CH 31 Review Questions

The parent of a 12-month-old infant says to the nurse, "He pushes the teaspoon right out of my hand when I feed him. I cannot let him feed himself; he makes too much of a mess." The nurse's BEST response is: "It is important not to give into this kind of temper tantrum at this age. Simply ignore the behavior and the mess." "You need to try different types of utensils, bowls, and plates. Some are specifically designed for young children." "It is important to let him make a mess. Just try not to worry about it so much." "Feeding himself will help foster his growth and development. Perhaps we can discuss ways to make the messes more tolerable."

"Feeding himself will help foster his growth and development. Perhaps we can discuss ways to make the messes more tolerable." The child is developmentally ready for self-feeding. Ignoring the behavior and not allowing the child to self-feed is not fostering the child's development. The child is developmentally ready for self-feeding. The parent should not force the use of the spoon but should substitute finger foods. This response minimizes the parent's concerns about the mess created by self-feeding. At 12 months the child should be self-feeding. Since children this age eat primarily finger foods, it is useful to offer the parent suggestions for keeping the mess to a minimum.

A 4-month-old infant is brought to the clinic by his parents for a well-baby checkup. What should the nurse include at this time concerning injury prevention? "Never shake baby powder directly on your infant because it can be aspirated into his lungs." "Do not permit your child to chew paint from window ledges because he might absorb too much lead." "When your baby learns to roll over, you must supervise him whenever he is on a surface from which he might fall." "Keep doors of appliances closed at all times."

"When your baby learns to roll over, you must supervise him whenever he is on a surface from which he might fall." This is appropriate guidance for a first-month appointment. This information should be included at the 9-month visit when the infant is beginning to crawl and pull to a stand. Rolling over from abdomen to back occurs between 4 and 7 months. This is the appropriate anticipatory guidance for this age. This information should be included at the 9-month visit when the infant is beginning to crawl and pull to a stand.

At what age would the nurse advise parents to expect their infant to be able to say "mama" and "dada" with meaning? 4 months 6 months 10 months 14 months

10 months Consonants are added to infant vocalizations. Babbling resembles one-syllable sounds. At this age infants say sounds with meaning. This is late for the development of sounds with meaning.

The nurse expects which characteristic of fine motor skills in a 5-month-old infant? Strong grasp reflex Neat pincer grasp Able to build a tower of two cubes Able to grasp object voluntarily

Able to grasp object voluntarily A strong grasp reflect is characteristic of a 1-month-old infant. A neat pincer grasp is characteristic of a 10-month-old infant. The ability to build a tower of 2 cubes is characteristic of a 15-month-old infant. The ability to grasp objects voluntarily is appropriate for a 5-month-old infant.

The nurse is providing education to a parent of a 10-month-old infant receiving iron supplements. What will be included in the teaching? Select all that apply. Administer iron with meals. Place iron toward the back side of the mouth with a dropper. Mix iron with milk for greater absorption. Report black, tarry stools to health care provider. Apply barrier ointment if needed to buttocks.

Administration of Iron Supplements includes:Ideally iron supplements should be administered between meals for greater absorption.Liquid iron supplements may stain the teeth, therefore administer with a dropper toward the back of the mouth (side). In older children, administer liquid iron supplements through a straw or rinse mouth thoroughly after ingestion.Avoid administration of liquid iron supplements with whole cow's milk or milk products as these bind free iron and prevent absorption.Educate parents that iron supplements will turn stools black or tarry green.Iron supplements may cause transient constipation. Caution parents not to switch to a low-iron containing formula or whole milk, which are poor sources of iron and may lead to iron deficiency anemia (see Iron Deficiency Anemia, Chapter 43).In older children, follow liquid iron supplement with a citrus fruit or juice drink (no more than 3 to 4 ounces).Avoid administration of iron supplements with food or drinks that bind iron and prevent absorption.

The parents of a 5-month-old girl complain to the nurse that they are exhausted because she still wakes up as often as every 1 to 2 hours during the night. When she awakens, they change her diaper, and her mother nurses her back to sleep. What should the nurse suggest to help them deal with this problem? Putting her in parents' bed to cuddle. Beginning to put her to bed while still awake. Letting her cry herself back to sleep. Giving her a bottle of formula instead of breastfeeding her so often at night.

Beginning to put her to bed while still awake. The nurse needs to discuss the issue of co-sleeping with parents. Having the infant in bed with them may still interfere with their sleep. Parents need to develop bedtime rituals that involve putting the child in bed when awake. If the child is put in bed awake, she will be able to return to sleep more easily if she awakens at night. Providing formula at night contributes to bottle-mouth caries.

Which strategy might be recommended for an infant with failure-to-thrive to increase caloric intake? Using developmental stimulation by a specialist during feedings Avoiding solids until after the bottle is well accepted Being persistent through 10 to 15 minutes of food refusal Varying schedule of routine activities on a daily basis

Being persistent through 10 to 15 minutes of food refusal Feeding times should have a nonstimulating environment so the focus is on the meal. Solids should be introduced slowly to decrease dependence on the bottle. Calm perseverance is important. Parents often fail to persist through the child's refusals. Daily schedule should be structured to provide consistency for the child.

Apnea of infancy has been diagnosed in an infant who will soon be discharged with home monitoring. When teaching the parents about the infant's care, what is the most important information the nurse should include in the discharge teaching plan? Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Administration of intravenous (IV) fluids Reassurance that the infant cannot be electrocuted during monitoring Advice that the infant not be left with other caretakers such as baby-sitters

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is essential for parent and caregivers to know. Most likely the child will not have venous access; thus home intravenous (IV) therapy is not necessary. The monitor is insulated and grounded. The parents should arrange for other caregivers to help out. All need to be taught how to use the monitoring equipment and how to perform CPR.

The nurse should provide further teaching about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) prevention when hearing the mother of an 8 week old make which statement? Select all that apply. "I only smoke in the kitchen." "I put my baby to sleep on her back." "I have my baby sleep with me instead of alone in the crib." "I make sure my baby wears a flannel sleeper and has two blankets to keep warm in her crib." "I always leave my baby's favorite stuffed bunny rabbit in the crib to keep her from crying at night."

Maternal smoking increases the risk of SIDS. Smoking anywhere in the home with an infant present is not recommended. The "Back to Sleep" Campaign is given credit for reducing the rate of SIDS in the United States. Co-sleeping increases the risk of SIDS. Overheating increases the risk of SIDS. Leaving a stuffed animal in the crib is a suffocation risk but still needs to be addressed as a safety hazard.

A 9-month-old infant is seen in the emergency department after developing a urticaric rash with cough and wheezing. When collecting the history of events before the sudden onset of the rash with cough and wheezing, the mother states they were "feeding the baby new foods." Which food is the possible cause of this type of reaction in the infant? Potatoes Green beans Spinach Peanut butter

Peanut butter Nuts of any type, including peanuts, have a high allergy index in children and infants. The infant has demonstrated the cutaneous and respiratory type of reaction after possible ingestion of peanut butter. Potatoes are not a highly allergenic food. Green beans are not a highly allergenic food. Spinach is not a highly allergenic food. Question 6 of 26

A nurse is caring for a 2-month-old exclusively breast-fed infant with an admitting diagnosis of colic. Based on the nurse's knowledge of breastfed infants, what type of stool is expected? Dark brown and small hard pebbles Loose with green mucus streaks Formed and with white mucus Semiformed, seedy, yellow

Semiformed, seedy, yellow Colic does not change the appearance, texture, or color of stools. The color, consistency, and texture of the stools would be normal for the type of feeding. In a breastfeeding infant, that would be semiformed, seedy, and yellow. Dark brown, small hard pebbles are not a typical bowel movement of an exclusively breastfed infant. Loose stool with green mucus streaks is not a typical bowel movement of an exclusively breastfed infant. Formed stool with white mucus is not a typical bowel movement of an exclusively breastfed infant.

The primary goals in the nutritional management of children with failure to thrive (FTT) are: Select all that apply. allow for catch-up growth. correct nutritional deficiencies. achieve ideal weight for height. restore optimum body composition. educate the parents or primary caregivers on child's nutritional requirements. educate the parents or primary caregivers that the child will need tube feedings first.

The goal is to provide sufficient calories to support "catch-up" growth, which is a rate of growth greater than the expected rate for age. Correction of nutritional deficiencies is another goal that may require multivitamin supplements and dietary supplements with high-calorie foods and drinks in addition to treating any coexisting medical problems.Accurate assessment of the child's initial weight and height are important, as well as the daily recording of weight, food intake, and feeding behavior. Correction of nutritional deficiencies is another goal that may require multivitamin supplements and dietary supplements with high-calorie foods and drinks in addition to treating coexisting medical problems to optimize body composition. A goal is to provide education to the parents or primary caregiver of the child's nutritional requirements along with appropriate feeding methods.

The parents of a 9-month-old infant tell the nurse that they are worried about their baby's thumb-sucking. What is the nurse's BEST reply? A pacifier should be substituted for the thumb. Thumb-sucking should be discouraged by age 12 months. Thumb-sucking should be discouraged when the teeth begin to erupt. There is no need to restrain nonnutritive sucking during infancy.

There is no need to restrain nonnutritive sucking during infancy. Evidence is inconclusive regarding whether a pacifier or thumb is better for satisfying sucking needs. Thumb-sucking and the use of pacifier should be stopped after 4 years of age. Thumb-sucking and the use of pacifier should be stopped after 4 years of age. Nonnutritive sucking reaches its peak at about 18 to 20 months of age.

The nurse in the pediatric clinic identifies which infants at risk for developing vitamin D-deficient rickets? Lacto-ovo vegetarians Those who are breastfed exclusively Those using yogurt as primary source of milk Those exposed to daily sunlight

Those using yogurt as primary source of milk Individuals who follow this diet include milk and its products in their diet. Breast milk has sufficient vitamin D if the mother is not deficient in this vitamin. Yogurt may not be supplemented with vitamin D. Lack of sunlight contributes to vitamin D-deficient rickets.

A mother is bringing her 4-month-old infant into the clinic for a routine well-baby check. The mother is exclusively breastfeeding. There are no other liquids given to the infant. What vitamin does the nurse anticipate the provider will prescribe for this infant? Vitamin B Vitamin D Vitamin C Vitamin K

Vitamin D The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants who are exclusively breast-fed receive 400 international units (IU) of vitamin D daily in the first few days of life and continued daily supplementation to decrease vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin B is not needed. Vitamin C is not needed. Vitamin K is not needed.

A 3-month-old bottle-fed infant is allergic to cow's milk. The nurse's BEST option for a substitute is:' goat's milk. soy-based formula. skim milk diluted with water. amino acid formula.

amino acid formula. The milk protein in goat's milk cross-reacts with cow's milk protein. This is avoided because of the cross-reaction with soy. The cow's milk protein is also found in skim milk. The milk protein is broken down in these formulas.

The nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant who smiles, coos, and has a strong head lag. The nurse should recognize that: this assessment is normal. the child is probably cognitively impaired. developmental/neurologic evaluation is needed. the parent needs to work with the infant to stop head lag.

developmental/neurologic evaluation is needed. A 6-month-old infant should have social interaction beyond smiling and cooing. The child requires evaluation. The head lag should be almost gone by 4 months of age. This child requires evaluation. The child requires evaluation before interventions can be determined.

The mother of a 3-month-old breastfed infant asks about giving her baby water since it is summer and very warm. The nurse should recommend that: fluids in addition to breast milk are not needed. water should be given if the infant seems to nurse longer than usual. water once or twice a day will make up for losses caused by environmental temperature. clear juices would be better than water to promote adequate fluid intake.

fluids in addition to breast milk are not needed. The child will nurse according to needs. Additional fluids are not necessary for the breastfed baby. Supplemental water should not be given. It may cause water intoxication. Supplemental water should not be given. It may cause water intoxication. Clear juices do not provide sufficient caloric or nutrient intake and may interfere with breastfeeding.

The MOST appropriate recommendation for relief of teething pain is to instruct the parents to: rub gums with aspirin to relieve inflammation. apply hydrogen peroxide to gums to relieve irritation. give child a frozen teething ring to relieve inflammation. have child chew on a warm teething ring to encourage tooth eruption.

give child a frozen teething ring to relieve inflammation. Gums should not be rubbed with aspirin. It can be dangerous if the child aspirates aspirin. Hydrogen peroxide would not be effective. Cold reduces inflammation and should be used for relief of teething irritation. Cold, not warmth, reduces inflammation.

When preparing to administer Hepatitis B vaccine to a newborn, the nurse should: Select all that apply. initiate an immunization record. confirm the hepatitis B status of the newborn's mother. obtain a syringe with a 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle. assess the dorsogluteal muscle as the preferred site for injection. confirm that the newborn's mother has signed the informed consent.

initiate an immunization record. confirm the hepatitis B status of the newborn's mother. obtain a syringe with a 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle. confirm that the newborn's mother has signed the informed consent. An immunization record is important for the nurse to initiate and give to the mother so that a continuous record of immunizations is maintained. Hepatitis B vaccine is the primary prevention for the disease. If the mother is positive for the hepatitis B virus, the newborn will need to receive the hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in addition to the hepatitis B vaccine. The dose of hepatitis B vaccine is 0.5 mL, to be given with a 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle, intramuscularly (IM) in the newborn. Signed informed consent must be obtained from the mother before administration of the vaccine. The only safe intramuscular injection site for the newborn is the vastus lateralis muscle.

A nurse is providing education to a community group in preparation for a mission trip to a third world country with limited access to protein-based food sources. The nurse is aware that children in this country are at increased risk for: rickets. marasmus. kwashiorkor. pellagra.

kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is defined as primarily a deficiency of protein with an adequate supply of calories. Rickets results from a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. It leads to softening and weakening of the bones. Marasmus results from general malnutrition of both calories and protein. Pellagra is a vitamin-deficiency disease most commonly caused by a chronic lack of niacin (vitamin B3) in the diet.

The nurse is interviewing the parents of a 4-month-old male infant brought to the hospital emergency department. The infant is dead on arrival, and no attempt at resuscitation is made. The parents state that the baby was found in his crib with a blanket over his head, lying face down in bloody fluid from his nose and mouth. They say he was "just fine" when they put him in his crib already asleep. The nurse should suspect his death was caused by: suffocation. child abuse. infantile apnea. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Although the child was found under the blanket, the bloody fluid is consistent with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), not suffocation. No other injuries are reported. No previous acute life-threatening events had been reported. The death is consistent with the characteristics of SIDS.

The exhausted parents of a 2-month-old infant with colic ask the nurse what is the best method to promote comfort and sleep for the infant. The nurse's initial action is to:' advise the mother to follow a milk-free diet for 3 to 5 days. take a thorough, detailed history of usual daily events. administer simethicone drops to provide relief from gas pains. explain that the parents need to stay calm so the infant will remain calm.

take a thorough, detailed history of usual daily events. The initial step in managing colic is to take a thorough, detailed history of the usual daily events including: diet, time of day when child cries, presence of family members, type of cry, etc. Before suggesting formula changes or medications to relieve symptoms, a detailed history is needed. It is important that the nurse convey an empathetic and compassionate attitude and reassure the parents that they are not doing anything wrong.

A parent of an 8-month-old infant tells the nurse that the baby cries and screams whenever he or she is left with the grandparents. The nurse's reply should be based on knowledge that: the infant is most likely spoiled. this is a normal reaction for this age. this is an abnormal reaction for this age. grandparents are not responsive to that infant.

this is a normal reaction for this age. These are developmentally appropriate. The infant is experiencing stranger anxiety, which is expected for this age child. These are developmentally appropriate. No data have been shown to support this.

The nurse educator instructs a nursing student that according to Erikson, infancy is concerned with acquiring a sense of: trust. industry. initiative. separation.

trust. The task of infancy is the development of trust. Industry versus inferiority is the developmental task of school-age children. Initiative versus guilt is the developmental task of preschoolers. Separation occurs during the sensorimotor stage as described by Piaget.

Infants most at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are those: Select all that apply. who sleep supine. who sleep prone. who were premature. with prenatal drug exposure. with a cousin who died of SIDS.

who sleep prone. who were premature. with prenatal drug exposure. Infants at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are low birth weight, have low Apgar scores, sleep prone, cosleep, were premature, and have a mother who smokes. It is recommended that infants sleep supine to reduce the risk of SIDS. A cousin dying of SIDS does not present an increased risk for the infant.