Ch. 3: Sensation and Perception

Dual or Two-process Theory

The idea that we localize low-frequency sounds by using time or phase differences, or both (The _________________ of sound localization suggests that we localize low-frequency sounds by using time or phase differences, or both, at the two ears)

Occipital Lobe

The part of our brain responsible for processing the visual information. (The information processed through rods and cones will eventually be projected to the back of our brain known as the ______________, which is where all the visual information will first be processed in our brain. The primary visual cortex can be subdivided into five different sections depending on its primary function.)

Auditory cortex

The part of the brain that is primarily responsible for processing the auditory information. (The ______________ has areas specializing in speech language input such as voice. Speech sounds are given extensive attention in our ________________, such as the left auditory cortex areas, Broca's and Wernicke's areas.)

Cornea

The surface of the eye. (Office settings with laptop computers also contribute to additional exposure of the ________________ along with reduced tears.)

somatotopically

The touch area of the brain (i.e., primary somatosensory cortex) is __________________ organized.

non-sensory

There are also a number of __________________ factors that can affect the observer's performance in a signal/sensory detection task: •Motivation •Attention •Experience •Fatigue .Expectation

rods/cones

There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the human eye: _________ and ___________.

What pathway/where pathway

There are two main streams of processing that start from the occipital lobe:

kinesthetic sensitivity and cutaneous sensitivity

There are two types of sensory experiences that make-up somesthesis, which is what we collectively refer to as out bodily sensations: __________ and _____________.

perception

allows us to be selective and even occasionally ignore unimportant information in an effort to efficiently gather meaningful and useful information.

Rods

A specific group of photoreceptors that are specialized to process dim light and are useful for night vision and peripheral vision. (are ________ shaped and better at processing dim light, which may be experienced at dusk or at night.)

Nociceptors

A type of receptor that responds to painful stimuli or stimuli that are capable of causing tissue damage.

Photoreceptor

A type of sensory receptor specifically for vision, which is located on the retina at the back of the eye.

Parvocellular Pathway

A visual pathway for central vision and high spatial resolution images.

Magnocellular Pathway

A visual pathway for peripheral vision and low spatial resolution images from the retina.

top-down processing

is an information-gathering process starting from an individual's knowledge, expectations, and prior experiences.

bottom-up processing

is an information-gathering process starting from each individual stimulus.

Somatic Hallucinations

when someone feels something within their body, such as that of bugs crawling under the skin or like an object trapped in their abdomen.

Lens

A biconvex crystalline structure that helps focus the visual image onto the retina in the back of the eye. (The __________ is a biconvex crystalline structure that is actually quite stiff and difficult to stretch, so it shouldn't be surprising to learn that eye fatigue occurs quickly after constant near viewing)

Chemoreceptors

A class of receptors that detect water soluble, lipid soluble chemicals.

Blind Spot

A gap in the retina due to the exit of the optic nerve where no photoreceptors are located; this causes a _____________ in the visual field during sensation. (the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye—the _______________ —is quite literally not sensitive to light waves because there are no photoreceptors on that part of the retina.)

Sensory Receptors

All ___________________ have the ability to take information from the world around us and convert it into neural codes that are able to generate neural activity that our brain is able to interpret

Glare

An uncomfortable level of brightness. (Virtually no _____________ occurs from paper, while it can be considerable with computer monitors.)

activated

Another way to categorize sensory receptors is based on the type of energy they transduce or are______________ by, and this breakdown includes the following: (Photoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors)

Converge

The ability of the two eyes to move, rotate inward toward the nose; this is often referred to as being cross-eyed. (Close viewing requires the eyes to _________________ (i.e., move toward one another), much like what you see when someone "crosses" their eyes, perhaps not quite as dramatic.)

Ciliary Muscles

The muscles within the eye that stretch or compress the lens for the purpose of focusing the visual image. (Not only do the ____________ have to work hard, but so do the ocular muscles.)

most/less

The gustation receptors are slightly specialized for certain types of taste; each receptor is __________ sensitive to one particular taste and __________ sensitive to the other types of taste.

Wavelength

The linear distance between two successive compressions or peaks in light waves. (_____________ and frequencies are inversely related.)

14 %

Consider the issue around screen time. Estimates suggest more than ___________ of optometry visits are related to eye or vision problems resulting from computer, tablet, or smartphone use.

Intensity/location

Despite their diversity, all sensory systems and subsystems extract the same basic information from stimuli, including modality, _______________, duration, and ______________.

skillful/poor

Our sensory systems are particularly ____________ in detecting contrasts or changes in the environment and are particularly _____________ at detecting constant stimulus energy.

Ocular Lubrication

Our visual system is able to make its own surface liquid which serves to keep the eye moist; natural tears are the mechanism for this process. (One of the most significant causes of Computer Vision Syndrome is decreased _____________________ , also known as tears. Decreased ____________________ is caused primarily by decreased blink rate. Blinking is very important because each blink works to coat the eye with tears. Several studies have shown that people typically blink about 12 times per minute; however, blink rate is typically reduced by half for computer users.

Exteroceptors

Receptors that respond to environmental energy or stimuli that are occurring from the outside of one's body, such elements include light, sound, touch, and chemical agents.

Mechanoreceptors

Receptors that sense deformations and motion of solids, liquids and gases. Mechanical forces are those that tend to deform or accelerate objects possessing mass.

Exteroceptors, Proprioceptors, Interoceptors

Sensory receptors are sensitive to a specific form of physical energy (e.g., light, sound, pressure, or movement). Despite their apparent diversity, sensory receptors can be broadly classified into three categories:

Acuity

The level of detail in a picture or the sharpness of an image. (Pixilation is a physical measure of resolution (the sensory component; what we see), which is described in psychological terms as _______________ (the perceptual component; how we see it) or described in everyday language as detail.)

oval window

The middle ear sends sound waves to the inner ear through a tiny structure similar to the eardrum. This structure is called the ______________ and is the "front gate" to the cochlea.

significantly decreases

The number of cones ________ _________ as we move from the fovea toward the edges of the retina. These edges of the retina contain far more rods than cones.

neurons

The olfactory receptor cells are actual ______________. The olfactory receptor cells undergo continuous neurogenesis (reproduction) about once every 25 to 30 days; the ________________ in the olfactory system are the only ________________ known to reproduce.

Pinna

The outer funnel-shaped structure of the ear; normally, this is what people refer to as their ear. (What we normally just refer to as "ears," the __________, collect sound waves from the environment.)

Pupilloconstrictor Zone

The part of the midbrain responsible for controlling the diameter of the pupil.

sound wave

The physical stimulus for audition comes in the form of a wave: a _________________.

Optic Chiasm

The point in the brain at which the optic nerves from each eye meet and partly cross over to the other side of the brain. (After leaving the eye, the optic nerves meet in the brain at a point called the ________________. Here, the optic nerve from each eye splits into two smaller bundles of axons—one for the right and left visual fields of each eye—and is sent to different regions of the brain for higher-order perception

Cochlea

The spiral structure in the inner ear that contains both fluid and the basilar membrane; the latter houses sensory receptors for audition. (The ______________ is the location where transduction of sound waves finally begins to occur.)

Eardrum

The thin membrane at the end of the ear canal that vibrates at a specific frequency when bombarded by sound waves. (After collecting these sound waves, the outer ear funnels them down through the ear canal right up to the _______________. As sound waves come into contact with the _______________, it vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves in the ear canal.)

Location

There are two important measurements of a person's ability to detect spatial aspects of a sensory experience: (1) the ability to ____________ the source/site of stimulation, and (2) the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced stimuli.

Retina

A light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision.

not

While all light follows the same basic laws, light does __________ affect all objects equally. However, there is so much more to light than what we see.

light/color

While anecdotal, the power of___________ and _________ has become an integral component of our everyday language. Clearly, we connect how we feel with light, such as feeling "bright" or "dark" and even more specifically we associate and explain how we feel with color.

frequency & energy

While we use different names to describe light, there is no fundamental difference between light at one end of the spectrum versus light at the other end aside from wavelength-dependent properties such as _________ and ___________.

where

a visual pathway projected into the parietal lobe that integrates information about the location of an object. ( The other pathway, which goes into the parietal lobe, is called the _______________.)

what

a visual pathway projected into the temporal lobe that responds to and integrates information about the size, color, and/or the identity of an object. (The pathway going into the temporal lobe is known as the _______________ and responds to and integrates information about the size, color, and/or the identity of the object.)

Tactile Hallucinations

when someone feels like something or someone touched them, like being grabbed or pulled.

attention

A concentrated mental effort that functions as a filter to ignore unimportant events and focus on important events. (In a way, object perception is a goal-driven process. There is a plethora of information around us and it is neither practical nor meaningful to process all of the sensory input. That is why we need a selective filter known as _____________. _____________, or concentrated mental effort, is crucial in the beginning of perception.)

Occlusion

A phenomenon in which an object closer to a viewer appears to block another object that is farther away from the viewer. (We make assumptions that an object blocking something is closer to us than the object being blocked and extract depth information from those cues. This concept is known as ____________

Monaural Cues

Auditory depth perception that occurs with just one ear.

Binaural Cues

Auditory depth perception that occurs with the use of both ears.

binocular disparity

Because your left and right eyes cover slightly different visual fields, the images from the left and right eyes are slightly different (_________________) and provide the information for depth perception. (Though we can receive plenty of depth information by using one eye (monocular cues), we get more sophisticated information by using both of our eyes (_____________ cues).)

Immunity

Certain cells of the epidermis play a role in increasing the immune response.

inattentional blindness

Diverted attention resulting in failure of accurate scene detection as if we are blind to that event. (The unpredictability of an event or diverted attention will result in failure of accurate scene detection (as if we are blind to that event) for a short time. This phenomenon is known as _______________.

bottom-up processing/top-down processing

If we only rely on _______________, we will not be able to see the whole picture since you are only focused on individual stimulus. Most of us use _______________ as well.

Maintenance of body temperature

In response to an increase in ambient temperature or strenuous exercise, the production of perspiration by sweat glands helps lower core body temperature and skin temperature (see next chapter).

Equal Loudness Contours

Lines measuring the function of loudness and frequencies of sound waves. (Because the physical intensity of a stimulus has a logarithmic function with our experience, a greater sound intensity will be needed at the higher end of the sound wave spectrum for us to notice a difference (production of JND). This notion is captured in the__________________ , which show the function of loudness and frequencies.)

skin

Most of our sense of touch is located in our _________. The __________ is the largest organ of the body and typically covers around 3,000 inches. Also, receptors for this sensory system are the only non-localized sensory receptors.

efficient

Our brain will find the most __________ way to interpret the visual input and may trick us to believe a phantom existence of a stimulus.

parvocellular pathway

The __________________ (P pathway) receives information from P ganglion cells about central vision and therefore high spatial resolution images. These separate pathways serve as the anatomical basis for more localized visual information processing even at an earlier stage

optical illusions

Perception attempts to find useful ways to make the most of our surroundings, sometimes even at the cost of misrepresentation of the visual stimulus. This is why we experience _________________.)

temporal lobe

Perception of sound information involves a higher-order acoustic information processing. Once the basic auditory input (sound wave) is registered by the hair cells, it is transmitted to the primary auditory cortex, which is the ____________.

magnocellular pathway

The ____________________ (M pathway) receives information from M ganglion cells about peripheral vision and therefore low spatial resolution images from the retina.

eye

The ___________ is the single most complex sensory organ.

monaural and binaural

The auditory system is able to distinguish the location/direction—analogous to depth in vision—of a sound source as well as the relative distance of sound-emitting stimuli. This is accomplished by the use of _______________ _______________ cues.

Doppler Shift

The change in pitch emitted by an object moving horizontally in space, in relation to a stationary observe. (If two sounds are presented simultaneously, the louder one is perceived to be closer. Also, we can determine that an ambulance is approaching based on the intensity and the pitch of the siren (particular if the observer is stationary). The change in pitch emitted by an object moving horizontally in space, in relation to a stationary observe, is termed the ______________).

Gestalt psychology

The degree to which visual perception is transformational and therefore creative has only recently been appreciated within the scientific world. The view that perception is not simply a reduction of complex forms but a holistic, creative process was first introduced by a school of thought termed ___________

Sound Shadow

The difference in sound intensity due to head blocking/deflecting some of the sound waves. (we localize high frequency sounds by using the intensity differences caused by the _______________ produced by the head and differences in their distance from the sound source.)

(m)agnocellular/(p)arvocellular

The primary visual cortex also processes retinal images in a very specialized way through M and P pathways.

1. Detection 2. Discrimination 3. Identification

The process of visual perception can be simplified into three basic tasks

Pacician Corpuscles

The sensory receptors for touch located under the skin; these sensory receptors respond to pressure applied to the surface of the skin. (located just below the surface of the skin, are the sensory receptors for touch. These sensory receptors respond to pressure applied to the surface of the skin.)

Blood reservoir

The skin and underlying vascular supply provide a substantial supply of blood that can quickly be shifted to muscles in times of increased activity.

Protection

The skin covers the body and provides a formidable physical barrier that protects underlying tissues from physical abrasion, bacteria, dehydration, and ultra-violet radiation. An individual can actually survive for some time without skin as long as body temperature and infections are contained.

Detection of Stimuli

The skin has a number of receptors that provide information about touch, pain, temperature, and deep pressure. This aspect of the skin is the focus of this section.

Excretion

The skin is able to expel dangerous waste material through perspiration (i.e., ___________ of salts, organic materials, and some drugs). By the way, perspiration doesn't necessarily smell bad; it is the bacteria that quickly reproduce on your skin that omit the unpleasant odor.

Interaural Intensity Difference

The slight difference in sound volume at it reaches one ear compared to the other. (A binaural process by which the brain can determine the location of a sound in space is the ______________. A sound not only strikes the nearer ear first but also delivers a slightly more intense sound to that ear.)

Phase Difference

The slight difference in the degree the sound wave is moving through its wave when it reaches one ear compared to the other. (Another source of information the brain uses to localize sound is the ______________ between the sounds reaching the two ears. Since these sounds are defracted (bent) around the head, they reach each ear at slightly different phases.)

Interaural Time Differences

The slight difference in time sound arrives at one ear before the other ear. (One of the important methods used to locate auditory stimuli is by means of ___________________. This means that if the left ear receives a sound first, the right auditory cortex becomes more active, while simultaneously deactivating the left auditory cortex.)

sensational

Unlike ___________ process, the context surrounding individual stimulus as well as your personal expectations and experience will shape your perceptual process.

Synthesis of vitamin D

Upon exposure of the skin to ultra-violet light, the skin is able to produce _______________ (chemical name is 1,25 dihydroxycalciferol), which acts as a hormone.

cutaneous sensitivity

__________ senses (skin sense) refers touch, pressure, temperature, and pain (nociception).

Kinesthetic Sensitivity

___________ sense refers to knowledge about spatial position and movement information occurring from mechanical stimulation of mobile joints, muscles, and tendons.

Pain

________________ is a complex perceptual phenomenon influenced by a number of physiological, cognitive, and emotional factors.

Thermal or mechanical nociceptors

_________________ are associated with sensations of sharp, stinging pain and tend to be well localized.

Polymodal nociceptors

__________________ are activated by a variety of high-intensity mechanical, chemical, and very hot or very cold stimuli.

innate neuronal

the brain makes certain assumptions about what is to be seen in the world, and these expectations seem to be derived in part from experience and also from _________ wiring.

Visual Systems

Our ________________ is only capable of transducing a very small fraction of the entire range of electromagnetic radiation.

Stimulus

A quantifiable pattern of physical energy, which is able to interact with an organism and produce a change in the condition of the organism. A ______________ is a type of environmental energy, like light, that we are capable of detecting and responding to. (A ______________ is simply a scientific term for anything that acts on your own behavior or mental processes.)

Most of the sensory systems include the following features:

1.Environmental energy 2.Detection of environmental energy 3.Activation of sensory receptors 4.Transduction of energy 5.Neural encoding 6.Mapped organization 7.Neural pathways 8.Neural relays 9.Sensory subsystems 10.Central or multisensory integration

Optic Nerve

A large bundle of axons that leave the back of the eye and carries visual information to the visual cortex of the brain. (Notice in the figure that there is a hole in the retina where the _____________ must exit the inside of the eye. In this location there are zero rods or cones.

Absolute Threshold

A method used to study the limits of sensation; the smallest amount of a physical stimulus that can be correctly detected 50% of the time. (A person's _________________ is measured by taking the smallest amount of a stimulus and gradually increasing its strength until a person correctly guesses the stimulus's presence 50% of the time.)

Difference Threshold

A method used to study the sensitivity of sensation; the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be correctly detected 50% of the time; this is also called the just-noticeable difference. (A ______________________ is estimated by comparing the intensity of two stimuli, and gradually increasing the difference between their intensities until a difference can be detected by the person.)

Pixilation

A physical measure of resolution on a screen. (the sensory component; what we see: Even the highest quality computer screens have lower _______________ compared with paper.)

Weber's Law

A principle in sensation that suggests that the size of the difference threshold is relative to the strength of the original stimulus. (A fascinating aspect of the difference threshold is that it is not fixed, but relative. ____________ suggests the difference threshold between two stimuli is relative to the size of the original stimulus.)

Proprioceptors

Are sensory receptors that are activated by muscular movement or passive displacement of body parts.

basilar membrane

As amplified sound waves travel through the fluid in the cochlea, a structure called the ______________ begins to ripple as well. Attached to the _____________ are the sensory receptors, hair cells, for sound (As the _____________ bends due to sound waves, so too do the hair cells. As these hair cells bend with the sound waves, the physical energy is transduced into neural impulses sent from the auditory nerve to the appropriate parts of the brain for higher-order processing.)

decreases

As the body transforms environmental energy to perceptions, the amount and complexity of the information changes. The nervous system systematically ________________ the information but at each step, it also increase the information's complexity.

Fovea

Cones are mostly located in the _____________, an area on the retina associated with the center of vision. Visual acuity is highest in this region. When we look at an object, the center of that object is located in the fovea on our retina. (center of the retina and contains the highest density of cones)

Modality

Five major sensory modalities have been recognized since the history of man: vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell; however, there are actually more. Furthermore, each _____________ has sub-modalities (i.e., taste: sweet, sour, bitter or salty).

Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)

Inappropriate computer monitor distance and angle are additional causes of eye strain and _______________________ Focusing on close objects, compared to distant objects, requires more ocular muscles and those muscles have to work harder.

empty

Instead, neighboring photoreceptors help fill in the ___________ areas in perception.

fibrous muscular structure

Light waves bounce off objects in the physical world and enter our mental world through small holes at the front of the eyes. The colorful area of the eye that is documented on your driver's license is called the iris, and it is the ____________________ that contains these small holes.

retina/photoreceptor

Light waves travel through the opening in the front of the eye (the pupil) and are processed on a structure at the back of the eye, the _____________. The sensory receptor for vision is called a __________________ and many of these rest on the ___________.

stress/arousal

Pupil diameter is also influenced by ____________ and _____________ (like lying) and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Thermoreceptors

Receptors that are sensitive to changes in temperature.

Photoreceptors

Receptors that are sensitive to radiant electro-magnetic energy (light).

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

Sound waves are then transferred from the eardrum to three tiny bones that constitute the middle ear: the ____________ _______________ ____________.

vibrations

Sounds are produced by _____________ (sound can only take place in a medium--gas, solid, or liquid), and these ________________ radiate outward from the source, with alternating peaks and valleys of pressure. Otherwise stated, sound is a result of cycles of compressions and rarefactions.

Hertz

Soundwaves are analyzed by the number of cycles that occur per second, termed a ____________. Humans can usually hear sounds waves that cycle between 20 and 20,000 ____________.

Duration

The ________________ of a sensation is defined by the relationship between the stimulus intensity and the perceived intensity. Essentially, if a stimulus persists for a sustained period of time, its intensity decreases over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation. Sensory systems are able to detect change the best, not constant stimulation.

frequency

The ________________ of the wave or the number of peaks that occur during a defined unit of time determines the pitch.

wavelength/light wave

The ___________________ of a _______________ —the distance from peak to peak—is the physical property of the light wave stimulus that we would perceive as color.

Amplitude

The amount of vibration or pressure in a sound wave often referred to as loudness. (The ______________ of the wave is the maximum change in air pressure. ______________ is correlated with the psychological attribute loudness. Loudness is related to intensity and intensity is related to pressure.)

iris

The colorful area of the eye that is documented on your driver's license is called the _____________ and it is the fibrous muscular structure that contains these small holes (pupil).

Perception

The detailed process of interpreting and making sense of a combination of sensations. (your brain making sense of the physical stimulus from the world by organizing)

sensation

The detection of physical stimuli in the environment such as light waves, sound waves, pressure, or chemical molecules. (is best defined as the detection of some physical stimulus in the environment by one of your sensory organs)

Transduction

The process of converting a physical stimulus into a meaningful and useful neural signal capable of being interpreted by the brain. (Getting from sensation to perception is also a fascinating and important process. The physical energy (stimulus) must be modified into a form the brain can use via ______________ )

Decibel

The scientific unit of measurement for loudness. (The _____________ level is set to have a minimum of 0, which is the lowest sound audible to the human ear.)

taste buds

The sensory receptors for gustation that are located deep within porous structures on the tongue; there are five basic types of ___________. (The stimuli for taste are various chemicals contained in food we consume. Saliva in the mouth helps breaks down food and releases these chemicals, which are then free to be processed by the sensory receptors for gustation. The sensory receptors for gustation are located on your ______________.)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The spectrum of light.

olfactory receptor

These chemical molecules enter the nostrils and stimulate the ____________ that are located at the top of the nasal cavity. Once these _____________ are stimulated, the neural signals are sent through the porous part of the skull at the top of the nasal cavity and on to the olfactory bulb.)

Pupils

These holes, _____________, are the black circles that expand and contract depending on whether you are inside or outside in the sun. Keep in mind, pupils are not structures at all.

Interceptors

These receptors that are able to respond to materials inhaled, ingested, or passed, and to changes in chemical surroundings, mechanical pressure or shearing force.

Hair Cells

Thin, hair-like structures that are the sensory receptors for audition; these are located on the basilar membrane inside the cochlea. (As amplified sound waves travel through the fluid in the cochlea, a structure called the basilar membrane begins to ripple as well. Attached to the basilar membrane are the sensory receptors, ________________, for sound)

The Process of sensation to perception

This process takes place in the following order: stimulation, reception, transduction, transmission, and perception

Sensory Adaption

______________ is a decline in a sensation's sensitivity resulting from the presence of a constant stimulus. (The sensitivity of sensory receptors can be affected by the duration of a stimulus. Our sensory receptors become less sensitive when exposed to a constant stimulus for a certain amount of time.)

Stimulus Energy

When _______________ is transduced by the sensory receptor into neural energy, specific features of the stimulus, such as intensity and duration, are represented in the resultant pattern of action potentials.

Potential Stimuli

______________ are physical energies that have yet to be detected, but are in fact detectable, like a distant sound. Therefore, if the physical energy from the environment does not cause a change in the organism, it would not be considered a stimulus. (For example, certain animals can detect UV light, magnetic energy, or very high pitch sounds, while humans can't, so such patterns of energy would not be stimuli to humans.)

Intensity

___________ or the amount of a sensation depends on the strength of the stimulus. At the receptor level, stimulus _________________ is influenced by two factors. The first relates to the total number of receptors activated (spatial coding), while the second relates to the output generated by a single receptor or a group of receptors (temporal coding). The lowest stimulus ____________ a subject can detect is defined as the Sensory Threshold. Interestingly, sensory thresholds are not stable across time nor are they similar across different people

Sensation(s) (definition/description)

___________ refer to certain, immediate, and directly qualitative experiences or attributes such as hard, warm, sweet, red, or bright, produced by simple isolated physical stimuli. These specialized cells form the basis for what most people understand as _____________, and it is these sensory experiences that ultimate give rise to our perceptions. _____________ always travel in an ascending fashion, starting from a particular sensory receptor and terminating in the brain. _____________ are produced by stimuli.

Light

_____________, also known as electromagnetic radiation, is the fundamental energy source for our visual system. Simply stated the human eye is capable of collecting, detecting, transducing, and encoding electromagnetic radiation.

Perceptions

______________ refer to the psychological processes whereby meaning, past experience or memory, and judgments are used to evaluate the significance of particular stimuli. (For example, how is it that we are able to, in a crowded and loud room, attend to our name being said but not to other names? Obviously, our names have greater significance and history than other names. In addition, ______________ are associated with the organization and integration of sensory attributes. For example, flavor is a ______________ and is the culmination of taste, smell, and texture)

adjust/readjust

________________ the distance of paper as we read and _________________ it as the muscle get tired of being in one location.

Sensation and perception

_________________ and _______________ are both important for what you might consider a normal, everyday experience.

sensations

_________________ refer to your body's ability to interact with specific types of energy from the environment like light, sounds, tastes, etc. Once this information reaches the brain, meaning is attached to it, which is the defining feature of a perception

Light Waves

___________________ bounce off objects in the physical world and enter our mental world through small holes at the front of the eyes.

Parasympathetic

____________________ (e.g., "the rest and digest" system) activation allows for pupil constriction, whereas sympathetic (e.g., the "fight or flight" system) activation allows for pupil dilation.

Cones

are ___________ shaped and are specialized to process colorful images in very high detail. ____________ also require substantial light in order to properly work.

Hallucinations

are perceptions of experiences without corresponding external stimuli together with a compelling feeling that these are real. These are the most significant and debilitating symptom of schizophrenia.

Stimulus (definition/description)

organism and produce a change in the condition of the organism. That is, a ___________ is a type of environmental energy, like light, that we are capable of detecting and responding to.

Auditory Hallucinations

when someone hears something that is not there, such as a voice or TV.

Visual Hallucinations

when someone sees something that is not real, such as a person or creature

Olfactory Hallucinations

when someone smells something that is not there, such as smoke or coffee.

Gustatory Hallucinations

when someone tastes something they did not eat, like metal or spoiled milk

Color Summary

·Blue: sad, depressed, melancholy ·Red: angry, aroused, ·Green: jealous, sick, a beginner ·Black: morbid, powerful, ·White: scarred, angelic ·Yellow: sick or cautious ·Grey: mature ·Feminine: pinks Masculine: blues