Ch 3: Tissues
The major type of cells found in the nervous tissue include
neurons, neuroglia
Which characteristics are consistent with epithelia?
no blood vessels
Dendrite
of a neuron conducts the action potential toward the cell?
Spongy bone is built without __________.
osteons
Which of the following statements best describes the cell body of a neuron?
receive information, contains organelles and the nucleus
Tendons and ligaments receive their strength from __________.
regularly arranged collagen fibers
Which of the following statements best describes an axon?
release neurotransmitter, electrically transmit away from the cell body
Which characteristics are consistent with epithelia?
tightly packed cells
epithelial
tissue covers the body and lines areas such as the mouth.
epithelial
tissue has no blood vessels, whereas most connective tissues have significant networks of blood vessels.
Dense irregular
tissue is the predominant constitute in the dermis giving it strength.
Spongy bone is composed of column-like structures termed
trabeculae
Which cartilage lacks a perichondrium?
fibrocartilage
__________ are the most abundant muscles in the body and are innervated by the somatic nervous system.
Skeletal muscles
A student in a histology class examines an unknown tissue sample under a light microscope. She correctly identifies the tissue as a type of connective tissue based on which of the following observations?
The tissue is comprised of extracellular matrix located between widely spaced cells.
A student in a histology class examines an unknown tissue sample under a light microscope. She correctly identifies the tissue as a type of connective tissue based on which of the following observations?
There are blood vessels running through the tissue sample.
Which is true of desmosomes?
They are associated with intermediate filaments.
Which of the following is true of serous membranes?
They are paired membranes. There is fluid between the layers to decrease friction. One layer of the membrane adheres to an organ
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts passage of bacteria and hydrophilic substances. The BBB is formed when endothelial cells in the brain are held together by ___________ junctions.
Tight
junctions restrict diffusion and regulate permeability. Studying movement across this barrier may lead to new therapeutic strategies in drug delivery.
Tight
Cell junctions can allow communication between adjacent cells by electrical and chemical signaling.
True
Epithelial tissue is primarily made up of tightly packed cells, whereas connective tissue tends to have fewer cells with abundant extracellular material.
True
Adipocytes
are specialized cells used for storing triglycerides. They will increase in size if individuals gain weight.
Distinguish which tissues are vascular.
areolar
Osteon
is the basic organizational unit of compact bone.
Immature cells are signified by the suffix
-blast
is an energy molecule used by muscles to generate force.
ATP
junctions are anchoring junctions that use cadherins to hold cells together by anchoring to the cells' actin networks. These junctions are found in tissues subject to mechanical stress like the epithelium.
Adherens
Repair and maintenance activities become less efficient with
Age
For contractions to occur, muscles need a continuous supply of __________.
Atp
VX nerve gas is a deadly agent that inactivates the enzyme (AchE) that breaks down Ach in the synaptic cleft. This leaves an abundance of the neurotransmitter Ach available leading to spastic paralysis. Ach in the synaptic cleft is released by the ____________ of the nerve.
Axon
Which of the parts of nervous tissue listed below can transmit an action potential?
Axon
Epithelial tissue depends on which connective tissue for survival?
Blood
Which statement explains the relationship between blood and blood vessels?
Blood is a connective tissue and the endothelium of blood vessels is an epithelium tissue.
Distinguish which tissues are vascular.
Bone
Tissue that is capable of producing red blood cells can be found in _________.
Bone
Which statement differentiates cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle cells branch, and skeletal muscle cells are cylindrical.
Phagocytes do not remain anchored in tissues and move freely throughout their life. This is more commonly seen in ________________ tissue.
Connective
tissue becomes more fragile with age.
Connective
How do connective tissue membranes differ from cutaneous and serous membranes?
Connective tissue membranes do not contain epithelial components.
form the receptor area of the neuron where input from other neurons is transmitted to the cell body.
Dendrites
are anchoring junctions that use cadherins to hold cells together. These junctions have a more stable connection because the intermediate filaments anchor two cells together. They are found in tissues that are subject to mechanical stress such as cardiac muscle and the epidermis of the epithelium.
Desmosomes
Seborrheic dermatitis is a condition that causes flaky scales to form on oily areas of the face and scalp, and seems to be associated with the overproduction of sebum from the skin's sebaceous glands. Which of the following tissues comprises the sebaceous gland?
Epithelial
tissue allows for the body to interact with both its internal and external environments.
Epithelial
tissue gets progressively thinner with age.
Epithelial
The tissue that lacks blood vessels is
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue is often found in close proximity to connective tissue. What property of epithelial tissue most accounts for this relationship?
Epithelial tissue being avascular often relies on the vascular networks found within connective tissue.
A surgeon performs a procedure on a fetus in its third trimester to repair a heart defect. The baby is likely to have a significant scar as an infant.
False
Heptanol will decrease conduction velocity between cardiac cells in the heart. Which junctions does heptanol affect?
Gap
Smooth muscle cells of gastrointestinal system, cardiac myocytes and the smooth muscle cells of the uterus all utilize __________ junctions to propagate muscle contraction.
Gap
Which junction directly connects cytoplasm of opposing cells?
Gap
A student analyzing cells microscopically in the lab makes note of the connexons between neighboring cells. The cells are most likely from which organ?
Heart
The basal surface of epithelial tissue is attached to the basement membrane by
Hemidesmosomes
tissue generates heat that warms the body.
Muscle
Although the heart has the ability to beat independently, the SA node (the "pacemaker" of the heart) can be influenced by electrical impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Which tissue best describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Nervous
tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Nervous
Pseudostratified epithelium contains________ layer(s) of epithelium on the basement membrane.
One
The portion of the serous membrane attached to the cavity wall is the
Parietal layer
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors are a class of drugs that help to treat high blood pressure by promoting vasodilation (widening of the blood vessels due to the relaxation of the tunica muscularis). These drugs target the ________ muscle.
Smooth
muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels, urinary bladder, and the digestive and reproductive tracts.
Smooth
A patient in clinic complains of weakness and numbness in her left forearm, accompanied by flushed red skin over the affected area. MRI reveals radiculopathy in her lower cervical spinal region secondary to a posteriorly protruding intervertebral disc that is compressing some of her spinal nerve roots. What type(s) of muscle tissue are associated with the symptoms mentioned above regarding this lesion?
Smooth and skeletal
Compare the difference(s) between tendons and ligaments.
Tendons are found attaching muscle to bone, and ligaments are found attaching bone to bone.
You are observing a cell in your microscope. When the cell is electrically stimulated, it transmits an electrical impulse to a receiver. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
The cell is a neuron and the axon conducted the electricity to the receiver.
Which of the following statements is correct?
The elastin in the walls of arteries has an increased affinity for calcium in the aged.
The portion of the serous membrane attached to the organ wall is the
Visceral layer
Microvilli assist epithelial tissue in
absorbing nutrients
A man had to have gallbladder surgery. To reach the gallbladder, the surgeon had to cut through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity.
adipose
Distinguish which tissues are vascular.
adipose
In a neuron, you might find structural characteristics like which of the following?
an axon, multiple dendrites, a cell body
Macrophages
are cells in joint cavities that help remove microbes and debris.
Proteoglycans
are formed from glycosaminoglyans attached to core proteins.
Individuals who become bedridden often lose tissue mass. This is __________.
atrophy
Which describes tight junctions?
binds cells together with fused proteins
A procedure that removes living tissue for examination is _________.
biopsy
Nutrients reach epithelial tissue on the outside of the body by
by diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in connective tissue
When viewing a slide, you view intercalated discs and striations. You are viewing ____________ muscle.
cardiac
Which muscles have striations?
cardiac and skeletal
Which muscle contraction is involuntary?
cardiac and smooth
Distinguish which tissues are vascular.
cardiac muscle
A tissue with collagen, proteoglycans, and chondrocytes is __________.
cartilage
Elastic
cartilage composes the external ear and the epiglottis.
Which part of a neuron contains the cell's nucleus and most of the organelles?
cell body
An injury that destroys the nucleus of a neuron must also have directly injured the
cell body, which will cause the neuron to die
nervous
cell can be stimulated by various signals, and then sends electrical signals to other cells and tissues.
The contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells are known as
cell junctions
Neuroglial (glial) cells
cells support and nourish cells that send electrical signals throughout the body.
Transitional epithelium is considered a tissue because it is comprised of
cells with similar structures and functions
The most abundant protein in the body is
collagen
Goblet cells and cilia are modifications of which type of epithelial tissue?
columnar
Fibrocartilage
composes intervertebral discs, menisci and pubic
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) happens when the cell bodies and axons of neurons degenerate, leading to complete death of those neurons. Which process would be directly affected by ALS?
conduction of action potentials
Smoking causes damage to the tissues of the respiratory system in ways that often lead to chronic health problems. Two of these problems include loss of elasticity in lung tissue, and hypersecretion of mucus. These problems can be associated with which of the following tissues?
connective
Which tissue supports the body and its organs?
connective
During careful examination of a tissue under the microscope, John makes note of much extracellular matrix and blood vessels between the cells in the tissue. This tissue is a(n)
connective tissue
A pathologist examines tissue on a slide. She notes that the sample has two distinct types of tissue; one appears to have a dense network of extracellular material, while the other looks to be comprised of primarily cells. She identifies the two tissues as:
connective tissue and epithelial tissue respectively.
Reticular
connective tissue binds smooth muscle cells together.
Some
connective tissue is avascular.
Alex forgets to bring sunscreen to the beach and gets a sunburn. Which membrane was affected?
cutaneous
When diving into a swimming pool, which membrane comes into contact with the water first?
cutaneous
Skeletal muscle mass tends to ____________ with aging.
decrease in both males and females
Three main components of neurons are ___________.
dendrites, cell bodies, axons
A man had to have gallbladder surgery. To reach the gallbladder, the surgeon had to cut through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity.
dense irregular
The periosteum is made of ___________.
dense irregular connective tissue
The Achilles tendon is composed of ___________.
dense regular connective tissue
Carcinomas are cancers of epithelia. They are missing intermediate filaments that attach to plaque. This may partially account for their ability to metastasize. Which structural component is affected?
desmosomes
Blood vessels lose the ability to recoil as individuals age. Which extracellular component of connective tissue is responsible for recoiling?
elastin
Which of the following statements best describes a dendrite?
electrically transmit toward the cell body, receive information, highly branched
Hyaluronidase is a(n) __________ that degrades hyaluronic acid. This helps certain cells and microbes move through the body more easily.
enzyme
The superficial portion of the cutaneous membrane is the ______________. The deeper portion of the cutaneous membrane is the dermis.
epidermis
A quarterback is ready to make a pass. Which tissue of his hand is in contact with the football?
epithelial
Smoking causes damage to the tissues of the respiratory system in ways that often lead to chronic health problems. Two of these problems include loss of elasticity in lung tissue, and hypersecretion of mucus. These problems can be associated with which of the following tissues?
epithelial
When viewing the dermis of skin under the microscope, glands will be seen. What type of tissue will the glands be composed of?
epithelial
The basement membrane has two layers, the basal lamina and the reticular lamina, that are produced from which two tissues?
epithelial and connective
All
epithelial tissue is avascular.
In humans, which are the four principle tissues?
epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous
The reticular lamina contains collagen that is partially produced by
fibroblasts
Salivary glands are functionally classified as merocrine, which release their products by
exocytosis
Which characteristics are consistent with epithelia?
found covering surfaces in the body
The epithelial cell junctions that respectively, a) allow the passage of small molecules between adjacent cells, b) restrict the extracellular movement of molecules across epithelium and, c) maintain tissue integrity and strength are _____________.
gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes
An increase in protein cross-linking of which of the following molecules is associated with aging?
glucose
The sugar that is added to proteins inside and outside of cells to form irreversible cross-links is
glucose
Tissues stiffen as a person ages due to
glucose cross-linking with protein fibers
found in the nervous system do not transmit action potentials; instead, they have supporting roles for the neurons.
neuroglia
Mucus that protects your stomach is secreted by _________.
goblet cells
Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disease in which the body attacks the laminin proteins of the basement membrane leading to blistering of the skin between the dermal and epidermal layers. This disease most effects the ______________ junctions that anchor these skin layers to each other.
hemidesmosomes
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a severe genetic disorder that causes tissue separation between the epidermis and its basement membrane. This autosomal recessive disease is characterized by a faulty gene involved in the formation of
hemidesmosomes
Mast cells release
histamine
Which kinds of cartilage have a perichondrium?
hyaline and elastic
Babies are born with a set amount of skeletal muscle cells, however skeletal muscles increase in size over time. This is termed __________.
hypertrophy
Gap junctions can be found __________.
in cardiac and smooth muscle
Smooth muscle can be found ____________.
in the wall of the intestines
In cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis, goblet cell hyperplasia is often observed. A result of this would be ___________.
increased mucus production
Histamines cause __________.
increased permeability and dilation of blood vessels
Pemphigus causes blisters because the skin cells cannot firmly attach to each other. Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease that produces antibodies against which strength-producing transmembrane protein?
integrin
Which characteristics helps cardiac muscle contract as a single unit?
intercalated discs
dendrite
is a part of nervous tissue that functions in the receipt of information on a neuron's surface.
Gap
junctions are communicating junctions that use protein channels called connexons to create passageways between cells. Small molecules and ions can pass freely between the cells. These junctions are found in cardiac muscle and some smooth muscles as wells as some nervous tissue.
The water-resistant protein in epithelial tissue is
keratin
A man had to have gallbladder surgery. To reach the gallbladder, the surgeon had to cut through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity.
keratinized stratified squamous
The epidermis consists of _______ tissue.
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial
Lymph connective tissue is classified as ___________.
liquid connective tissue
Serous
membranes line body cavities that do not directly open to the exterior and cover organs that are within a cavity.
Which is an embryonic connective tissue?
mesenchyme
Cicatricial pemphigoid is an uncommon chronic blistering disease that affects the openings of the mouth, throat, eyes, nose and genital area to varying degrees. Which membrane is affected?
mucous
The endometrium of the uterus technically opens to the outside of the body. Which type of membrane is the endometrium?
mucous
The papanicolaou smear test collects cells from the vagina and cervix. Which type of membrane is being analyzed during this examination?
mucous
Which tissue has the ability to generate force?
muscle
A quarterback is ready to make a pass. Which tissue contracts allowing him to throw the football?
muscular
Which tissue generates electrical impulses that excite or inhibit other tissues?
nervous
muscle is under voluntary control.
skeletal
The serosa surrounding the heart is the __________.
pericardium
The serosa surrounding the abdominal region is the ___________.
peritoneum
The serosa surrounding the lungs is the __________.
pleura
Scurvy results from a deficiency of vitamin C which is needed to synthesize collagen.
poor wound healing, easy bruising, weak and brittle bones
The peritoneum is an example of a __________.
serous membrane
Pleurisy is inflammation of ___________.
serous membranes covering the lungs
The membrane lining the thoracic cavity is a __________________ membrane, which produces a lubricating fluid. This membrane is composed of simple squamous epithelium.
serous,pleural
The uterine tubes have the ability to produce mucus and move sperm. They are lined by ____________.
simple ciliated columnar
A man had to have gallbladder surgery. To reach the gallbladder, the surgeon had to cut through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity.
simple squamous
An exocrine gland with a duct that does not branch is
simple.
A group of hikers gets stuck overnight in the mountains. The temperature drops, and they begin to shiver. Which muscle is contracting to help maintain body temperature?
skeletal
Damage to your somatic nervous system affects voluntary signaling. Which muscles would be affected?
skeletal
Having multiple nuclei at the periphery of the cell is characteristic of which muscle tissue?
skeletal
The tongue can roll food, extend, retract, and move side to side under conscious control because it is composed of __________ muscle.
skeletal
A man had to have gallbladder surgery. To reach the gallbladder, the surgeon had to cut through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity.
skeletal muscle
When reading a test question, your eyes scan across the words. The movement of your eyes is controlled by __________.
skeletal muscle
The nervous system usually provides voluntary control of which structures?
skeletal muscles
Peristalsis is movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract. This is predominantly controlled by which type of muscle?
smooth
A blood vessel has three layers. The media is the middle layer and in arteries can help control the caliber of the vessel. Which type of tissue is controlling this?
smooth muscle
The uterus is a dynamic reproductive organ responsible for many functions. If a doctor cuts the uterus, he or she will go through the endometrium, the myometrium and the perimetrium. The myometrium would be predominantly composed of _____________.
smooth muscle
A function of connective tissue is to __________.
stabilize and support the body
Secretions from this membrane will lubricate the components of a freely moveable joint.
synovial
Cartilage in joints is lubricated and nourished by _________.
synovial fluid
The ability to resist pulling is _________.
tensile strength
Multiple sclerosis is a disorder of the nervous tissue in which the transmission of nerve action potentials is slowed or stopped. Based only on this information, which part of the neuron is affected when a person has multiple sclerosis?
the axon
The type of cell junction that seals of passageways between adjacent cells is
tight junctions
How many different types of processes typically protrude from a neuron?
two; the axon and one or more dendrites
Which cells are involved in immunity and phagocytosis?
white blood cells