Ch. 21: Ideologies and Upheavals
The Zollverein was
an economic customs union of the German Confederation established in 1818 by Prussia and included almost all German-speaking states except Austria
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France
Revolutions across Europe in 1848 failed because of
divisions in the revolutionary coalition of poor, middle, and upper-class reformers, and the determination of conservatives
In the nineteenth century, what did Eugene Delacroix's work typically feature?
dramatic, colorful scenes
In her study "On Germany," Germaine de Stael
extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of German writers and thinkers, and urged the French to do the same
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to
find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture
The French Revolution of 1848 was precipitated by
frustrated desires for change, high-level financial scandals, and a general sense of stagnation along with a severe depression caused by the agrarian crisis
In Great Britain the Great Reform Bill of 1832
gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation
Louis the XVIII's constitutional charter
granted the right to vote to notables only
Poor Law of 1834 was
legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid
The Ten Hours Act of 1847
limited the workday of women and young people to ten hours
Romanticists were enchanted by
nature
English painter Joseph M. W. Turner depicted
nature's power and terror
The victorious allies at the Congress of Vienna were guided by______________
principle of balance of power
According to Joseph Proudhon
profit stolen from the workers
Jules Michelet books about the history of france
promoted the growth of nationalistic sentiment
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations
The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 made the doctrine of free trade
sacred dogma because it allowed Britain to escape famine
The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility
Alexis de Tocqueville, author of "Democracy in America," explained that the conservative-leaning election results were caused by
the socialist movement's arousal of fierce hostility among peasants and the middle and upper classes due to a strong attachment to private property
Great Powers, particularly Metternich, opposed Greek revolution because
they sought a stable Ottoman Empire as bulwark against Russian expansion
Political competition in Great Britain between the aristocracy and a strong middle class allowed the working classes
to make temporary alliances with either competitor to better their own conditions and make Britain more Democratic
The revolutionaries in France immediately enacted
universal male suffrage, workplace reforms, freeing all slaves in French colonies, and abolishing the death penalty
What was the initial event that caused the revolutions in central Europe?
News of the upheaval in France, which emboldened liberals to demand reform
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
Worker demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms
The idea of Nationalism is
a vision of people united by a common language, culture, and history into a political state. It promoted heightened loyalty to the state and led to a breakdown of multi-ethnic states
Germaine de Stael urged creative individuals to
abandon traditional rules and classical models
Composers in the romantic movement
abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions
In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of
Poland
What were the "June Days" of 1848 in France?
A violent working class uprising, caused by the dissolution of the socialist workshops by the Constituent Assembly, which was crushed by the republican army and caused the death of over 10,000 people
In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?
As a collection of ethnic groups with cultural independence
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was multiethnic empire and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
Which diverse groups were united in opposition against the French king?
Bourgeois merchants and liberal intellectuals united with middle-class shopkeepers, skilled artisans, and unskilled laborers
Catholic Emancipation Bill (1829)
Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time
The chief minister under Louis Philippe and whose repressive actions lead to the revolution of 1848
Francois Guizot
Which countries escaped untouched by the 1848 Revolutions?
Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Ottoman and Russian Empires
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Turks, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
Great Britain, France, and Russia
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory
In contrast to enlightenment thinkers, romantics valued
Intuition and nostalgia for the past, as well as the supernatural and the self
Repeal of Test Act (1828)
It allowed Protestants who were not members of the Anglican Church to hold public office
What rights did Louis the XVIII's Constitutional Charter give to the people?
It granted some limited reform and civil rights
The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain
What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?
The economic relationship between classes
What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
The right to vote for all adult men.
Victor Hugo's novels exemplified
The romantic fascination with fantastic characters, exotic historical settings, and human emotions.
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Their utopian schemes were not realistic
What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?
They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments
In contrast to Turner, John Constable painted
the comforting Wordsworthian countryside of unspoiled rural England
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible
Great individualists, Romantics believed that
the full development of one's unique potential was the supreme purpose in life
What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?
the key to progress was proper social organization
The Great Famine was
the result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes, and was exacerbated by inadequate government relief efforts and an exploitative tenant system
When Charles X tried to revoke the Constitutional Charter in July 1830, resulted in
vicious street fighting, bringing down the government, and revolutions in Belgium, Switzerland, and Poland
The romantic movement was characterized by
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
The Revolutions of 1848 were in part caused by
bad harvests and uneven industrial development, in turn causing revolutions in Austria in 1846, Switzerland in 1847, and Naples in 1848
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution
The Chartists believed that the means to a good and just society was
complete political democracy
Victor Hugo's political evolution was
exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's in whom youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged conservatism.
The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of
forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain
