Ch. 4,5,6 Assessment Review

Sterol manufactured in the body

cholesterol

Cholesterol is ________.

not essential in the diet; the human body can synthesize it not found in foods of plant origin an important part of human cell membranes and is necessary to make some hormones

Lipid that is liquid at room temperature

oil

A saturated fatty acid contains _____ carbon-to-carbon bonds.

only single

Produces and secretes enzymes

pancreas

Major lipid class that contains phosphorus, fatty acids, and glycerol

phospholipid

Ketosis may result from ________.

starvation a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day untreated diabetes mellitus

The ______ layer of the GI tract wall contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves, whereas the ________ layer is the outermost layer that protects the GI tract.

submucosa; serosa

An example of a brush border enzyme is ________.

sucrase

Heartburn is caused by ________

the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

Water-soluble nutrients enter into the body by way of ________.

the blood

A main cause of intestinal gas formation is ________.

the breakdown of undigested carbohydrates by bacteria in the large intestine

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.

the liver

Lymph ________.

transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation

Which of the following foods promotes the colonization of microflora in the GI tract?

yogurt

Recommendations suggest that we consume approximately 20% of our fat as monounsaturated fats. All of the following would be appropriate to use to achieve this goal EXCEPT ________.

coconut oil

The salivary glands produce about ___ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ___________, and ___________.

4; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances

The gastrointestinal tract has three functions, one of which is digestion. What are the other two?

Absorption and egestion/excretion

Which type of starch is linear in appearance?

Amylose

Which of the following dietary or nutritional factors may worsen gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Being overweight Consuming a high-fat diet Alcohol and caffeine consumption Consumption of large meals

What will happen to fat digestion if a gallbladder is removed?

Bile will be directly secreted to the small intestine, continuing fat digestion.

Changes in blood glucose levels will typically result in the following scenario:

Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon.

Stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic enzymes

Cholecystokinin

Lipoprotein made in the GI tract from digested fat

Chylomicron

Immediately after a meal, newly digested and absorbed dietary fats appear in the lymph, and then the blood, as a part of which of the following?

Chylomicrons

Which of the following population groups is at lowest risk of type 2 diabetes?

College students

Lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol back to the liver and to other lipoproteins

HDL

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of protein?

HDL

The leading cause of peptic ulcer disease is ________.

Helicobacter pylori infection

Which of the following combinations of foods would provide the most dietary fiber?

Kidney bean salad, turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, fresh apple, milk

Lipoprotein with the greatest cholesterol content

LDL

Enzyme found in the mouth that breaks down triglycerides

Lingual lipase

Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to tissues?

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Which of the following organs is the first to respond to a rise in blood glucose levels?

Pancreas

Which of the following grains should be consumed by an individual with gluten sensitivity or celiac disease?

Quinoa

Which of the following food sources would have the softest fats at room temperature?

Safflower

Which mechanism enables substances to move through the cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without any energy expenditure?

Simple diffusion

Which is correct regarding trans fatty acids?

They raise blood cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol.

Which of the following is a risk factor for heart disease?

Total blood cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dl

Comprised of glycerol and fatty acids only

Triglyceride

Lipoprotein that transports fat made in the liver

VLDL

Celiac disease is best treated by ________

a gluten-free diet

The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include ________.

animal products

Monounsaturated fatty acids ________.

are liquid at room temperature have one double bond in the fatty acid chain lower cholesterol

A person diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid products containing ________.

aspartame

Dietitians often recommend that we frequently consume foods containing omega-3 fatty acids. An omega-3 fatty acid is one that has its first double bond _____ end of the molecule.

between the third and fourth carbons from the methyl

Emulsifies fat

bile

An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may ________.

decrease risk of diabetes lower blood lipid levels decrease risk of certain cancers

Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means ________.

dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy

The breakdown of dietary starch to glucose in the small intestine is considered ________.

digestion

The secretions of the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas enter the ________.

duodenum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi

What are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids composed of?

elements

The principal function of dietary carbohydrate is to provide ________.

energy

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _________ fatty acids.

essential

Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of ________.

fat

Lipid that is solid at room temperature

fat

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is derived from corn and consists of almost equal amounts of:

fructose and glucose.

Stores bile for release into small intestines

gallbladder

In the production of alcoholic beverages, maltose is formed from cereal grains because of the ________.

germination of grains

The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.

glucose

The enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose into ________.

glucose + fructose

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose all include the monosaccharide:

glucose.

Phospholipids consist of ________.

glycerol, two fatty acids, and phosphate

Margarine is usually made by a process called ________, in which hydrogen atoms are added to double covalent bonds in the polyunsaturated fatty acids found in vegetable oils.

hydrogenation

The chemical reaction sucrose + H2O → fructose + glucose is an example of a ___________ reaction.

hydrolysis

Lipids are generally soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. Thus, they are classified as_____.

hydrophobic

A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to ________.

include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet

The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is ________.

insoluble fiber

Carbohydrates that may contribute to intestinal gas formation include ________.

lactose, fructose, and raffinose

Lipids with high polyunsaturatd fatty acid content are generally ____________ at room temperature.

liquid

The formula HCl tells you that this compound has _____.

more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

Vladimir Putin wants to choose a lipid to use in stir-frying that is more stable and thus won't smoke and burn as readily when he cooks with medium-high heat. To accomplish this, he should select a lipid that contains _____ fatty acids.

mostly long-chain

The human body consists of primarily the elements _____.

nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Functions of the large intestine include ________.

-housing bacterial flora that keep the GI tract healthy -absorption of water and electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium -the defecation of feces

Lard, butter, and cream are rich sources of ________.

saturated fatty acids

The accessory organs of the digestive system release a variety of _____ needed for digestion.

secretions

Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________.

small intestine