CH 4 Differences in Culture
2 phrases reflect the economic implications of Islam?
- Cannot earn profit through exploitation of others - Hold property as trustees, rather than as owners (per Western definition of ownership)
What are two ways a person can change their social status within a class system?
- Luck - Personal Achievement
Culture norms and values consists of (6): (Determinants)
- Religion - Political philosophy - Economy philosophy - Education - Social Structure - Language
"hidden curriculum" in schools
- Respect - Honesty - Obedience - Neatness - On-time - Dealign with competition (grade system)
Which 3 situations are considered positive aspects of the collectivist attitude found in the Japanese business culture?
- There is strong incentive for individuals to work together for the common good. -Cooperation within the group is driven by the need to improve group performance. - Workers tend to remain at the same company for a long time—even a lifetime.
Confucius Ethics System 3 main interests:
- loyalty (absolute obligation to higher ups) - Reciprocal obligations - Honesty in dealing with others
In terms of numbers of members, what are the four major religions that dominate the world today?
1. Christianity 2. Islam 3. Hinduism 4. Buddhism
What are 4 principles of social stratification?
1. It is generally universal, but NOT variable 2.It involves beliefs & inequality. 3. It carries over to the next generation. 4.It's a reflection of society, NOT individual
three benefits of learning the native language of a company you are doing business with?
1. People like to speak in their own language. 2. You can build rapport & goodwill 3. Prevent major blunders through improper translation
Hofstede's 4 original dimensions of culture division
1. power distance 2. individualism vs. collectivism 3. uncertainty avoidance 4. masculinity vs. femininity
What is one negative aspect to companies of emphasizing individual performance in business? Multiple choice question.
A high degree of managerial mobility between companies
Ethical System
A set of moral principles, or values, that is used to guide and shape behavior.
Religion
A system of shared beliefs and rituals concerned with the realm of the sacred.
Caste System
A system of social stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime.
Class system
A system of social stratification in which social status is determined by the family into which a person is born and by subsequent socioeconomic achievements; mobility between classes is possible.
"Culture" by Hofstede?
A system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.
class consciousness
A tendency for individuals to perceive themselves in terms of their class background --> a lack of respect was the result of the perception that those in upper management were a "step above" the employees.
Values
Abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable. --> Emotional Significant --> Bedrock of a culture
Group
An association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behavior.
When a company with branches in Japan and the United States changes its performance appraisal system to reflect the fact that American managers are more individualistic as compared to their more group-oriented Japanese counterparts, the company is recognizing the need to vary company processes and practices based on how ______ affects work-related values.
CULTURE
Max Weber attributed the relationship between the emergence of ____________ and Protestantism to the value system of the religion
Capitalism
What ethical system was the official ethical system of China until the communist revolution and emphasizes taking the right actions to attain salvation?
Confucianism
Which ethical system is NOT concerned with the afterlife?
Confucianism
Buddhism has all the same basic beliefs as Hinduism EXCEPT
Does NOT advocate for: - extreme ascetic behavior - The caste system
The U.S. economy is considered _____ because it is impacted by the philosophy of individualism
Dynamic
Compared to China and the United Kingdom, social mobility is _____ in the United States
EASIER
A focus on individual religious freedom, not surprisingly, may have set the stage for
Entrepreneurship
Hofstede's work confirmed Western stereotypes, but it has been criticized for this result because the research team was composed of
European and Americans
uncertainty avoidance
Extent to which cultures socialize members to accept ambiguous situations and to tolerate uncertainty
What is one of the most significant values on political and economic world?
FREEDOM --> people die to have freedom --> economic promote FREE MARKET
Monica asked her manager if appropriate dress for the meeting was business casual or traditional business. Monica is inquiring about the ______ associated with the meeting.
Folkway
Stephen usually eats lunch with three of his co-workers and on the weekends he gets together with his college friends. The people Stephen interacts with represent two types of _________.
Group
Society
Group of people who share a common set of values and norms.
According to Hofstede, societies with stiff codes of behavior, rules, and laws score ________ on the uncertainty avoidance index. (UAI)
HIGH
Social Strata
Hierarchical social categories often based on family background, occupation, and income.
The _____ degree of social mobility in the United States limits the impact of class background on business operations
High
Dharma
Hindus believe in Dharma, the behaviors and responsibilities governing individual conduct
Karma
Hindus believe in Karma, reincarnation & afterlife
Under Hofstede's proposed 6th dimension, _____ refers to a society that promotes enjoying life and having fun
Indulgence
How has social media affected group life?
It has emphasized the idea of an extended social group
What is a negative effect of the collectivist manner associated with Japanese businesses?
Lack of dynamism and entrepreneurship
In Japan, most people perceive themselves to be middle class; therefore, class background has ____________ impact on business operations.
Less / LITTLE
As the result of criticism of his original work, Hofstede went on to expand his model with the addition of which dimension? --> Inspired by Confucianism
Long-term versus short-term orientation
In traditional British society, a school teacher would have been part of the _____ class
Lower-Middle - after bank teller
in a ______ culture, sex roles are sharply differentiated.
Masculine
In post-independence India, some think that the values of Hindu asceticism and self-reliance have had a(n) _________ impact on economic development.
NEGATIVE
__________ join the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation
Nation - State
supply the standards and models for acceptable behavior in a society
Norms
Mores
Norms seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life. --> widely observed and greater moral significance than folways. --> intact into LAWS
According to Weber, thrift, efficiency, and hard work are the result of a person's belief in the ethics of _____
Protestanism
______ is considered the religion that emphasizes individual economic and political freedoms which formed the basis on which entrepreneurial free market capitalism is based.
Protestanism
Folkways
Routine conventions of everyday life. --> Rituals and Behaviors
A class system is characterized by the fact that a person can move from one __________ to another. Multiple choice question.
Social Strata
Nigel was born into a poor, working-class family in England. He is resigned to the fact that his life will be much like his fathers as he has no way to earn a degree and change his status. Nigel believes that a lack of _____ determines his fate.
Social mobility
Norms
Social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.
Traditional Hindu values judge individuals by their ______, according to Max Weber.
Spiritual actions / achievements
All societies are divided on a hierarchical basis into social categories called social _____
Strata
An example of Folkways?
TIME --> the importance of scheduling, being on-time in the United States and Northern European cultures VS --> Arabic, Latin, African time is more elastic
A company may need to vary management processes by country as a result of local cultural differences
TRUE
Christianity grew out of Judaism. Like Judaism, it is a monotheistic religion (monotheism is the belief in one God).
TRUE
Companies that experience high managerial mobility do not have executives who are loyal. Instead, they move from company to company.
TRUE
Education provides a competitive economic advantage through the creation of a pool of skilled and educated workers
TRUE
It is possible for one country to encompass several societies.
TRUE
Language is used to direct the attention of a society to specific components of the world and structures how people perceive them?
TRUE
Sociologists would disagree that the class system has dissolved and present studies that show "money still begets money" in Britain.
TRUE
Spoken language not only allows people to communicate with each other, but structures the way people perceive the world
TRUE
While religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion.
TRUE
The most rigid form of social stratification is
The Caste System
Social Structure
The basic social organization of a society. --> it indicates how a society is organized in terms of Values, Norms, and Relationships
Social Mobility
The extent to which individuals can, easily or hard or cannot, move out of the social strata into which they are born into, and to the next.
long-term versus short-term orientation
The theory of the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs. It captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Theory focusing on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows. In individualistic societies, the ties between individuals are loose and individual achievement is highly valued. In societies where collectivism is emphasized, ties between individuals are tight, people are born into collectives, such as extended families, and everyone is supposed to look after the interests of his or her collective.
POWER DISTANCE
Theory of how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. High power distance cultures are found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth; low power distance cultures are found in societies that try to play down such inequalities as much as possible.
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Theory of the relationship between gender and work roles. In masculine cultures, sex roles are sharply differentiated and traditional "masculine values" such as achievement and the effective exercise of power determine cultural ideals; in feminine cultures, sex roles are less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation is made between men and women in the same job.
Cross-Cultural Literacy
Understanding how the culture of a country affects the way business is practiced.
Freedom, democracy, and justice are three examples of _____ within a society
VALUE
In Westernized societies, freedom to choose is considered everyone's right. The idea of what is good and right is an example of a(n)
Value
The ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable are called
Values
Islamic fundamentalists blame _____ for a range of social ills
Western governments
World Values Survey
a global research project that explores people's values and beliefs, how they change over time, and what social and political impact they have - democracy support - Tolerance for foreigners & ethics minorities - Gender equality - impact of globalization - attitudes towards: environment, work, family, politics, national identity, insecurity, diversity, culture
The best way to describe the labor-management relationship in an organization based in Confucian culture is
cooperation is achieved at a lower cost.
Hindus believe that ______ is achieved by spiritual progress and reincarnation.
movement between castes
As modernization occurs, which of the following situation is contrary to the Buddha's teaching?
people are more separate from nature
Guanxiwang
relationship network, in which help each other
Mudarabah contract
similiar to a profit-sharing scheme
highly individualistic cultures
synonymous with those capable of constantly innovating
In the United States, class membership is determined to a greater degree by _____
individual economic achievement
Western society values _______ over ______
individuals; groups
One reason for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism is the
influence of Western ideas and culture.
A caste system is a type of social structure that divides people on the basis of _____
inherited social status
Is there a strict one-to-one relationship between one culture and a nation-state?
is NOT
An advantage of individualism is a(n)
high level of entrepreneurial activity.
