Ch 25 - Fluid, electrolyte, homeostasis
Which of the following solutes has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? Magnesium Proteins Calcium Sulfate
Calcium
Which of the following individuals has the highest total body water percentage? People older than age 60 Infants Men Women
Infants
Which of the following ions is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone matrix? Cl- PO43− HCO3− Na+
PO43−
Calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone __________. calcitonin ANP ADH PTH
PTH
Overhydration will cause __________. increase in ADH the kidneys to conserve water cells to lose water cells to gain water
cells to gain water
How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day? 2500 ml 500 ml 1500 ml 5000 ml
500 ml
This electrolyte imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in the plasma sodium ion concentration. hypernatremia hypokalemia hypercalcemia hyponatremia hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation? respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would retain HCO3 respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 respiratory acidosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 metabolic alkalosis; hypoventilation by the lungs
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3
An electrolyte is a __________. substance that prevents large fluctuations in pH substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion charged atom
substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to ________. nonelectrolyte balance acid-base balance pH balance water balance
water balance
How much water does an average person need to drink per day? 1.5 liters 2.5 liters 5 liters 750 ml
1.5 liters
What percentage of body fluids does interstitial fluid account for? 32% 40% 60% 8%
32%
What is the pH range resulting from a normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids? 7.35-7.45 0-14 7.15-7.25 7.50-7.6
7.35-7.45
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution? A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate. The hydrogen ion would attach to bicarbonate (HCO3) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). The hydrogen ion would attach to carbonic acid.
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.
A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. For which of the following patients is this solution an appropriate choice? A patient experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration A patient experiencing hypovolemia A patient who is dehydrated A patient who produces too little parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A patient experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration
What chemical dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+)? Salt Base Water Acid
Acid
Which of the following functions is not associated with water? Transports and distributes solutes Cushions organs and tissues Acts as a nonpolar solvent Distributes body heat
Acts as a nonpolar solvent
Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys? Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Vitamin D3 (calcitonin) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Aldosterone
Aldosterone
Which of the following hormones functions to regulate fluid balance in the body? Aldosterone Cortisol Calcitriol Parathyroid hormone
Aldosterone
What is the most common base in the human body? Hydroxide ion Water Hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion
Bicarbonate ion
Which of the following factors is a possible cause for respiratory alkalosis? Prolonged diarrhea Ingesting large doses of oral antacids Brain tumor on the respiratory centers Acute renal failure
Brain tumor on the respiratory centers
Which of the following actions is a primary role of the phosphate buffer system? Buffer stomach acid Buffer intracellular fluid (ICF) Buffer extracellular fluid (ECF) Buffer hydrogen ions inside erythrocytes
Buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
What is the biggest source of metabolic acids in the body? Carbon dioxide Lactic acid Uric acid Ketone bodies
Carbon dioxide
What product forms when a hydrogen ion from a strong acid is accepted by a bicarbonate ion? Carbonic acid Sodium bicarbonate Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide
Carbonic acid
How does the respiratory system work to decrease acidosis? Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate, which then buffers the acid. Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled. Carbonic acid converts a strong acid to a weak acid, thus decreasing acidity.
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis? Carbonic acid converts a strong acid to a weak acid, thus decreasing acidity. Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate, which then buffers the acid. Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
What is the main buffer system of the extracellular fluid (ECF)? Chloride ion buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system
Which of the following effects tend to be caused by hypernatremia? Cellular swelling Increased urine production Inhibition of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion Cellular crenation
Cellular crenation
Which of the following sources accounts for the majority of our total body water? Plasma Interstitial fluid Cytosol Extracellular fluid
Cytosol
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF)? Overhydration Hypotonic hydration Dehydration Edema
Dehydration
What is the appropriate respiratory compensation for alkalosis? Decreased respiratory rate Increased respiratory rate Secretion of hydrogen ions Secretion of bicarbonate ions
Decreased respiratory rate
Which of the following functions is not an important role of hydrogen ions? Inactivation of bacteria Decreases sodium ion reabsorption Digestion of ingested food Intracellular digestion by lysosomes
Decreases sodium ion reabsorption
What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood Increasing potassium ion concentration of the blood Decreasing sodium ion concentration of the blood Increasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
Decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
What is the most common cause for hypernatremia? Edema Dehydration Hypotonic hydration Water toxicity
Dehydration
Which of the following locations is a site of potassium ion secretion? Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Distal tubule Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)? ECF increases when ADH is present. ECF decreases when ADH is present. ADH has no effect on ECF. ECF increases initially, then decreases when ADH is present
ECF increases when ADH is present.
Which of the following solutes will dissociate into ions when placed in water? Glucose Electrolyte Starch Nonelectrolyte
Electrolyte
If the adrenal gland secreted excess aldosterone, what effect would that have on potassium ions in the blood? Excess aldosterone will lead to low blood potassium ion levels due to excessive absorption of potassium ions. Excess aldosterone will lead to low blood potassium ion levels due to excessive secretion of potassium ions. Excess aldosterone will lead to high blood potassium levels due to excessive absorption of potassium ions. Excess aldosterone will lead to high blood potassium levels due to decreased secretion of potassium ions.
Excess aldosterone will lead to low blood potassium ion levels due to excessive secretion of potassium ions.
For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate? Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Acid-base imbalance pH imbalance Metabolic alkalosis
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Which of the following substances is the most acidic? Plasma with a pH of 7.4 Pancreatic juice with a pH of 8 Urine with a pH of 5 Gastric juice with a pH of 2
Gastric juice with a pH of 2
Which of the following ions is found primarily in the ECF? HPO42− Mg2+ HCO3− K+
HCO3−
Which ion imbalance causes the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential to shorten, making the heart contractions shorter and weaker? Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Hypercalcemia Hyponatremia
Hypercalcemia
Which of the following side effects is most likely to develop if a patient is given aldosterone inhibitors? Decreased diuresis Hypercalcemia Hypernatremia Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
A patient is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. If that patient experienced damage to the kidneys from diabetes mellitus, predict how the body compensates to return blood pH to normal. Hyperventilation will return blood pH to normal. Hypoventilation will return blood pH to normal. The kidneys secrete bicarbonate ions into the urine. The kidneys retain hydrogen ions.
Hyperventilation will return blood pH to normal.
What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism? Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Hypothalamus Pons
Hypothalamus
What leads to respiratory acidosis? Hyperventilation Increasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate Hypoventilation Increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate
Hypoventilation
Which of the following functions is associated with chloride ions in the body? Involved in the activation of many enzymes Responsible for depolarization Involved in the secretion of newly formed bicarbonate ions from erythrocytes Main factor responsible for generating the resting membrane potential
Involved in the secretion of newly formed bicarbonate ions from erythrocytes
Which of the following statements about ECF is correct? It accounts for about 60% of the total body water. It has the same composition as the ICF. It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid. It is found inside cells.
It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid.
Which of the following ions is an important component of osseous tissue? Chlorine ions Sodium ions Potassium ions Magnesium ions
Magnesium ions
What is a major function of potassium ions in the body? Activating enzymes Maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF) Forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue Maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
Maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
What acid-base imbalance has an elevated blood pH and an elevated bicarbonate ion level? Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
If you double the total amount of Na ions, but you also double the amount of water they are dissolved in, __________. Na ion concentration will decrease Na ion concentration will increase Na ion concentration will stay the same the concentrations of Na and water will double
Na ion concentration will stay the same
Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body? Osseous tissue Loose connective tissue Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid
Osseous tissue
Under what condition might it be beneficial to administer hypertonic sodium chloride to a patient? Dehydration Overhydration Hypervolemia Edema
Overhydration
Which hormone has no role in potassium ion regulation? Insulin Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Aldosterone Epinephrine
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)? Phosphate ions Chloride ions Sodium ions Potassium ions
Phosphate ions
What is most abundant intracellular cation? Sodium Potassium Magnesium Chloride
Potassium
What is the main difference in composition of plasma and interstitial fluid? Sodium ions Calcium ions Protein content Bicarbonate ions
Protein content
Through what two organ systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body? Integumentary and skeletal systems Digestive and urinary systems Respiratory and urinary systems Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
Respiratory and urinary systems
How would drugs such as ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors affect the response of dehydration? Dehydration will allow for aldosterone and ADH to be secreted excessively if an ACE inhibitor is present. Response to dehydration begins with angiotensin-II so inhibiting it will hinder the body's ability to respond properly when dehydrated. ACE inhibitors will prevent dehydration from occurring. ACE inhibitors will keep levels of angiotensin-II at stable levels and will not impose any issues in the response to dehydration.
Response to dehydration begins with angiotensin-II so inhibiting it will hinder the body's ability to respond properly when dehydrated.
What is the most abundant extracellular cation? Chlorine ion Magnesium ion Sodium ion Potassium ion
Sodium ion
What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution? The force that proteins exert. The number of proteins present in solution. The number of solute particles present in solution. The force that fluids exert.
The force that fluids exert.
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following? The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions. The kidney will reabsorb both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. When it reabsorbs the hydrogen ion, it also generates more bicarbonate ions. The kidney would increase excretion of both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
What happens to the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions are added? The pH does not measure hydrogen ion concentration. The pH increases. The pH does not change. The pH decreases.
The pH decreases.
What effect will an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the plasma have on the plasma pH? The pH will increase. The pH will remain the same. The pH will decrease. CO2 has no effect on pH.
The pH will decrease.
A nurse is asked to start an intravenous line of isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride. He accidentally grabs a bag of hypertonic 9% sodium chloride instead. What will happen to his patient? The patient's cells will accommodate for the hypertonic solution and will allow for movement by osmosis to be minimal. The patient's cells will swell due to the hypertonic extracellular fluid, causing movement of water into the cytosol by osmosis. The patient's cells will exchange the fluid within the cytosol and the extracellular fluid at a constant rate, creating an isotonic solution. The patient's cells will shrivel due to losing water by osmosis from the cytosol into the hypertonic extracellular fluid.
The patient's cells will shrivel due to losing water by osmosis from the cytosol into the hypertonic extracellular fluid.
What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body? Integumentary system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system
Urinary system
Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs as a result of inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following actions is not an effect of angiotensin-II? Vasodilation Increase sodium ion reabsorption Stimulation of aldosterone secretion Stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
Vasodilation
What is the main component of all body fluids? Water Cytosol Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid
Water
In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma? Water is pulled out of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma Water is pushed out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma. There is no net movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma. Water is pulled out of the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
Water is pulled out of the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
What would be the effect of a hypertonic extracellular fluid on a cell? Water movement into or out of the cell is equal and the cell stays the same. Water will be pulled into the cytosol and the cell swells. Water will move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks. Water is pulled into the cell quickly and the cell will burst.
Water will move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.
Which of the following statements best describes the principle of mass balance? The mass of water and electrolytes must be the same in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF). If fluids are in balance, electrolytes will also be in balance. Homeostatic mechanisms always monitor the intracellular fluid (ICF) and the extracellular fluid (ECF). What is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body.
What is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body.
Could dehydration lead to an imbalance in potassium ions? Yes, dehydration will allow the kidneys to secrete potassium ions in the proximal tubule and not reabsorb them, causing an imbalance. Yes, dehydration will trigger aldosterone secretion, which stimulates potassium ion secretion, leading to an imbalance. No, dehydration will cause an imbalance in sodium ions, by decreasing extracellular concentrations, not potassium ions. No, dehydration will lead to the ECF remaining isotonic to the cytosol, causing no imbalance of electrolytes.
Yes, dehydration will trigger aldosterone secretion, which stimulates potassium ion secretion, leading to an imbalance.
The hormone PTH causes __________. a decrease in the activity of osteoclasts a decrease in the reabsorption of calcium ions a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions a decrease in the absorption of calcium ions
a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause for metabolic acidosis? ingestion of acidic drugs asthma kidney failure diabetes
asthma
The bicarbonate ion is an example of a(n) __________. solvent cation acid base
base
The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to __________. buffer extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer stomach acid buffer intracellular fluid (ICF) buffer hydrogen ions inside erythrocytes
buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
Which of these is not a result of Vitamin D's influence on calcium ion homeostasis? prevents loss of calcium ions in urine promotes calcium ion absorption in the intestines increase bone deposition decrease bone mass
decrease bone mass
A patient present with severe metabolic alkalosis. The appropriate respiratory compensation would be __________. decreased respiratory rate increased respiratory rate secretion of bicarbonate ions secretion of hydrogen ions
decreased respiratory rate
An excess accumulation of interstitial fluid is called ______________. dehydration edema hypovolemia hypocalcemia
edema
Which of the following happens during compensation for alkalosis? increased respiratory rate excretion of H+ excretion of HCO3− decreased pH of the urine
excretion of HCO3−
Which of the following is not an electrolyte? glucose sodium ion potassium ion chloride ion
glucose
This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by hyperparathyroidism. hypernatremia hypokalemia hypercalcemia hyponatremia hyperkalemia
hypercalcemia
This electrolyte imbalance can be caused by renal failure, aldosterone insufficiency, cellular destruction from severe burns or trauma, and accidental administration or ingestion of excess potassium salts. hypernatremia hypokalemia hypercalcemia hyponatremia hyperkalemia
hyperkalemia
The most common cause of this electrolyte imbalance is hypernatremia hypokalemia hypercalcemia hyponatremia hyperkalemia
hypernatremia
This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by diuretics hypernatremia hypokalemia hypercalcemia hyponatremia hyperkalemia
hypokalemia
Which of the following is a response mechanism for overhydration? increased levels of ADH increased levels of aldosterone increased thirst increased levels of ANP
increased levels of ANP
The appropriate response to hyponatremia is __________. increased ANP decreased aldosterone increased reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys decreased consumption of salty foods
increased reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys
Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as ________. respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be. metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances? metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance? metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance? metabolic alkalosis with no compensation respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
Increased water volume causes the hydrostatic pressure in plasma to increase and the osmotic pressure to decrease; as a result, water will __________. move from the ECF to the ICF move from the interstitial fluid to the plasma move from the ICF to the ECF not move in any of the listed directions
move from the ECF to the ICF
Which of the following pH values is considered basic, or alkaline? pH of 4 pH of 7 pH of 1 pH of 10
pH of 10
Which of the following pH values is most acidic? pH of 2 pH of 13 pH of 9 pH of 7
pH of 2
A patient is given excessive IV fluids and is experiencing overhydration. Which of the following would you expect? plasma volume will decrease plasma osmotic pressure will increase fluid will shift out of the cytosol plasma hydrostatic pressure will increase
plasma hydrostatic pressure will increase
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest? respiratory system renal system chemical buffer system
renal system
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
Hyperventilation causes __________, and hypoventilation causes __________. renal alkalosis; renal acidosis respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis respiratory acidosis; respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis
