Ch. 26 Nutrition and Metabolism

How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?

32 moles

What are the components of an ATP molecule?

Adenine, ribose, and phosphate

Vitamin _______________ plays an important role in calcium balance.

D

What are water-soluble vitamins?

Folic acid, Ascorbic acid, and Riboflavin

What role does the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve?

Forms a recognition marker for cells and enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood

What are some monosaccharides?

Fructose, Glucose, and Galactose

What hormone promotes negative nitrogen balance?

Glucocorticoids

What term refers to the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis

What are examples of carbohydrates?

Glucose, Glycogen, and sucrose

What term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose?

Glycogenesis

What process yield a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule?

Glycolysis

The ________________________ cycle (citric acid cycle) is the cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.

Krebs

What at the types of lipoproteins?

LDLs, VLDDLs, Chylomicrons, and HDLs

List what are often considered essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, and Linolenic acid

What are the types of nutrients?

Lipids, Water, Proteins, Vitamins, Carbohydrates, and Minerals

Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body?

Nutrient

Which of the following are lipids? Phospholipids, glycogen, triglycerides, cholesterol, and polypeptides

Phospholipids, Triglycerides, and Cholesterol

What term refers to a carbohydrate molecule comprised of many glucose monomers?

Polysaccharide

Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance?

Pregnant women, Athletes in resistance training (building muscle), and Growing children

Describe the electron transport chain.

Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP

Match each mineral to its most common dietary sources.

Sodium> Table salt, processed foods, usually present in excess Calcium> Milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice Iron> Red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts legumes, molasses Fluoride> Fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed

What are some disaccharides?

Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose

Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source.

Sucrose> Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets Fructose> Fruits Maltose> Germinating cereal grains Lactose> Cow's milk

______________________ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

Transamination

Match each vitamin to its function.

Vitamin C> Promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions as an antioxidant Vitamin A> Component of the visual pigments; promotes proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant Vitamin D> Promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization Vitamin K> Essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting

Match each nutrient class to its partial list of functions.

Water> Coolant; Solvent; reactant or product in many metabolic reactions, etc. Vitamins> Coenzymes for many metabolic pathways; antioxidants, etc. Lipids> Fuel; plasma membrane structure; myelin sheaths; hormones; insulation; padding around organs, etc. Proteins> Muscle contraction; enzymes; antibodies; buffers; emergency fuel, etc. Carbohydrates> Fuel; glycoproteins and glycolipids Minerals> Structure of bones and teeth; electrolytes; buffers; stomach acid, etc.

What are an examples of a trace minerals?

Zinc, Copper, and Iodine

By definition, one _________________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

Because the class of nutrients called _______________ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.

carbohydrates

Alcohol and sugary foods are considered "__________________ calories", calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.

empty

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of ________________________.

glucose

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called:

metabolism

The process called _________________________ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.

phosphorylation

In the presence of oxygen, __________________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

pyruvic

The recommended intake of the nutrient _________________ is 1.1 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5 g/day.

sodium