the: a. patient care tasks that are being considered for delegation. b. expected outcomes of the care to be delegated. c. the condition and needs of the patient whose care is being delegated. d. skill and knowledge level of the staff member who is being delegated to

ANS: C The RN must then know the client whose care is being delegated. The client's condition and stability must be determined before tasks and outcomes can be determined or consideration be given to the skill level of the staff being delegated to. p. 358

20. Care delivery using the team-based approach is used on a telemetry nursing unit. The team consists of one registered nurse (RN), two licensed practical nurses (LPNs), and one unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Staff have been charged to improve quality of care while ensuring cost containment. Which assignments would meet both criteria? A. The RN administers all medications to all patients. B. The LPN performs sterile dressings and IV tubing changes on all central lines. C. The experienced UAP places telemetry electrodes and attaches to cardiac monitor. D. The RN administers an enema to a stable patient who has an order "administer a fleet enema PRN when no bowel movement in 2 days."

ANS: C The UAP, when properly trained, can place patients on telemetry. This meets quality and cost containment goals because the LPN and RN have higher salaries. pp. 353-354

9. An LPN/LVN has transferred to a nursing unit and arrives for the first day. The RN checks with the LPN/LVN often throughout the shift to provide support and determine if assistance is needed. The RN is providing which level of supervision? A. There is no supervision because at times the LPN/LVN is not with the RN. B. Periodic inspection is being used. Because the LPN/LVN is licensed, the RN is relieved of the need to evaluate care. C. Continual supervision is being provided until the RN determines competency. D. Initial supervision is being provided because this is the LPN/LVN's first day on the unit.

ANS: C This level of supervision is required when the working relationship is new, the task is complex, or the delegatee is inexperienced or has not demonstrated an acceptable level of competence. p. 362

*26. What factors will be focal considerations when a facility begins developing its own set of clinical pathways? (Select all that apply.) a. The facility's most commonly treated diagnoses b. The most costly diagnoses treated by the facility's staff c. Accepted standards of specialized nursing care d. Dietary and physical therapy are viewed as principal contributors e. Physician input as a primary source of decision making

ANS: A, B, C Clinical pathways most often are developed for the health care facility's most common or costly diagnoses. Clinical pathways should also be based on accepted standards of practice as recommended by specialty nursing organizations. The success of clinical pathway development and implementation depends on input and support from all disciplines, including physicians, involved in using the pathway and caring for the patient. pp. 374-375

*28. Which factor has the greatest impact on whether safe delegation of nursing tasks is possible? a. The level of competency displayed by the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) b. Whether the client is experiencing an acute or a chronic medical health issue c. Whether the client's physical condition is considered stable at the time d. The degree of trust shared between the nurse and the client

ANS: C Generally the more stable the patient, the more likely delegation is to be safe. However, it is also important to remember many tasks that can be delegated may also carry with them a nursing responsibility. The other options are to be considered but they are not as impactful as is the physical condition of the client at the time tasks are being delegated. p. 355

23. A nurse responsible for staffing a medical-surgical unit must consider: (select all that apply) a. the patient census. b. physical layout of the unit. c. complexity of care required. d. educational level of all staff. e. task preferences of the nurses.

ANS: A, B, C, D The primary considerations for staffing a specific nursing unit are the number of patients; the level of intensity of care required by those patients (commonly referred to as patient acuity); contextual issues, such as architecture, geography of the environment, and available technology; level of preparation and experience of the staff members providing the care; and the quality of the nurses' work life. pp. 367-368

14. A nurse moves from California to Arkansas and due to having 20 years of experience as a registered nurse is immediately placed in charge of the telemetry unit. The staffing consists of LPNs and two unlicensed assistive personnel. The RN is unsure of the scope of practice of the LPNs and reviews the nurse practice act for Arkansas, which lacks clarity on some tasks. The RN should: A. query the state nursing association to determine their stance on the role of LPNs. B. ask the LPNs on the unit to list what tasks they routinely performed. C. contact the state board of nursing to determine legal scope of practice for LPNs. D. refer to California's nurse practice act because the scope of LPNs/LVNs is consistent across the United States.

ANS: C If the nurse practice act lacks clarity, the state board of nursing can provide guidance. pp. 354-355

*33. What are the primary foci for nurses caring for patients currently being admitted to acute care facilities that make traditional nursing models less effective? (Select all that apply.) a. Rescue b. Stabilization c. Prevention d. Transition e. Rehabilitation

ANS: B, D Because acute care settings now admit only the most seriously ill or injured individuals with a focus on stabilization and transition, the traditional models of nursing care may no longer apply. In the past, nurses provided care based on comprehensive knowledge of the patients' needs, which were learned by caring for the patients over an extended period. Now nurses may have an entirely new group of patients to care for every shift or even more than once during a shift. The remaining options while concerns are not typically the focus of the acute care nurse. p. 376

17. Which of the following situations would be appropriate for the supervisory level of initial direction and/or periodic inspection? A. Experienced RNs work together to provide care for a group of patients newly diagnosed with meningitis. B. The RN assigns the LPN tasks within her scope of practice and checks back during the shift to ensure the tasks are completed correctly. C. A new graduate nurse is assigned care to a male patient with a hematocrit of 11.0 g of hemoglobin per deciliter and is receiving a blood transfusion. The charge nurse checks on the patient status every 15 to 30 minutes and asks the graduate to explain "next steps." D. No supervision is necessary since both are registered nurses.

ANS: B When a working relationship is established and competencies of the delegate established, the delegator may check in during intermittently during the shift. p. 361

6. A patient is admitted with coronary artery disease and is scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). According to the clinical pathway the patient should be extubated and discharged from critical care the day after surgery. During surgery the patient's oxygen saturation decreased drastically as a result of chronic tobacco abuse. Subsequently, the patient remained on the ventilator an additional 2 days postoperatively. According to the clinical practice guideline for CABG, this situation represents a: a. patient outcome. b. variance. c. goal. d. standard.

ANS: B A variance is a deviation from the planned path. p. 375

7. An RN delegates to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) the task of performingblood pressure checks for a group of patients on a nursing unit. The UAP accepts the task and is responsible for: A. delegating the task to another UAP if he or she does not have the time or skill to complete the task. B. keeping the RN informed of any abnormal blood pressure readings. C. calling the physician when the patient's vital signs are not within established parameters. D. informing the dietary department to initiate a low-sodium diet for patients who are hypertensive.

ANS: B After accepting the assignment, the UAP is responsible for completing the task and reporting any patient concerns to the RN. p. 354

7. A patient is admitted with pneumonia. The case manager refers to a plan of care that specifically identifies dates when supplemental oxygen should be discontinued, positive-pressure ventilation with bronchodilators should be changed to self-administered inhalers, and antibiotics should be changed from intravenous to oral treatment, on the basis of assessment findings. This plan of care is referred to as a: a. patient classification system. b. clinical pathway. c. patient-centered plan of care. d. diagnosis-related group (DRG).

ANS: B A clinical pathway is a plan that specifies the timing and sequencing of major patient care activities and interventions by the interdisciplinary team for a particular diagnosis, procedure, or health condition. pp. 374-375

18. A registered nurse (RN) is assigned as charge nurse for the first time. She knows to consult the state board of nursing to determine scope of practice for licensed practical nurses (LPN) and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). She also realizes there are common policies which exist in most state practice acts that include: A. the RN is held accountable for the decision to delegate, but responsibility rests only with the delegatee. B. the RN may only delegate tasks that are not in the scope of practice of the LPN if the delegatee is certain they are competent to perform the task. C. since the LPN is licensed, they practice professional nursing. D. to determine what tasks can be safely delegated, the RN must first assess the patient.

ANS: D The stability of the patient must be determined prior to delegation. Even routine tasks such as taking vital signs that are often delegated may need to be performed by the RN when the patient's condition is critical. pp. 354-355, Box 20-1

8. A new unit nurse manager is holding her first staff meeting. The manager greets the staff and comments that she has been employed to bring about quality improvement. The manager provides a plan that she developed and a list of tasks and activities for which each staff member must volunteer to perform. In addition, she instructs staff members to report any problems directly to her. What type of leader and manager approach do the new manager's characteristics suggest? a. Autocratic b. Situational c. Democratic d. Laissez-faire

8. A- The autocratic leader is focused, maintains strong control, makes decisions, and addresses all problems. The autocrat dominates the group and commands rather than seeks suggestions or input. In this situation, the manager addresses a problem (quality improvement) with the staff, designs a plan without input, and wants all problems reported directly back to her. A situational leader will use a combination of styles, depending on the needs of the group and the tasks to be achieved. The situational leader would work with the group to validate that the information that the leader gained as a new employee was accurate and that a problem existed then the leader would take the time to get to know the group determine which approach to change (if needed) would work best according to the needs of the group and the nature and substance of the change that was required. A democratic leader is participative and would likely meet with each staff person individually to determine the staff member's perception of the problem. The democratic leader would also speak with the staff about any issues and ask the staff for input with developing a plan. A laissez-faire leader is passive and nondirective. The laissez-faire leader would state what the problem was and inform the staff that the staff needed to come up with a plan to "fix it."

14. A task force is considering factors that contribute to high-quality safe staffing. Which statement reflects an understanding of the American Nurses Association's (ANA) recommendations? a. Because patient needs remain constant on a daily shift, staffing needs at the beginning of the shift should be sufficient to provide safe, high-quality care. b. Staffing should allow time for the RN to apply the nursing process so decisions result in high-quality, safe patient outcomes. c. Patient acuity levels affect staffing by increasing the need for unlicensed personnel to provide routine basic care rather than increasing RNs in staff mix. d. RN staffing is not cost-effective; thus is it important for staffing models to limit the number of RNs assigned per shift.

ANS: B The ANA recommends that nurses have time to exercise professional judgment. p. 367

11. An RN delegates to an experienced LPN/LVN the task of administering oral medications to a group of patients. The LPN/LVN accepts the assignment, and the RN knows that the LPN/LVN has had the training and has acquired the skills needed to complete the task. The RN then observes the LPN/LVN recording a patient's medication administration just before entering the patient's room. The priority intervention by the RN is to: A. check the patient's drug packages to ensure that the correct drugs were given. B. stop the LPN/LVN immediately and discuss the possible consequences of his actions in a nonjudgmental manner. C. contact the nurse manager and ask that the LPN/LVN's license is suspended. D. call the pharmacy and ask for replacement medications for the patients.

ANS: B The LPN/LVN has the competency but violated one of the rights of medication administration and is practicing unsafe care. The RN's responsibility requires that he or she intervene and identify concerns with the LPN/LVN. p. 363

12. A patient is admitted for a hysterectomy, and the RN develops and implements the plan of care but also delegates to the LPN/LVN the responsibility of administering oral medications. While off duty, this RN receives a call requesting a change in the plan of care because the patient has developed deep vein thrombosis. The nurse who originally planned the care is practicing which type of nursing care delivery? a. Modular b. Primary c. Team d. Functional

ANS: B The primary nurse assumes 24-hour responsibility for planning, directing, and evaluating the patient's care from admission through discharge but may delegate or provide primary care during the shift when present. p. 372