Ch 21 Genetics Genomics

Match each area of study with the way that it could benefit from metagenomics.

-Human medicine: Characterization of microorganisms that reside in the human body -Agriculture:Understanding of soil microorganisms that facilitate plant growth -Bioremediation: Identification of microorganisms that can break down pollutants -Biotechnology: Discovery of genes involved in the synthesis of helpful chemicals

The first draft of the human genome was published in the year , and completed maps and sequences of all human chromosomes were published by the year .

2001, 2006

How many different types of chromosomes make up the nuclear genome of a human female?

23

What was the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?

DNA from several anonymous volunteers

What does the term mapping mean in the context of genetics?

Determining the locations of genes along individual chromosomes

Comparative genomics is the study of genetic variation among ______.

Different species

True or false: Molecular markers exist in only one form within a given population.

False

What is studied in functional genomics?

Interactions of many genes

How is genome sequencing likely to improve our understanding of human disease?

It may lead to the identification of human genes involved in disease. It can provide information about genes found in pathogens that infect humans.

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic map of the human genome.

Linkage

In pyrosequencing, the incorporation of a nucleotide into a growing DNA strand is monitored by measuring the release of ______.

Ppi

Match each type of molecular marker to its description.

RFLP:A region that differs in size when cut with a restriction enzyme AFLP: A region that differs in size when amplified by PCR Microsatellite: A site with repeated short sequences SNP: A site where one nucleotide is polymorphic

What is metagenomics?

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample

True or false: The Human Genome project developed tools to enable scientists to access and interpret data from the genome project.

True

Why have agriculturally important species been selected for genome sequencing?

Understanding their genomes may aid in the development of new strains with improved traits.

The complete sequencing of the approximately 3 billion bp that make up the human genome was

accomplished in several drafts and published in 2006.

In techniques described as sequencing by synthesis, nucleotides incorporated into the DNA strand being sequenced are identified ______.

as they are added to the growing DNA strand

Cytogeneticists can distinguish one chromosome from another based on the patterns that are obtained when chromosomes are treated with certain dyes.

banding

If a polymorphic marker is close to a disease-causing allele, then the marker will ______ the disease-causing allele.

be linked to

The genomes of certain agriculturally important species have been sequenced. The purpose of selecting these species for sequencing is that knowledge of their genomes may lead to the ______.

development of plant species with improved traits development of new strains of livestock

Many microorganisms that live in soil, water, and the human intestinal tract are difficult to study because ______.

researchers may not understand their growth requirements they may require the presence of a complex microbial community

What is high-throughput sequencing?

the ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

Genomics is the molecular analysis of ______.

the entire genetic composition ~~~

What outcomes have already resulted from the Human Genome Project?

-Sequence data for the human X and Y chromosomes -Improvements in cloning technology -Improvements in software for accessing and analyzing sequence data -Improved DNA sequencing technology -Sequence data for the 22 human autosomes

What is a metagenome?

A collection of genes from an environmental sample

What is a molecular marker?

A segment of DNA that can be uniquely identified using molecular tools

What is a microsatellite?

A short DNA sequence repeated many times in a row

Developing technology for the management of human genome information was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. To meet this goal, the Human Genome project developed ______.

Analytical tools ~~~~

Which of the following technological advances have made high-throughput sequencing possible?

Automation of various steps in the sequencing procedure Parallel sequencing of multiple samples at once

Which of the following model organisms had their genomes sequenced as part of the Human Genome Project?

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) Mus musculus (mouse) Arabidopsis thaliana (a flowering plant) Escherichia coli (a bacterium)

True or false: The Human Genome Project used DNA from a single individual to obtain the human genome sequence.

False

What was the first organism to have its genome completely sequenced?

Haemophilus influenzae (a bacterium)

The methods for DNA sequencing that have largely replaced the Sanger dideoxy method are collectively referred to as -generation sequencing technologies.

Next

A DNA sequencing method that can process thousands of sequence reads in parallel and can use uncloned DNA for sequencing is best described as ______ sequencing.

Next-generation

Molecular markers that vary from individual to individual within a population are said to be

Polymorphic

Which of the following is an accurate description of shotgun sequencing?

Random DNA fragments are sequenced, and overlapping parts of the sequence are identified.

Which type of molecular marker does NOT vary in size between individuals?

SNP

The sequencing method that monitors DNA synthesis in real time is called ______.

Sequencing by synthesis

Why are microbes that live in water, soil, and the human intestinal tract difficult to study in the laboratory?

They are difficult to culture

An organism's genome is ______.

its total genetic composition

The term locus refers to the ______.

site on a genetic map where a specific gene is found

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called

High, parallel

The total genetic composition of an organism or species is the

genome

In genetics, the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along individual chromosomes is referred to as

mapping

Molecular markers can be used to identify the location of a disease-causing gene because they ______.

may be located close to a disease-causing gene

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample is called

metagenomics

How can eukaryotic chromosomes be distinguished from one another with the microscope?

Chromosomes can be treated with dyes that produce unique banding patterns for each chromosome.

A collection of genes from an environmental sample is called a

Metagenome

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

True or false: In 1995, Venter, Smith, and their colleagues completed the first complete genome sequence of a living organism. The organism whose genome they sequenced was Escherichia coli.

False

The field of study in which the entire genome of a species is analyzed is called

genomics

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by ______.

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes

One of the ethical and legal issues that has been identified as a result of the Human Genome Project is whether ______.

individuals have a right to privacy regarding genetic information

If a geneticist states that a polymorphic marker is linked to a disease-causing allele, this means that the marker ______.

is close to the disease-causing allele

The association of a molecular marker that is transmitted along with a genetic disease in a family pedigree indicates that the molecular marker ______.

is likely to be close to the gene that causes the disease

The site on a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA sequence is found is called its

locus OR loci

The Human Genome Project had a stated goal of developing programs focused on understanding and addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of the Human Genome Project. An example of a genetic issue is the possibility that an individual who carries a deleterious allele could be discriminated against by a(n) ______.

medical insurance company

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) - project.

genome - sequencing

Fill in the blank question. One of the technological innovations that has made high-throughput sequencing possible is the ability to automate the reading of a DNA sequencing when labeled nucleotides are used in the DNA sequencing reaction.

Fluorescent

Which of the following are applications of metagenomics?

Identification of viruses in environmental samples that can infect humans Identification of the microbes in complex microbial communities Discovery of products synthesized by microbes, such as new antibiotics

During pyrosequencing, the release of pyrophosphate after addition of a nucleotide is monitored through a series of chemical reactions. In the first reaction, pyrophosphate and adenosine 5' phosphosulfate are the substrates for ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase. The ATP produced in this reaction is combined with luciferin by the enzyme to produce .

Luciferase, light

A short repetitive DNA sequence, such as a dinucleotide sequence repeated many times in a row, is called a(n) ______.

Microsatellite

In addition to the nucleus, where is genomic information stored in a human cell?

Mitochondria

In addition to the human genome, the genomes of Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Mus musculus were sequenced as part of the Human Genome Project. These species were selected for genome sequencing because they are organisms used for scientific research.

Model

A segment of DNA that is located at a specific site along a chromosome and that has properties that allow it to be uniquely identified using molecular tools is called a(n) marker.

Molecular

One of the benefits of sequencing the human genome is that it will make it easier to identify genes that cause disease when they are

Mutated

One of the methods that is used for genome-sequencing projects involves the sequencing of randomly generated DNA fragments followed by identification of overlapping regions in the DNA sequence. This method is called sequencing.

Shotgun

True or false: Molecular genetic technology such as gene cloning, contig construction, and DNA sequencing have been improved as a direct result of the efforts of the Human Genome Project.

True

The approach that uses information from genome projects to understand genetic variation among different populations is called genomics.

comparitive

Fill in the blank question. The study of the interactions of many genes and the ways that the components of a genome interact to produce an organism's traits is called genomics.

functional