Ch 22 HW- Respiratory System

The word root__________ means carbon dioxide in blood.

-capnia

The word root___________ means breath or breathing.

-pnea

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).

False

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

False

The alveolar ducts are part of the conducting zone.

False Respiratory system organs are divided functionally into conducting zone structures (nose to terminal bronchioles), which filter, warm, and moisten incoming air; and respiratory zone structures (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts to alveoli), where gas exchanges occur.

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.

True -During quiet inspiration, muscular contractions of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increase thoracic volume. Due to the coupling of the parietal and visceral pleurae, an increase in thoracic volume results in an increase in lung volume. As illustrated by Boyle's law, this increase in lung volume results in a decrease in lung (intrapulmonary) pressure. With intrapulmonary pressure now lower than atmospheric pressure, the pressure gradient required for airflow into the lungs is achieved.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement relating to the airflow to the lungs?

When the sternocleidomastoid is activated, expiration occurs. The sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates the ribs, assisting in inspiration.

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.

[x] as the direct initiator of the cough reflex cleansing the air as a passageway for air movement warming and humidifying the air

The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________.

a cardiac notch

Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures?

alveoli Alveoli are thin-walled air sacs that are the sites of gas exchange. Along with the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, the alveoli make up the respiratory zone.

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

The word root ________ means throat or bronchial.

bronch-

Small air passages less than 1 mm are called

bronchioles

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

Labored breathing is called

dyspnea.

What structure prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea?

epiglottis During swallowing, the larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet. Because this action keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages, the epiglottis has been called the guardian of the airways.

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

epiglottis When the larynx is elevated during the act of swallowing, the epiglottis is pressed over the glottis to prevent swallowed food from entering the lower respiratory passages.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Higher than normal CO2 in the blood is called

hypercapnia

what is the function of the nasal conchae?

increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation [x] routing air and food into proper channels. While the nasal conchae are used for routing air, they are not involved in routing food. The nasal conchae are coated with membrane that has a rich blood supply; this cleans, humidifies, and warms incoming air.

Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.

intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

medulla and pons

Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

partial pressure of oxygen About 70% CO2 is transported as bicarbonate. When dissolved CO2 diffuses into RBCs, it combines with water, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3). H2CO3 is unstable and dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions. Once generated, bicarbonate moves quickly from the RBCs into the plasma, where it is carried to the lungs.

what is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system?

pharynx The funnel-shaped pharynx connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Commonly called the throat, the pharynx is the site where our respiratory pathway, from nose to larynx, crosses the digestive pathway, from mouth to esophagus.

Which of the following cavities surround(s) the lungs alone?

pleural cavities

The word root_________ means air, lung, or pulmonary.

pneumo-

A _________________is the presence of air in the pleural cavity, which inhibits breathing.

pneumothorax

Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern?

pontine respiratory centers

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following processes is properly matched with its description?

pulmonary ventilation: movement of gases into and out of the lungs transport of respiratory gases: O2 is bound to hemoglobin internal respiration: O2 diffuses out of the blood [x] external respiration: CO2 diffuses into the blood stream CO2 diffuses into the blood as it passes through the systemic capillaries of the tissues; this is internal respiration.

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?

single layer of smooth muscle cells

Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?

temporal

The larynx contains ________.

the thyroid cartilage

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?

type II alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells secrete a detergent-like surfactant that lessens the surface tension on the alveolar walls, preventing them from sticking to each other. Infants with IRDS can be treated until their cells produce adequate surfactant.

Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration?

ventral respiratory group (VRG) The urge to breathe comes from the ventral respiratory group in the medulla oblongata. This urge is accelerated during hypoxia and can be suppressed by certain drugs.