Ch 31 Mental Health Disorders and Substance Abuse

Screening questions for alcohol and drug abuse should be included in the overall assessment during the first prenatal visit for all women. The 4 Ps Plus is a screening tool specifically designed to identify the need for a more in-depth assessment. Which are the correct components of the 4 Ps Plus? (Select all that apply.)

- Parents - Partner - Past - Pregnancy ANS: A, B, D, E The nurse who is screening the client using the 4 Ps Plus would use the following format: Parents: Did either of your parents have a problem with alcohol or drugs? Partner: Does your partner have a problem with alcohol or drugs? Past: Have you ever had any beer, wine, or liquor? Pregnancy: In the month before you knew you were pregnant, how many cigarettes did you smoke? How much beer, wine, or liquor did you drink? Present: Is not a component of the 4 Ps Plus.

Reports have linked third trimester use of selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with a constellation of neonatal signs. The nurse is about to perform an assessment on the infant of a mother with a history of a mood disorder. Which signs and symptoms in the neonate may be the result of maternal SSRI use? (Select all that apply.)

- Shivering - Fever - Irritability Neonatal signs of maternal SSRI use include continuous crying, irritability, jitteriness, shivering, fever, hypertonia, respiratory distress, feeding difficulty, hypoglycemia, and seizures. The onset of signs and symptoms ranges from several hours to several days after birth, but the signs generally resolve within 2 weeks.

As a powerful central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, which of these substances can lead to miscarriage, preterm labor, placental separation (abruption), and stillbirth?

Cocaine Cocaine is a powerful CNS stimulant. Effects on pregnancy associated with cocaine use include abruptio placentae, preterm labor, precipitous birth, and stillbirth. Heroin is an opiate; its use in pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes, infections, breech presentation, and preterm labor. The most serious effect of alcohol use in pregnancy is FAS. The major concern regarding PCP use in pregnant women is its association with polydrug abuse and its neurobehavioral effects on the neonate.

Which is the most accurate description of PPD without psychotic features?

Distinguishable by pervasive sadness along with mood swings PPD is characterized by an intense pervasive sadness along with labile mood swings and is more persistent than postpartum baby blues. PPD, even without psychotic features, is more serious and persistent than postpartum baby blues. PPD is more common among younger mothers and African-American mothers. Most women need professional help to get through PPD, including pharmacologic intervention.

When a woman is diagnosed with postpartum depression (PPD) with psychotic features, what is the nurses primary concern in planning the clients care?

Harming her infant Thoughts of harm to herself or to the infant are among the most serious symptoms of PPD and require immediate assessment and intervention. Although outbursts of anger and neglecting personal hygiene are symptoms attributable to PPD, the major concern remains the potential of harm to herself or her infant. Although this client is likely to lose interest in her spouse, it is not the nurses primary concern.

A client with a history of bipolar disorder is called by the postpartum support nurse for follow-up. Which symptoms would reassure the nurse that the client is not experiencing a manic episode?

Increased appetite and lack of interest in activities An increased appetite and a lack of interest would reassure the nurse that the client is not experiencing an episode of mania. Clinical manifestations of a manic episode include at least three of the following: grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities. The pregnant woman exhibiting symptoms of a manic episode will likely have a decreased interest in eating and an increased level of interest in pleasurable activities without regard for negative consequences. Psychomotor agitation and a lack of sleep, hyperactivity and distractibility, and pressured speech and grandiosity are all clinical manifestations of a manic episode.

What is the most dangerous effect on the fetus of a mother who smokes cigarettes while pregnant?

Intrauterine growth restriction The major consequences of smoking tobacco during pregnancy are low-birth-weight infants, prematurity, and increased perinatal loss. Cigarettes will not normally cause genetic changes or extensive CNS damage. Addiction to tobacco is not a usual concern related to the neonate.

With one exception, the safest pregnancy is one during which the woman is drug and alcohol free. What is the optimal treatment for women addicted to opioids?

Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) MMT is currently considered the standard of care for pregnant women who are dependent on heroin or other narcotics. Buprenorphine is another medication approved for the treatment of opioid addiction that is increasingly being used during pregnancy. Opioid replacement therapy has been shown to decrease opioid and other drug use, reduce criminal activity, improve individual functioning, and decrease the rates of infections such as hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and other STIs. Detoxification is the treatment used for alcohol addiction. Pregnant women requiring withdrawal from alcohol should be admitted for inpatient management. Women are more likely to stop smoking during pregnancy than at any other time in their lives. A smoking cessation program can assist in achieving this goal. The 4 Ps Plus is a screening tool specifically designed to identify pregnant women who need in-depth assessment related to substance abuse.

The use of methamphetamine (meth) has been described as a significant drug problem in the United States. The nurse who provides care to this client population should be cognizant of what regarding methamphetamine use?

Methamphetamines are stimulants with vasoconstrictive characteristics. Methamphetamines are stimulants with vasoconstrictive characteristics similar to cocaine and are similarly used. As is the case with cocaine users, methamphetamine users are urged to immediately stop all use during pregnancy. Unfortunately, because methamphetamine users are extremely psychologically addicted, the rate of relapse is extremely high.

While providing care to the maternity client, the nurse should be aware that one of these anxiety disorders is likely to be triggered by the process of labor and birth. Which disorder fits this criterion?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) PTSD can occur as the result of a past trauma such as rape. Symptoms of PTSD include re-experiencing the event, numbing, irritability, angry outbursts, and exaggerated startle reflex. With the increased bodily touch and vaginal examinations that occur during labor, the client may have memories of the original trauma. The process of giving birth may result in her feeling out of control. The nurse should verbalize an understanding and reassure the client as necessary. Phobias are irrational fears that may lead a person to avoid certain events or situations. Panic disorders may occur in as many as 3% to 5% of women in the postpartum period and are described as episodes of intense apprehension, fear, and terror. Symptoms of a panic disorder may include palpitations, chest pain, choking, or smothering. OCD symptoms include recurrent, persistent, and intrusive thoughts. The mother may repeatedly check and recheck her infant once he or she is born, although she realizes that this behavior is irrational. OCD is optimally treated with medications.

According to research, which risk factor for PPD is likely to have the greatest effect on the client postpartum?

Prenatal depression Prenatal depression has been found to be a major risk factor for PPD. Single-mother status and low socioeconomic status are both small-relationship predictors for PPD. Although an unwanted pregnancy may contribute to the risk for PPD, it does not pose as great an effect as prenatal depression.

As part of the discharge teaching, the nurse can prepare the mother for her upcoming adjustment to her new role by instructing her regarding self-care activities to help prevent PPD. Which statement regarding this condition ismost helpful for the client?

Realize that PPD is a common occurrence that affects many women. Should the new mother experience symptoms of the baby blues, it is important that she be aware that these symptoms are nothing to be ashamed of. As many as 10% to 15% of new mothers experience similar symptoms. Although obtaining enough rest is important for the mother, she should not distance herself from her family and friends. Her spouse or partner can communicate the best visiting times to enable the new mother to obtain adequate rest. It is also important that she not isolate herself at home by herself during this time of role adjustment. Even if breastfeeding, other family members can participate in the infants care. If depression occurs, then the symptoms will often interfere with mothering functions; therefore, family support is essential. The new mother should share her feelings with someone else and avoid overcommitting herself or feel as though she has to besuperwoman. A telephone call to the hospital warm line may provide reassurance with lactation issues and other infant care questions. Should symptoms continue, a referral to a professional therapist may be necessary.

Despite warnings, prenatal exposure to alcohol continues to far exceed exposure to illicit drugs. Which condition is rarely associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Respiratory conditions Respiratory difficulties are not attributed to exposure to alcohol in utero. Other abnormalities related to FAS include mental retardation, neurodevelopment disorders, and ARBDs.

A pregnant woman who abuses cocaine admits to exchanging sex to finance her drug habit. This behavior places the client at the greatest risk for what?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Exchanging sex acts for drugs places the woman at increased risk for STIs because of multiple partners and the lack of protection. Cocaine is a CNS stimulant that causes hypertension and vasoconstriction. Premature delivery of the infant is one of the more common problems associated with cocaine use during pregnancy.

During an inpatient psychiatric hospitalization, what is the most important nursing intervention?

Supervising and guiding visits with her infant In the hospital setting, the reintroduction of the infant to the mother can and should occur at the mothers own pace. A schedule is set that increases the number of hours the mother cares for her infant over several days, culminating in the infant staying overnight in the mothers room. These supervised and guided visits allow the mother to experience meeting the infants needs and giving up sleep for the infant. Reintroducing the mother to her infant while in a supervised setting is essential. Another important task for a mother under psychiatric care is to reestablish positive interactions with others.

A woman at 24 weeks of gestation states that she has a glass of wine with dinner every evening. Why would the nurse counsel the client to eliminate all alcohol?

The fetus is placed at risk for altered brain growth. No period exists when consuming alcohol during pregnancy is safe. The documented effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy include mental retardation, learning disabilities, high activity level, and short attention span. The brain grows most rapidly in the third trimester and is vulnerable to alcohol exposure during this time. Abuse of other substances has not been linked to alcohol use.

Which substance used during pregnancy causes vasoconstriction and decreased placental perfusion, resulting in maternal and neonatal complications?

Tobacco Smoking in pregnancy is known to cause a decrease in placental perfusion and is the cause of low-birth-weight infants. Prenatal alcohol exposure is the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation. Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause high blood pressure, miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and anemia. Caffeine may interfere with certain medications and worsen arrhythmias. Chocolate, particularly dark chocolate, contains caffeine that may interfere with certain medications.