DHN Exam 2 questions (ch. 6,7,8)
True
True or False: Consuming excessive amounts of carbohydrates can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.
True
True or False: The human body can withstand short-term fasting, because the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles can be used as a source of energy.
True
True or False: A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, which acts as a backbone for their attachment.
False
True or False: Cocoa butter is a poor source of saturated fat.
True
True or False: Consuming a high-protein diet may lead to high urine urea nitrogen.
True
True or False: Glucogenic amino acids, through metabolic pathways, are broken down into pyruvate or intermediates of the citric acid cycle.
True
True or False: High-protein diets are associated with high urinary losses of calcium.
False
True or False: Human cells can convert acetyl CoA into pyruvate.
True
True or False: If Kara's body weight is 120 pounds, her RDA for protein is approximately 44 g.
True
True or False: Ketogenic amino acids are amino acids that enter the catabolic pathways as acetyl CoA.
False
True or False: Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids.
False
True or False: Lipogenesis uses the same enzymes and metabolic pathways as beta-oxidation.
True
True or False: Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to cholesterol, and as a result, plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption.
True
True or False: Starvation is a highly catabolic state characterized by gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis.
False
True or False: Steatorrhea is a surgical procedure to remove a diseased gallbladder.
True
True or False: The difference between one triglyceride and another resides in the type of fatty acids attached to each glycerol.
True
True or False: The higher the number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid, the higher the number of acetyl CoA produced via beta-oxidation.
True
True or False: When a person consumes more protein than needed, the excess amino acids can be converted into glucose or fat.
True
True or false: Personalized nutrition involves making dietary choices based on your genetic makeup.
Egg Yolks
Victor is making cake batter. When he added corn oil, fat-free milk, baking powder, and salt together, the oil and milk separated into two layers. To make a mixture that does not separate into oily and watery components, Victor should add _____ and stir the ingredients together. -Egg yolks -Fruit juice -High-fructose corn syrup -Whey protein
2
What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?
Denaturation
_____ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.
Linoleic
___________ acid is an essential fatty acid.
Cirrhosis of the liver
___________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage. -Type 2 diabetes -Metabolic syndrome -BAC -Cirrhosis of the liver
Glycogenolysis
___________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.
Beta-oxidation
____________ is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria. -Beta-oxidation -Glycogenesis -Glycogenolysis -Ketogenesis
Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
______________ is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach.
Ketogenesis
______________ is the formation of ketone bodies in liver cells from the excess of acetyl CoA produced. -Ketone diet -Ketogenesis -Beta-oxidation -Ketoacidosis
Glycogenesis
_______________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen. -Lipogenesis -Glycolysis -Gluconeogenesis -Glycogenesis
Has nitrogen in its chemical structure
Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule _____________. -Has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol -Is comprised of glucose units -Has nitrogen in its chemical structure -Provides more energy
Anaphylaxis
Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed _____ as a result. -Anaphylaxis -Cirrhosis -Fibrosis -Torticollis
20-35
Chase is a 22-year-old college student. According to recommendations of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), fat should comprise _____% of his total energy intake each day.
Stimulates the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestines.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that _____.
Disoriented
Sara has a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.18. At this BAC, you would expect her to be _____________. -light-headed -in a stupor -disoriented -in a coma
200
Sarah consumes approximately 2000 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ____ kcal/day.
Chemical pathways
Series of specific chemical reactions in the cell are known as__________. -chemical transformations -transformative changes -energy expenditures -chemical pathways
Stimulate red blood cell production.
Subcutaneous fat does not _____. -Insulate the body against cold --Temperatures -Store energy -Protect against minor bruising -Stimulate red blood cell production
thyroid
The _____ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.
Steroid hormones
The body uses cholesterol to make _____. -Steroid hormones -Vitamin A -Fatty Acids -Water
Certain hormones
The body uses proteins to make _____________. -Calcium carbonate -Magnesium ions -Trans fats -Certain hormones
Coenzymes
The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called __________.
Triglyceride storage
The primary function of adipocytes is ______________. -Triglyceride storage -Glucose storage -Protein synthesis -Glycogen synthesis
Lipoprotein
A chylomicron is a type of _____.
Aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell.
A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during ___________. -Aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell -Anaerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell -Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism -Aerobic metabolism when there isn't sufficient oxygen present in the cell
Fatty Acid
A scientist has discovered a new molecular compound that is a long chain of 26 carbons bonded together, with a methyl group on one end and an acid group on the other end of the molecule. The compound does not contain any nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) _____.
Phospholipid
A scientist has isolated a chemical compound that is partially soluble in water. The chemical helps keep water-soluble substances mixed with fats. When analyzing the composition of the chemical, the scientist determined that in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the compound contains nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Based on this information the compound is a(n)__________.
Have a lipoprotein profile preformed on a sample of blood.
Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should _____. -Have a chest x-ray -Have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of blood. -Undergo cardiac catheterization to determine the ejection factor of his heart. -Test his urine for the presence of glucocorticoids.
insulin
All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT ____________. -insulin -glucagon -cortisol -epinephrine
250
Amanda consumes approximately 2500 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than _____________ kcal/day.
Fatty Acid Group
An amino acid does NOT contain a(n) _____________. -Amino group -Carbon skeleton -Acid group -Fatty acid group
Become more physically Active.
Bill would like to follow recommendations that would reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on this information, Bill should _____. -Consume more saturated fat -Become more physically active -Gain some body weight -Smoke no more than a pack of cigarettes a day.
Linoleic
_____ acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.
Is less likely to undergo oxidation.
Compared to an unsaturated fatty acid, a trans fatty acid _____. -Contains no double bonds -Has a kink in its molecular structure that keeps it from being straight -Is less likely to undergo oxidation -Is comprised of glucose molecules
Dehydration
Consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to _____________. -Stroke -Coronary artery disease -Arthritis -Dehydration
Baked potatoes
Dallas, a healthy, active teenager, was diagnosed with PKU when he was only a few days old. In addition to foods that are manufactured to be low in phenylalanine, which of the following foods can he eat to meet his protein needs safely? -Lean hamburger -Fat-free milk -Baked potatoes -Fried fish
Less beef
Dana wants to reduce her blood cholesterol level by eating _____. -Fewer fruits and vegetables -More partially-hydrogenated fats -More coconut oil -Less beef
The capacity to preform work.
Energy is defined as____________.
Cheese
Fred is a lactovegetarian. Which of the following foods does he eat? -Chicken -Eggs -Cheese -Fish
Provide insulation against cold temperatures
In the body, lipids _____. -Are necessary for the absorption of dietary fiber -Are needed for proper cholesterol digestion -Stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals -Provide insulation against cold temperatures
Hydrochloric acid and Pepsin
In the stomach, _____ participate in the chemical digestion of protein. -Hydrochloric acid and pepsin -Mucus and cholecystokinin -Pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor -Gastric lipase and intrinsic factor
Positive
Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ____ nitrogen balance. -Positive -Activated -Anverted -Negative
Heavy Drinker
John has 3 alcoholic drinks per day, he is classified as a ______________. -Binge drinker -Moderate drinker -Heavy drinker -Light drinker
Increase his legumes and nuts intake
John's blood test results indicate that his LDL-cholesterol level is too high. Which of the following actions would a registerd dietitian recommend to him? -Take a broad spectrum antibiotic -Increase his legumes and nuts intake -Increase his egg yolk intake -Prescribe an antiviral treatment
She has hyperglycemia, which results in ketosis as her body catabolizes an excessive amount of fatty acids.
Karen has type 1 diabetes, and she often forgets to administer insulin to herself. Why does her breath usually have a fruity odor? -She has hyperglycemia, which results in ketosis as her body catabolizes an excessive amount of fatty acids. -Her liver synthesizes too much bile, which is blocking her bile duct and interfering with fatty acid digestion. -An excessive amount of glucose has accumulated on her teeth, which eventually contributes to dental decay and "bad breath." -Her diabetic condition causes fermentation in her small intestine, which results in faulty digestion of certain kinds of fruit.
180 to 630 kcal/day
Katrina is 20 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, what is her range of protein intake?
Corn Oil
Layla loves to cook, but she is concerned about the effects that certain dietary lipids may have on her health. She wants to prepare foods with fats that are naturally low in saturated fatty acids and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Based on this information, which of the following ingredients should she select? -Corn oil -Butter -Coconut oil -Lard
Fatty Acid
Lecithin is a type of _____.
10-25
Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ____% of her total energy intake.
Owens fat intake is within the AMDR.
Owen usually consumes about 3000 kcal/day. On average, his fat intake is approximately 80 g/day. Based on this information, which of the following statements describes Owen's diet? -Owen's fat intake is within the AMDR. -Owen's fat intake is not high enough to support good health. -Owen's fat intake meets the RDA for lipids. -Owen's fat intake is too high.
Reduce his lipid intake
Paul just had a cholecystectomy; which of the following dietary modifications does he need to implement? -Reduce his lipid intake -Maintain a high-fat diet -Increase his salt consumption -Increase his carbohydrate intake
10 ounces of red wine
Which of the following alcohol-containing beverages contains approximately the same amount of alcohol that is in two 12-ounce bottles of beer? -3 ounces of white wine -1 ounce of vodka -5 ounces of whiskey -10 ounces of red wine
Vitamin D intake
Which of the following characteristics or conditions is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)? -Low body fat -Male sex -Vitamin D intake -Household income
Electron Transport Chain
Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules? -Glycolysis -Citric acid cycle -Electron chain transport -Fermentation
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle? -Cytochrome C -Acetyl CoA -Glucose -Pyruvate
Roast Pork
Which of the following foods contains cholesterol? -White potato -Ripe banana -Roast pork -Green beans
Carrots and Celery
Which of the following foods is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses? -Wheat and shellfish -Peanuts and other nuts -Carrots and celery -Fish and shellfish
Flaxseeds
Which of the following foods is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids? -Leaf lettuce -Apples -Flaxseeds -Fat-free milk
Peanut butter on crackers
Which of the following foods is a high-protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal protein? -Slice of American cheese -½ cup of apple and watermelon chunks -Vegetable salad with greens and baby carrots -Peanut butter on crackers
8 ounces glass of soy milk
Which of the following foods is a high-quality protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal proteins? -1 ounce of baby carrots -8 ounce glass of soy milk -½ cup of watermelon chunks -6 whole-wheat crackers
Canola Oil
Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids? -Green beans -Baked chicken -Corn oil -Canola oil
Corn Oil
Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids? -Raw carrots -Ground beef -Corn oil -Whole milk
Whole milk
Which of the following foods is a rich source of saturated fat and cholesterol? -Coconut oil -Margarine -Peanut butter -Whole milk
Fat-free Milk
Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein? -Soybean oil -Avocado with leafy greens salad -Fat-free milk -Sesame seed crackers
Crab
Which of the following foods is often responsible for causing an allergic response in susceptible persons? -Sunflower seeds -Blueberries -Crab -Wine
Cortisol
Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver? -Cortisol -Cholecystokinin -Insulin -Gastrin
Hypertension
Which of the following increases a person's risk for CVD? -Asian ancestry -Female sex -Hypertension -Low body wieght
Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes.
Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein? -Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes -Whole-wheat crackers spread with soy nut butter -Kidney beans mixed with rice -Pita bread dipped in mashed chickpeas
Liver
Which of the following organs relies on enterohepatic circulation to recycle bile salts? -Brain -Esophagus -Liver -Thyroid
Coconut oil
Which of the following plant oils contains the highest amount of saturated fat per tablespoon? -Coconut oil -Canola oil -Safflower oil -Walnut oil
Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream.
Which of the following statements is true? -Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream. -All hormones are proteins. -Protein is the primary energy source for the human body. -Proteins are a major component of starch molecules.
Fat contributes to the flavor of foods.
Which of the following statements is true? -Each gram of fat contributes 4 kcal. -Fat contributes to the flavor of foods. -Adding fat to a food reduces the food's "mouth feel." -Food fat is not a source of essential nutrients.
Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup.
Which of the following statements is true? -Foods that contain cholesterol should be avoided because the substance is toxic to human cells. -High levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of heart disease. -Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup. -A diet that is high in saturated fat helps reduce high blood cholesterol levels.
The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.
Which of the following statements is true? -Hydrolyzed HDL is a toxic lipoprotein that contributes to cardiovascular disease. -All forms of LDL cholesterol are considered unhealthy, because they increase the risk of diabetes. -The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque. -VLDLs transport most cholesterol in blood to the liver for disposal.
HDL
Which of the following substances carries Cholesterol away from tissue? -Insoluble Fiber -HDL -LDL -Insulin
Trypsin
Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins? -Cholecystokinin -Trypsin -Bile -Amylase
Docosahexaenoic
_____ acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.