Ch 20 Respiratory Inflammation and Infection

Question 4 of 5 Which of the following are means by which pneumonia may be acquired? Select all that apply. Genetics Community Hospital Ventilator Secondary infection

Community Hospital Ventilator Secondary infection

Question 1 of 7 This or That? For each set of clinical data and pathological mechanisms, select the correct disorder. This life-threatening disorder can cause obstruction of the trachea. The pharynx will be red and stiff. Neck x-ray shows "steeple" sign. EPIGLOTTISIS PHARYNGITIS

EPIGLOTTISIS CORRECT. Epiglottisis is infection and inflammation of the epiglottis. Swelling can push the epiglottis backward, obstructing the trachea, which is life threatening. Assessment will reveal red, inflamed pharynx and tonsils and a swollen epiglottis. Neck x-ray will show swelling of the pharyngeal tissues (steeple sign).

Question 1 of 5 Which condition causes a steeple sign on X-ray? Rhinitis Allergic rhinitis Pneumonia Tonsillitis Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis

Question 4 of 5 Which of the following may develop from a Streptococcus pyogenes infection? Select all that apply. Glomerulonephritis Erythema migrans Scarlet fever Measles Rheumatic fever

Glomerulonephritis Scarlet fever Rheumatic fever

Question 6 of 7 This or That? For each set of clinical data and pathological mechanisms, select the correct disorder. This infection is most often bacterial. Signs and symptoms include cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain, and anorexia. Coughing produces copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum. Chest x-rays reveal consolidation in a solitary cavity. LUNG ABSCESS TUBERCULOSIS

LUNG ABSCESS CORRECT. Bacterial infection (caused by aspiration of oral bacteria) results in localized area of purulent inflammation, causing tissue necrosis. Chest x-ray may show consolidation over the abscess. Signs and symptoms include cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain, anorexia, and copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum.

Question 5 of 5 The most common infectious disease worldwide is caused by _____________. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Epstein-Barr virus Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum respiratory syncytial virus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 4 of 7 This or That? For each set of clinical data and pathological mechanisms, select the correct disorder. This disorder is usually caused by a virus. A rapid screening test is used to diagnose causative agents. If caused by bacteria, it is usually GABHS. Signs and symptoms include fever, malaise, and a sore throat. Patients usually do not have a cough. LARYNGITIS PHARYNGITIS

PHARYNGITIS CORRECT. Pharyngitis, usually caused by a virus, is infection of the pharynx. Lymphoid follicles are swollen and covered in white exudate. A rapid screening test is used to diagnose causative agents, specifically GABHS.

Question 5 of 7 This or That? For each set of clinical data and pathological mechanisms, select the correct disorder. In this disorder, the alveoli fill with exudate, impairing air exchange. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, fever, chills, cough and sputum production. Chest x-ray confirms the presence of this disorder. BRONCHITIS PNEUMONIA

PNEUMONIA CORRECT. Pneumonia results in inflammation of the alveolar space. It can be community, hospital or ventilator acquired and may result from a secondary infection. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, fever, chills, cough and sputum production. Assessment findings include diminished breath sounds, tactile fremitus, egophony and crackles. Chest x-ray confirms diagnosis and rules out bronchitis.

Question 2 of 5 Which of the following is true about pneumonia? Select all that apply. Pneumonia is due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli. Staphylococcus aureus commonly causes community-acquired pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia may develop as a secondary infection. Pneumonia is the most common infectious disease worldwide. Pneumonia is frequently caused by the rhinovirus.

Pneumonia is due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli. Bacterial pneumonia may develop as a secondary infection. Pneumonia is the most common infectious disease worldwide.

Question 1 of 5 A patient complains of nasal congestion and nasal discharge. Inspection reveals a red nasal mucosa. Which virus could be responsible for her complaints? Rhinovirus Epstein-Barr virus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Parainfluenza viruses

Rhinovirus

Question 2 of 7 This or That? For each set of clinical data and pathological mechanisms, select the correct disorder. This disorder may be caused by a virus or bacteria or both. Patients may have headache, facial pain and dental pain. SINUSITIS RHINITIS

SINUSITIS CORRECT. Acute sinusitis can be caused by a virus or bacteria or both. Signs and symptoms include fever, headache, pressure over the sinus area, facial pain, congestion, and dental pain. Infection of the sinuses causes obstruction and inflammation of the sinus cavity.

Question 3 of 5 Which of the following is most commonly associated with facial pain and headache? Tonsillitis Bronchitis Sinusitis Pharyngitis Pneumonia

Sinusitis

Question 2 of 5 A patient is diagnosed with "strep throat." Which microorganism causes this condition? Rhinovirus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Streptococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Haemophilus influenza

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 3 of 7 This or That? For each set of clinical data and pathological mechanisms, select the correct disorder. This disorder may be caused by GABHS. Patients may have red pharynx, erythema and swelling of the tonsils, quinsy, and white exudate over the tonsil tissue. PHARYNGITIS TONSILLITIS

TONSILLITIS CORRECT. Tonsillitis, infection and inflammation of the tonsils, is caused by GABHS or viruses. Clinical manifestations include swelling of the tonsils and pharynx, quinsy, and exudate on the tonsils. Throat culture is used to diagnose tonsillitis. Recurrent infections may be treated with a tonsillectomy.

Question 7 of 7 This or That? For each set of clinical data and pathological mechanisms, select the correct disorder. This infection is caused by acid-fast bacteria. It is the most common infectious disease worldwide, and exposure to the disease can be assessed using the Mantoux test. The infectious agent is transmitted through the respiratory system. On chest X-ray, a round granuloma is seen. BRONCHITIS TUBERCULOSIS

TUBERCULOSIS CORRECT. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease transmitted by the acid-fast bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the most common infectious diseases worldwide and is transmitted through the respiratory system. Inhalation of droplets containing M. tuberculosis results in the organism entering the lungs. The immune system will wall off the bacteria in the lungs. These structures are known as tubercles. A calcified granuloma can be visualized with X-ray.

The respiratory system is an interconnected network of organs, tissues, and pathways that work together to help you breathe. It has two distinct sections—the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. Both sections are connected to the external environment through the air we breathe. This exposure accounts for many respiratory system disorders. Let's travel within the respiratory tract as it journeys through our external environment. When we encounter the rhinovirus, we are likely to suffer from acute rhinitis, or the common cold, and its common symptom of green or yellow nasal discharge. Rhinitis can also result from allergies. Although, in this case, clear nasal discharge occurs. Allergies, bacteria, viruses, and fungi can all cause sinusitis, or inflammation of the sinus cavities. Facial pain and headaches are common symptoms. Moving along the upper respiratory tract, we encounter the tonsils. Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils. With tonsillitis, swallowing becomes very difficult, as the tonsils become reddened and enlarged. The next structure along our journey is the epiglottis, which is a flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering. Epiglottitis, inflammation of the epiglottis, is a life-threatening event, as the air passage may become blocked. Often this narrowed passageway appears as a steeple sign on X-ray. Pharyngitis is inflammation of the throat, the common sore throat. Although most commonly caused by viruses, it may also be caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and result in strep throat. Resolution of an S. pyogenes infection is crucial, as progression may lead to scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, or glomerulonephritis. Now, let's continue our journey into the lower respiratory tract, in which we may encounter bronchitis, pneumonia, or tuberculosis. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, most commonly due to viral infection. The bronchioles become obstructed by mucous and leukocytes. Wheezing and production of red sputum may occur. Pneumonia is the result of inflammation and the alveolar air spaces filling with fluid. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi, especially in immunocompromised individuals, may cause pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, whereas infection with Staphylococcus aureus is most common in hospital-acquired forms. Ventilator-associated pneumonia may also occur. Bacterial pneumonia may also develop as a secondary infection following a virus such as influenza. Now, let's talk about the most common infectious disease in the world: Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the inhalation of airborne droplets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Once inhaled, the bacteria settle in the lungs. White blood cells are unable to kill the organism, but are able to wall off the infection, resulting in a lesion, known as a tubercle. As the immune system attempts to destroy the bacteria, damage to the lung's tissue results, causing a cheese-like appearance known as caseous necrosis. Clinical signs of tuberculosis include chronic cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss. Up to 20% of patients with active tuberculosis, however, may present with no symptoms.

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Question 5 of 5 Which of the following may be signs and symptoms of tuberculosis? Select all that apply. Weight loss Sixty percent of those infected are asymptomatic Hemoptysis Steeple sign Tubercles

Weight loss Hemoptysis Tubercles

Question 3 of 5 Fluid accumulation in the alveoli occurs in _________________. epiglottitis pneumonia bronchitis tonsillitis tuberculosis

pneumonia