Ch 21 Respiratory system pt 2

Boyle's law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature

Explain the decrease in PO2 from the pulmonary venules to the blood arriving in the peripheral capillaries of the systemic circuit.

The PO2 decreases from about 100 mm Hg to 95 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins due to mixing with venous blood from the conducting passageways. The blood arriving at the peripheral capillaries has a PO2 of 95 mm Hg

identify the three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs).

asthma, chronic bronchitis emphysema

Define Dalton's law.

each gas in a mixture exerts a pressure equal to its relative abundance.

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract?

intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

How would blockage of the trachea affect blood ph?

most carbon dioxide is transported in blood as bicarbonate ion formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid, an inability to eliminate carbon dioxide would result in an excess of hydrogen ions, which lowers blood pH.

Define oxyhemoglobin.

oxygen bound to hemoglobin

What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration?

predict how gasses will dissolve in the alveoli and bloodstream during gas exchange.

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow deep breaths or rapid shallow breaths? Explain why.

slow, deep breaths ventilate the alveoli more effectively than do rapid, shallow breaths

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs?

the change in pressure. Pressure and volume is inversely related: this means as one goes up the other deceased.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?

the combination of increased temp and lower pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen than when the muscles are at rest

When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active?

the depth and frequency of respiration must be increased markedly.

Identify the primary inspiratory muscles.

diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.

driven by difference in partial pressure, oxygen enter the blood at the lungs and leaves it in peripheral tissues; similar forces drive carbon dioxide into the blood at the tissues and into the alveoli at the lungs

How does the respiratory minute volume differ from the alveolar ventilation?

Minute ventilation - the volume of air that flows into or out of the lung in one minute Alveolar ventilation - the volume of air that flows into or out of the alveolar space in one minute

Name the various measurable pulmonary valves

The pulmonary volumes are resting tidal volume (Vt), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).

Identify three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream.

bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, or dissolved in the plasma.