Ch. 26 Nutrition and Metabolism
How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?
32 moles
What are the components of an ATP molecule?
Adenine, ribose, and phosphate
Vitamin _______________ plays an important role in calcium balance.
D
What are water-soluble vitamins?
Folic acid, Ascorbic acid, and Riboflavin
What role does the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve?
Forms a recognition marker for cells and enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood
What are some monosaccharides?
Fructose, Glucose, and Galactose
What hormone promotes negative nitrogen balance?
Glucocorticoids
What term refers to the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids?
Gluconeogenesis
What are examples of carbohydrates?
Glucose, Glycogen, and sucrose
What term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose?
Glycogenesis
What process yield a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule?
Glycolysis
The ________________________ cycle (citric acid cycle) is the cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.
Krebs
What at the types of lipoproteins?
LDLs, VLDDLs, Chylomicrons, and HDLs
List what are often considered essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, and Linolenic acid
What are the types of nutrients?
Lipids, Water, Proteins, Vitamins, Carbohydrates, and Minerals
Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body?
Nutrient
Which of the following are lipids? Phospholipids, glycogen, triglycerides, cholesterol, and polypeptides
Phospholipids, Triglycerides, and Cholesterol
What term refers to a carbohydrate molecule comprised of many glucose monomers?
Polysaccharide
Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance?
Pregnant women, Athletes in resistance training (building muscle), and Growing children
Describe the electron transport chain.
Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP
Match each mineral to its most common dietary sources.
Sodium> Table salt, processed foods, usually present in excess Calcium> Milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice Iron> Red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts legumes, molasses Fluoride> Fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed
What are some disaccharides?
Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose
Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source.
Sucrose> Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets Fructose> Fruits Maltose> Germinating cereal grains Lactose> Cow's milk
______________________ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.
Transamination
Match each vitamin to its function.
Vitamin C> Promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions as an antioxidant Vitamin A> Component of the visual pigments; promotes proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant Vitamin D> Promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization Vitamin K> Essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting
Match each nutrient class to its partial list of functions.
Water> Coolant; Solvent; reactant or product in many metabolic reactions, etc. Vitamins> Coenzymes for many metabolic pathways; antioxidants, etc. Lipids> Fuel; plasma membrane structure; myelin sheaths; hormones; insulation; padding around organs, etc. Proteins> Muscle contraction; enzymes; antibodies; buffers; emergency fuel, etc. Carbohydrates> Fuel; glycoproteins and glycolipids Minerals> Structure of bones and teeth; electrolytes; buffers; stomach acid, etc.
What are an examples of a trace minerals?
Zinc, Copper, and Iodine
By definition, one _________________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
Because the class of nutrients called _______________ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.
carbohydrates
Alcohol and sugary foods are considered "__________________ calories", calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.
empty
Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of ________________________.
glucose
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called:
metabolism
The process called _________________________ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.
phosphorylation
In the presence of oxygen, __________________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.
pyruvic
The recommended intake of the nutrient _________________ is 1.1 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5 g/day.
sodium
