Ch. 5-7

In the stages of reflective judgement, which statement shows a progression from this quasi-reflective statement: "I would believe in climate change, if I could see proof. How do you know that researchers aren't making up data?"

"I have heard reports of glaciers melting and the ocean temperature rising. I believe these are signs that there is climate change."

Ecology of aging

(Environmental psychology) field of study that seeks to understand the dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit

What are some factors that may preserve memory?

- Exercise - Knowing more than one language (multilingualism) specifically older adults who know four or more languages fared better. - Studies show older adults perform between when they can use previously learned semantic information to support episodic knowledge.

What are some findings of research looking into memory and nutrition?

- Flavanoids found in green tea and blueberries, among other foods, may reverse age-related deficits in spatial memory. - Dietary iron intake in midlife has also been associated with better verbal memory. - Several B-vitamins have been associated with memory and other cognitive functions.

What are some characteristics of semantic memory?

- It is relatively spared in normal aging - Semantic memory retrieval typically does not tax working memory. - Access problems may occur if semantic memory is not used on a regular basis. (Can happen a "tip of the tongue" or TOT moment)

What are some characteristics of implicit memory?

- It is routine - Age differences are task specific for example learning sequences tend to show age differences whereas learning spatial context does not.

What are the characteristics of sensory memory?

- It takes in large amounts of information rapidly. - It does not appear to have the limits other processes do when attentional focus is applied. - In this type of memory it is as if the representation exists in your mind in the absence of the stimuli itself.

What are some characteristics of explicit memory?

- Most research on memory and aging focuses on explicit memory. - Performance on explicit memory tasks declines with age.

Project ACTIVE

-Ability-specific training does improve primary abilities. -Effect varies in ability to maintain and transfer gains. -No one is too old to benefit from training.

self perception of aging

-Individuals' perceptions of their own age and aging -the social stereotypes we hold about aging influence what we believe about ourselves

factors that preserve memory or can alter it

-exercise-increase grey matter and reduce atrophy -multilingualism and cognitive functioning- protects from cognitive decline -semantic memory in service of episodic memory - episodic memory in association with semantic memory acts as a type of catalyst -negative stereotypes and memory performance - this is a negative response because its provokes automatic responses from the brain (no-thinking)

memory drugs

-only modest, short term improvement -no medical breakthroughs -many drugs cause memory side effects memantine and donepezil

What are the three general steps in memory processing in which researchers feel are potential sources of age differences?

1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval

What are the two possible reasons for decline in processing resources as we age?

1. Inhibitory loss 2. Attentional resources

What are the three assumptions that the information processing model is based on?

1. People are active participants in the process 2. Both quantitative (how much information is remembered) and qualitative (what kinds of information are remembered) aspects of performance can be examined. 3. Information is processed through a series of processes.

Characteristics of assisted living:

1. Physical environment where a person lives is designed to be as much like a single-family house as possible. 2. Philosophy of care at an ideal assisted living facility emphasizes personal control, choice, dignity, and autonomy. Promotes a "normal" living. 3. Should meet residents' routine services and special needs

The five domains of competence

1. Physical health 2. Sensory-perceptual skills 3. Motor skills 4. Cognitive skills 5. Ego strength

Three kinds of adult day care:

1. Provides social activities with minimal health care 2. Provides more intensive health and therapy intervention. 3. Provides specialized care to particular populations

social knowledge

A cognitive structure that represents one's general knowledge about a given social concept or domain. Like a schema for how to behave in social situations. Ex: I behave this way in my first day of class -influenced by how people access information, as we know old people access more easily available information -experience makes some info easier to access like in impression formation

D) the information processing approach

A computer analogy is used to explain A) the origins of source memories B) biographical memory C) how prospective memory works D) the information processing approach

An autopsy

A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease depends on ______________.

B) an assisted-living facility

A facility that provides assistance with personal care such as help with medication, housekeeping, laundry service, and meals but does not provide major medical care is called A) adult day care. B) an assisted-living facility C) an adult family home D) a nursing home

Ecology of aging (Environmental psychology)

A field of study that seeks to understand they dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit. study of the dynamic relations between older adults and their environments

That most tests were developed on young and middle-aged adults and work best with those age groups

A major problem in assessing depression in older adults is ______________.

Loss

A major theme of psychosocial theories of depression is ____________.

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. older adults perform worse

inhibitory loss

A processing resource hypothesis that states that older people's control of where attention is deployed is diminished or distracted. They have difficulty inhibiting the processing of irrelevant info. like in the study where tones distract their reading. -trouble selectively attending to relevant info among irrelevant info(young adults too, like gorilla study) -Kim, Hasher, Zacks 2007 showed that distractor words in passages helped older ppl bc they could not inhibit them

attentional loss

A processing resource hypothesis that states that the amount of information that can be attended at any given time is diminished in older people.

What is congregate housing?

A range of living options from those providing only housing to those providing some level of medical services.

D) working memory

A small-capacity store that deals with the items currently "in use" is A) sensory memory B) remote memory C) secondary memory D) working memory

stereotypes

A special type of social knowledge structure or social belief. May represent socially shared beliefs about characteristics and behaviors of a particular social group. Can be biased and false. -young and old people hold similar stereotypes about aging -with aging, they get molded Ex: old people are slow

selective optimization with compensation

A theoretical model that states that development occurs as we continuously update our personal goals to match our appraisal of available sources to attain those goals. -interests -limitations -strengths -growing older causes shift in priorities

cognitive style

A trait like pattern of behavior one uses when approaching a problem-solving situation. Ex: a need for closure and the inability to tolerate ambiguity. People with a high NFC prefer order and predictability, are close-minded, and prefer quick, decisive answers. Does this affect biased judgments? Older adults with high NFC cannot inhibit the effects of an emotional prime on their subsequent behavior, so they are more likely to be biased and make quick judgments.

Infantilization or elderspeak

A type of speech that involves the unwarranted use of a person's first name, terms of endearment, simplified expressions, short imperatives, an assumption that the recipient has no memory, and cajoling as a means of demanding compliance. (also called secondary baby talk.) communication involving unwarranted use of a person's first name, terms of endearment, or simplified expressions

Cognitive therapy

A type of therapy that emphasizes changing maladaptive beliefs and thoughts is _____________.

Sensory memory

A very brief and almost identical representation of the stimuli that exists in the observable environment.

fluid intelligence

Abilities that make one a flexible and adaptive thinker, that allow one to draw influences, and that allow one to understand the relations among concepts independent of acquired knowledge and experience. Inductive reasoning, abstract thinking. Ex: what letter comes next? d f i m r x e...mazes, puzzles, relations. -Tends to decrease with age. -learning never stops, but it gets difficult -helps you learn in new ways set of skills that make one a flexible and adaptive thinker

Crystallized intelligence:

Ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience

Lack of touch with reality

According to Birren and Renner's definition, which of the following does not characterize mentally healthy people?

assimilative activities.

According to Brandtstädter, a person who uses all sorts of memory aids (such as an iPhone calendar) because they pride themselves on not forgetting appointments is said to be engaging in

D) introversion

According to Jung, which of the following increases with age as we develop a need to explore feelings of aging and mortality? A) masculinity B) extroversion C) femininity D) introversion

accommodation

According to Piaget, intellectual development is adaptation through activity. This term involves changing one's thought to make it a better approximation of the world of experience. ex: girl eventually learns that cats are not dogs, so she accommodates this info in her knowledge

A) neuroticism

According to large-scale studies done on subjects ages 16 to the 80s in the United States and Great Britain, one personality trait tends to decline somewhat in later life. Which is it? A) neuroticism B) conscientiousness C) psychoticism D) openness

A) crystallized intelligence

According to the dual-component model, adulthood is predominantly concerned with the growth of A) crystallized intelligence B) fluid intelligence C) intercohort similarity D) multidiversity trends

The neural efficiency hypothesis

According to which hypotheses do intelligent people process information more efficiently than less intelligent people?

moderators of intelligence

Account for age differences in performance: 1. cohort differences 2. information processing 3. social and lifestyle variables 4. personalty 5. health(cardiovascular disease)-but hypertension not clear 6. relevancy and appropriateness of tasks

Prefrontal and temporal

Across the research, the typical finding is that older adults have reduced brain activity in the ____________ areas when compared with younger adults.

Corrective adaptations

Actions taken in response to stressors and can be facilitated by internal and external resources

Corrective adaptations (PCP)

Actions taken in response to stressors and can be facilitated by internal and external resources.

Preventative adaptions

Actions that avoid stressors and increase or build social resources

Preventive adaptations (PCP)

Actions that avoid stressors and increase or build social resources.

Attention of sensory memory

Active focus on certain stimuli to exclude others. Attention resources are limited.

D:crystallized intelligence

Adulthood is characterized by growth in: A: fluid intelligence B: similarity across cohorts C: primary abilities D: crystallized intelligence

time of day

Affects performance: young people are evening types, old people are morning types. Study: testing in late afternoon shows large age diff. but not testing in the morning

A) special medication and soft restraints for all residents

All of the following are important in a special care unit except A) special medication and soft restraints for all residents B) special training for staff to work with residents who have dementia C) specially designed elements in hallways and rooms D) door alarms to alert staff to residents who may be wandering off

B) person-centered planning

Allowing residents to decorate their own rooms, choosing what they want to eat from a buffet, and deciding whether they want to take a shower or a bath, is a description of which of the following? A) staff programs B) person-centered planning C) person-environment planning D) assisted living

declarative memory

Also called explicit memory-consists of episodic(birthdays) and semantic(who is the prez?) memory. -large age-related differences, especially in episodic -hippocampus

procedural memory

Also called implicit memory-involves skills and automatic processing. -more spared from age-related loss

psychometric approach

An approach to intelligence involving defining it as performance on standardized tests. These tests look at the answers, not the thought process that gets to them. perspective involving defining intelligence as performance on standardized tests

cognitive-structural approach

An approach to intelligence that emphasizes the ways in which people conceptualize problems and focuses on modes or styles of thinking(rather than scores on tests). perspective that emphasizes the ways people conceptualize problems and focuses on styles of thinking

stereotype threat

An evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong. Ex: when older adults are told they will be tested on memory, they perform worse than younger adults. But if they are told they will be learning new information, they do just as well as young adults. This is bc earlier they were worried about stereotypes.

A) rehearsal

An example of an internal memory strategy is A) rehearsal B) a calendar C) a list D) an address book

task switching

An example of multitasking and attention control. Older adults have greater difficulty with this, especially when they must inhibit info that is no longer useful. Ex: study where you are given cue about whether you should attend to the meaning(verbal task) or position(spatial task) of an upcoming word, which flashes by. We had to raise the left or right hand. -older adults RT affected more in the spatial task bc they had to go btwn two tasks

situational attribution

An explanation for someone's behavior that is external to the actor. Ex: She is not an anxious person she just has a test coming up. Older adults make more this term.

dispositional attribution

An explanation for someone's behavior that resides within the actor. Ex: she tripped over the rock because she is stupid

B) recognition memory

Answering a multiple choice question on an exam like this one is an example of A) recall memory B) recognition memory C) semantic memory D) cued recall memory

Recall

Answering short-answer or essay questions on your final exam requires the use of ____________.

Strategy

Anything people do to make the task easier and increase the efficiency of encoding or retrieval. technique that makes learning or remembering easier and that increases the efficiency of storage

adaption level (EP)

Area where press level is average for a particular level of competence.

What is the relationship between nursing home staff satisfaction and resident satisfaction?

As staff satisfaction increases, resident satisfaction increases

What is one way to distinguish normal and abnormal changes in memory?

Ask whether the changes disrupt a person's ability to perform daily living tasks.

D) possible selves

Aspects of our personality pertaining to what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming are called A) ego B) life story C) trait clusters D) possible selves

Piaget

Assumed that thought developed through four stages. 1. sensorimotor period: babies use sensory and motor skills 2. preoperational period: young children thinking not logical and egocentric 3. concrete operational period: logical reasoning emerges, but still unable to deal with abstract concepts 4. formal operational period: endpoint of development, constrained by reality(only 30% of adults reach this)

Parieto-frontal lobes

Attention all control is linked to the speed of processing in the ____________.

all of the above

Auditory sensory memory: -lasts a short time -has large capacity -changes with aging -all of the above

Episodic memory

Autobiographical memory is primarily a form of ____________.

Autobiographical examples

Autobiographical memory is primarily a form of episodic memory, although it can also involve semantic memory. The episodic component of autobiographical memory is the recollection of temporal and spatial events from one's past event. For example, birthday parties, vacations, and/or graduation. The semantic component consists of knowledge and facts of one's past without having to remember exactly what or when things occurred. For example, personal characteristics and/or knowledge that an event occurred.

C) vocabulary

Based on the developmental changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence, on which type of test would you expect an older person to receive a high score? A) perceptual speed B) inductive reasoning C) vocabulary D) spatial relations

information-processing approach

Based on three assumptions: (1) People are active participants in the process; (2) both quantitative (how much information is remembered) and qualitative (what kinds of information are remembered) aspects of performance can be examined; and (3) information is processed through a series of processes.

adaptation

Basic concept from Piaget's theory of adaptation through activity. The process of adjusting thinking to the environment. The underlying processes are assimilation and accommodation.

organization

Basic concept from Piaget's theory of adaptation through activity. Thought is organized into a coordinated whole and is reflected in cognitive structures that change across the life span.

Why do results from years of research suggest that encoding processes decrease with age?

Because adult's spontaneous use of strategies during the learning of new information declines with age.

Sociocultural influences

Because customs differ across cultures, behavior that may be normative in one culture may be indicative of problems in another. This point to the importance of understanding ____________ when defining psychopathology.

semantic memory; episodic memory

Because it remains relatively unimpaired, __________________ may have an enhancement effect on __________________ for older adults.

Have hypertension or kidney disease

Because lithium is a salt, it raises blood pressure. Thus, it is dangerous for people who _____________.

What are two reasons why autobiographical memories can be so inaccurate?

Because of source memories, and false memories.

The B = f(P,E) theory of a person-environment interaction

Behavior determined by person and environment. B = behavior, P = person, E = environment

Training; transfer

Behavioral perspective research has suggested that basic cognitive processes affected by aging can be improved through ___________ and ____________ to multiple levels of functioning as long as the basic functions are shared across tasks.

B) conscientiousness

Being lazy, careless, late, unenergetic, and aimless are characteristics that fall on the low end of Costa and McCrae's _____ dimension. A) agreeableness B) conscientiousness C) neuroticism D) openness to experience

buffer declines in fluid intelligence

Being open to experiences helps

The amount of what protein is linked with the possible development of dementia?

Beta amyloid, and has been shown to be related to the degree processing speed slows.

Cognitive

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their ____________ functioning.

Biomarker patterns

Bowman and colleagues (2012) identified three different ______________ associated with cognitive functioning and brain volume.

immunizing mechanisms

Brandstadter proposes that the preservation and stabilization of a positive view of the self and personal development in later life involves three processes. Control strategies that alter the effects of self-discrepant evidence. Ex: a person confronted with evidence that his or her memory performance has declined can look for alternative explanations or simply deny the evidence.

assimilative activities

Brandstadter proposes that the preservation and stabilization of a positive view of the self and personal development involves three processes. Exercises that prevent or alleviate losses in domains that are personally relevant for self-esteem and identity. Ex: if memory is important for you, you might use memory aids when your memory starts to fail

accommodations

Brandstadter proposes that the preservation and stabilization of a positive view of the self and personal development involves three processes. Readjusting goals and aspirations as a way to lessen or neutralize the effects of negative self-evaluations in key domains. Ex: a person notices that the times it takes to walk a mile at a brisk pace has increased, so they increase the target time to lessen the feelings of failure

secondary mental abilities

Broad-ranging skills composed of several primary mental abilities and the relationships between them. At least six have been found: crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, visual organization, auditory organization, short-term acquisition and retrieval, long-term storage and retrieval.

Intelligence has plasticity

Can be modified

poor filtering of repeated info

Changes in the N100 response in aging are likely due to: -faster fading auditory sensory memory -faster fading visual sensory memory -poor filtering of repeated info

An exaggeration of normal aging

Changes in the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease may be _____________.

culture.

Changing your identity over time is a process of fashioning and refashioning one's life story, which according to McAdams, is strongly influenced by

cognitive style

Characteristic way in which a learner tends to think about a task and process new information; typically comes into play automatically rather than by choice.

wisdom

Characteristics of this term include: exceptional levels of functioning, a balance between intellect, emotion, and motivation, a high degree of personal and interpersonal competence, and good intentions. -not the same as creativity and not strongly related to age, but rather to life experience

collaborative cognition

Cognitive performance that results from the interaction of two or more individuals. -enhances older adults performance on memory and problem-solving tasks -two heads are better than one -using such strategies means older adult couples and younger adult couples can perform equally

Memory encoding: Encoding

Compared to younger adults, older adults tend not to behave as strategically when studying information to be remembered. However, when instructed or taught to do so, older adults can use encoding strategies well. So, the age changes observed reflect more a decrease in the degree the strategies are used spontaneously, rather than a decrease in the ability to use strategies. So, at least part of the reason older adults perform more poorly than younger adults on tests of memory recall is because of poorer encoding.

Lower

Compared with younger adults, the rate of clinical depression in older adults is ____________.

Zone of maximum performance potential

Competence-environmental press theory, the area where increases in press tend to improve performance

training

Concept that seems to slow decline in some primary abilities. ADEPT: project that raised scores in primary abilities trained, some to the level from which they declined(brief 1 hr sessions) ACTIVE: extension of ADEPT showed further improvement Long-term effect: still present after years- shows plasticity of old age that can be molded with intervention tech.

Divided Attention

Concerns how well people perform multiple tasks simultaneously. (Ex: driving a car) ability to successfully perform more than one task at a time

semantic memory

Concerns learning and remembering the meaning of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time. General knowledge you have, but not necessarily about when and how you learned it. -part of declarative memory -spared from age-related loss except in accessibility: TOT

A) broad

Critics argue that Erikson's stage of generativity is much too ____________ to capture the essence of adulthood. A) broad B) based on a masculine perspective of development C) narrow D) culturally specific

Negative stereotypes about aging __________ the memory performance of older adults.

Decrease

Environmental press

Demands put on a person by the environment

37

Demetias serious enough to impair independent functioning affect nearly ___________ million people globally.

skill acquisition

Describes the gradual, and somewhat haphazard, process by which people learn new abilities.

What is adult day care?

Designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day.

Adult day care

Designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day. program designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day

incidental learning

Different from intentional learning or rehearsal because a person does not have the intention of encoding and storing such information. Ex: when a person witnesses a crime - no expectations of testing on it later - older and younger adults perform about the same, as in a study where they stated the first letter of a name and were later tested on the name

Characteristics of congregate housing:

Do not include individual kitchens and provide shared meals. Do not provide 24-hour medical service on site. Require residents to be capable of independent living.

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

During dinner time Joe, an Alzheimer's patient, often acts out and throws his food. However, tonight he is sitting quietly and eating; this prompts the nursing staff to reward Joe. The most likely technique the staff is employing is ______________.

Memory encoding: Neuroscience research - encoding

During encoding, older adults' prefrontal cortex shows over-activity, indicating the usual pattern of compensatory processes with age.

During what age group does the number of autobiographical memories increase the fastest?

During young adulthood.

auditory sensory memory

Echoic modality that lasts 2-10 seconds in sensory memory. Does not require attention and diminishes in amplitude with repeated simulation(you hear repetitive beeping and then ignore it). -older adults have faster decay and less efficient filtering, so they perform worse on primary tasks bc they are distracted

Do age differences emerge with automatic processing or effortful processing?

Effortful processing

traits.

Everyone describes Jamie as a nice person who is always helpful. This description best represents the personality concept of

B) semantic memory

Evidence suggests there are no age-related deficits in memory processes such as language comprehension, the structure of language, and the activation of general knowledge. This is because _______ is relatively spared in normal aging. A) working memory B) semantic memory C) episodic memory D) long-term memory

Have difficulty factoring out false information in an article they are reading

Executive functioning failures in older adults can be seen when older adults ______________.

Preserving Memory Tactics

Exercise Being multilingual Ask older people to use semantic memory to support episodic memory

Preventive and Corrective Proactivity (PCP) Model

Explains how life stressors and lack of good congruence in person-environment interactions, especially when the person has nothing to help buffer or protect these things, will result in poor life outcomes.

causal attributions

Explanations people construct to explain their behavior, which can be situational, dispositional, or interactive. Dispositional: Brittany is an anxious person Situational: Brittany was pressured by her boss

cognitive reserve

Factors that lessen cognitive decline in that they provide flexibility in responding and adapting to changes in the environment. A reservoir pool of resources in your mind. Ex: IQ, educational level, occupation, and activity levels. -Exercising memory: Learning to memorize grocery lists may help you learn to memorize other lists. -this could explain individual differences

Cognitive reserve

Factors that provide flexibility in responding and adapting to changes in the environment (in this case memory performance)

Postformal thinking

Flexible, logical, willing to accept moral and intellectual complexities

remote memory

Form of episodic memory that involves remembering info and events that must be kept for a very long time. -facts learned early -meaning of words -events

Activity

Functional imaging techniques focus on the _____________ of the brain.

retrieval

Getting information out of memory. Preceded by encoding and storage.

Mechanics of intelligence

Hardware of the mind. Biological/genetic factors. Decline across adulthood

Not use identical approaches

Health care professionals should ______________ when assessing and treating adults of widely different ages.

B) education

High levels of ____________ has/have been associated with lower rates of dementia. A) B vitamins in one's diet B) education C) white matter hyperintensities D) egocentrism in one's personality

What is assisted living?

Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people needing assistance with personal care but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively that they need 24 hour care.

Assisted living facilities

Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care (such as bathing or taking medications) but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively that they need 24-hour care. housing for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement and assistance with personal care

Competence and Environmental Press Model (EP) of a person-environment interaction

How old people function in the environment

Speed of processing

How quickly and efficiently the early steps in information processing are completed.

speed of processing

How quickly and efficiently the early steps in information processing are completed. Ex: how fast you react to a stimulus. Researchers used to think that a decline in this term explains age-related changes in cognitive functioning but research shows that it really depends on the task. -limited time: old people think too much in the beginning and use up time -simultaneity mechanism: products of earlier task are lost during later tasks

procedural memory

How to perform a task (read, swim, ride bike) Related to automatic processing

Attentional resources

How well adults can perform more than one task at a time requires the adult to have divided attention.

stereotype threat.

If older adults are primed with negative aging stereotypes, and their subsequent performance on memory tests is worse than older adults who were primed with positive aging stereotypes, then we can conclude that older persons are vulnerable to

Biological

If there are higher rates of depression in the relatives of depressed people than would be expected given the base rates in the population, then this argues for a ______________ cause of depression.

B) implicit memory

Improvements in your memory as the result of being previously exposed to the information without actively trying to remember it is known as A) recognition memory. B) implicit memory C) explicit memory D) remote memory

Congruence model

In Kahana's model, the notion that people need to find the environment in which they fit and that meets their needs the best.

Environmental press

In Lawton and Nahemow's model, the demands put on a person by the environment. physical, interpersonal, or social demands put on a person

Adaptation level

In Lawton and Nahemow's model, the point at which competence and environmental press are in balance.

Competence

In Lawton and Nahemow's model, the theoretical upper limit of a person's ability to function.

A linear decrease over time

In a large cross-sectional study of source memory, adults between the ages 21 and 80 years of age showed ____________.

Zone of maximum performance potential

In competence-environmental press theory, area in which increases in press tend to improve performance. in competence-environmental press theory, the area where increases in press tend to improve performance

Zone of maximum comfort

In competence-environmental press theory, area in which slight decreases in environmental press occur.

Context

In defining psychopathology in older adults, it is important to not only take into account the person's age and personal characteristics, but also the _____________.

D) nursing home

In which type of facility do residents receive skilled nursing care, medical treatment, rehabilitation, supervision, and activities? A) assisted-living facility B) hospice C) adult family home D) nursing home

Patronizing speech

Inappropriate speech to older adults based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence

Patronizing speech

Inappropriate speech to older adults that is based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence. inappropriate communication with older adults based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence

Willis model of everyday competence

Incorporates behaviors expressed in particular environmental circumstances and is sensitive to cultural and contextual differences across different environments

zone of maximum performance potential (EP)

Increases in environmental press that tends to improve performance

primary mental abilities

Independent abilities within psychometric intelligence based on different combinations of standardized intelligence tests. The most common way to think of the structure of intelligence is to think of it as a hierarchy. Each higher level organizes the lower levels. The lowest level is an individual test item. Then the next level is the actual test. Then the third level is the this term, a factor. It reflects the interrelationships among performances on intelligence tests. - numerical facility, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, perceptual speed, verbal memory - people tend to improve on this term until their late 30s, early 40s -then they stabilize in their 50s, and decline consistently in their 60s -most people only show declines in one or two abilities, rarely 4 or 5

C) flexible attitude

Individuals with which personality characteristic at midlife tended to experience fewer declines in intellectual competence? A) introversion B) personal control C) flexible attitude D) egocentricism

attentional processes

Influenced by the capacity to direct, focus, and sustain attention and the speed at which info is processed.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the information-processing approach?

Information is handled in the system in an untransformed manner

P-FIT model

Intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal areas of the brain

Intelligence is multidimensional

Intelligence consists of many skills and disciplines

Intelligence is multidirectional

Intelligence has different developmental direction

Neuro efficiency hypothesis

Intelligent people process information more efficiently, showing weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less intelligent people.

explicit memory

Intentional and conscious remembering of information that is learned and remembered at a specific point in time. Sometimes called declarative memory. -large age differences between old and young adults -you know you are learning this, not like priming

Person-environment interactions

Interface between people and the world they live in that forms the basis for development meaning behavior is a function of both the person and the environment

Perception of sensory memory

Interpretation of sensory information

absolutist thinking

Involves believing there is only one correct solution to problems and that personal experience provides truth.

reflective judgment

Involves how people reason through dilemmas involving current affairs, religion, science, and the like. (how do we handle abortion?)How people reflect on things. In the first stages, people accept knowledge as true. In the later stages, they believe that you must consider more options and that anything is open to reevaluation. Is this progression gradual? Possibly. -highest stage shows better judgment and reasonable inquiry

automatic processing

Involves processes that are fast, reliable, and insensitive to increased cognitive demands. Places little demand on attentional capacity. Ex: after driving for so many years it becomes natural and you do not even think about how hard you are pressing the accelerator - no significant age differences -older adults who struggle by dividing attention can practice tasks so they become automatic

relativistic thinking

Involves realizing that there are many sides to any issue and that the right answer depends on the circumstances.

Autobiographical memory

Involves remembering information and events from one's own life.

Autobiographical memory

Involves remembering information and events from our own life.

autobiographical memory

Involves remembering information and events from our own life. This is like episodic and semantic memory that stays in your long-term storage. -personal history -defines who we are -older adults have difficulty with the episodic aspect more so than with semantic aspect -they are bad at remembering vivid events but their recollections contain more emotion and are more interesting than young adults

prospective memory

Involves remembering to perform a planned action in the future. Ex: remember to remember to take your meds -Studies show that middle-aged adults have more trouble than older adults remembering bc they are busier. -real age differences depend on the task and the cues used -event-related: when I see Sam I will giver her this note -time-related(more affected by aging): take Lipitor at 4pm

dialectical thinking

Involves seeing the merit in different viewpoints and being able to synthesize them into a workable solution.

recognition

Involves selecting previously learned information from among several items. Yes-no or forced-choice. -like a multiple choice exam -most people better at this than recall, free recall, serial recall -older adults better at this than recall, and diff. between old and young are reduced -however, compared to young adults, older adults are more likely to accept new items as having occurred on test if they share similarities with previously presented items

Storage

Involves the manner in which information is represented and kept in memory.

Episodic memory

Is the general class of memory having to do with the conscious recollection of information from a specific event or point in time. (Examples: remembering what you did on summer vacation last year, or memorizing a speech for a play.) conscious recollection of information from a specific event or point in time

Automatic processing

John has driven the same short route to work every day for the last seven years. Today he arrived at work and realized he really didn't remember any of his drive. This is an example of ___________.

A) automatic processing.

John has driven the same short route to work everyday for the last seven years. Today he arrived at work and realized he really didn't remember any of his drive. This is an example of A) automatic processing. B) divided attention C) effortful processing D) attentional capacity

Crystallized intelligence

Knowing all the names of each president and vice president of the United States of America draws on which intelligence?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of fluid intelligence?

Knowing the names of the oceans

metamemory

Knowledge about how memory works and what we believe to be true about it;a type of self-evaluation. -older people: seem to know less about how memory works than younger people, view memory as less stable, expect that memory will deteriorate, and think they have less control over memory

crystallized intelligence

Knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture. -breadth of knowledge -definitions, judgments, trivia, facts -jeopardy -does not normally decline with age until very late life -helps with familiar material, but not with learning new language, which is what fluid intelligence does for younger adults -as age increases, individual differences remain stable with fluid intelligence, but increase with this term bc maintaining this requires its use knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture

emotion; cognition

LaBouvie-Vief argues that the self is a product of the integration of ______________ and _______________.

Semantic memory

Learning and remembering the meaning of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time. (Examples: knowing the definitions of words in order to complete crossword puzzles, being able to translate a paragraph form English to French.) learning and remembering word meanings and concepts that are not tied to specific events

Explicit and implicit memories are both forms of what?

Long term memory

intelligence

Made of three main clusters: 1. problem-solving ability: reasoning, identifying connections, seeing multiple aspects of a problem 2. verbal ability: speaking fluently, having high reading comprehension, good vocab 3. social competence: accepting others for what they are, admitting mistakes, being on time for appointments. general: motivation, intellectual effort, and reading young adults: planning for the future, being open-minded older adults: acting responsibly, adjusting to life's situations, verbal fluency, wisdom

What form(s) of memory is autobiographical memory?

Mainly episodic and somewhat semantic

Elaborative rehearsal

Making connections between new information and already known information is called _____________.

Stereotypes of Aging

Many assume deterioration is inevitable. elders experience prejudice, discrimination assumptions affected by culture Stereotype threat fear of confirming stereotype reduces functioning May be changing positive media portrayals source of pride in some cultures

source memory

Melena is having trouble remembering whether she took her medication or if she just thinks she did. This is an example of a difficulty with

C) extraversion

Melissa is high in warmth, gregariousness, activity, and positive emotions. In Costa and McCrae's theory, Melissa would be considered high on the dimension of A) openness to experience B) neuroticism C) extraversion D) agreeableness

Flashbulb memories

Memories for personally traumatic or unexpected events.

Semantic Memory:

Memories of general factual information and knowledge

Episodic Memory:

Memories of personal experiences and specific events

B) external aids

Memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars, are known as A) mnemonics B) external aids C) internal aids D) implicit aids

External aids

Memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars, are known as ____________.

External aids

Memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars. memory assistant that relies on environmental resources

external aids

Memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars. For explicit memory: appointment book, grocery list. For implicit memory: color-coded maps and letters.

internal aids

Memory aids that rely on mental processes, such as imagery and rote rehearsal for explicit memory and spaced retrieval and conditioning for implicit memory. Part of the E-I-E-I-O framework. Ex: using mental imagery to remember where you parked your car

Internal aids

Memory aids that rely on mental processes, such as imagery. (Ex: using acronyms) memory assistant that relies on mental processes

D) greater for explicit memory relative to implicit memory

Memory for implicit material reveals that, in general, age differences are A) only found on perceptual tasks B) are similar to that for explicit memory C) smaller for explicit memory relative to implicit memory D) greater for explicit memory relative to implicit memory

What are the two types of awareness about memory that researchers of memory self-evaluation have focused on?

Meta-memory and Memory monitoring

dual component model

Model of intellectual functioning consisting of two aspects: 1. mechanics(fluid) of intelligence: involve the neurophysiological architecture of the mind, including-basic info processing components, problem solving, spatial orientation, perceptual speed 2. pragmatic(crystallized) intelligence: includes everyday cognitive performance and adaptation, such as-verbal knowledge, wisdom, practical problem solving

What types of tasks require effortful processing?

Most of the tasks involving deliberate memory, such as learning the words on a list.

Internal memory aids

Most research on memory training discussed earlier concerns of improving people's use of these and other internal strategies that supply meaning and help organize incoming information. Classic examples of formal internal strategies include the method of loci, mental retracing, turning letters into numbers, and forming acronyms out of initial letters. Most memory improvement courses train people to become proficient at using one of these internal strategies.

Are dependent upon what adults are being asked to do

Neuroimaging studies indicate that age-related changes in the speed of processing _____________.

What neuroscience evidence is there regarding age-related differences in retrieval?

Neuroimaging studies show age related differences in how the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus work together.

Memory encoding: Neuroscience research - retrieval

Neuroimaging studies show age-related differences in how the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus work together. In younger adults, activity in these areas depends on the extent the retrieval task requires relations to be made between the information being remembered, whereas activity in these regions in older adults stayed equivalent irrespective of relational processing. Other research indicates age-related compensatory brain activity for retrieval, similar to that seen in other cognitive processing. Specifically, younger adults have extensive neural network connections in the parietal and frontal regions involved in retrieval than older adults. However, older adults show higher levels of brain activity in these regions, indicating a likely compensatory strategy for less extensive networks.

Given us ways to test our theories of brain-behavior relations

Neuroscience has brought an important perspective to studying cognitive aging. Specifically, it has _____________.

overactivity

Neuroscience research shows that during encoding, the prefrontal cortex in older adults shows

Overactivity

Neuroscience research shows that during encoding, the prefrontal cortex in older adults shows ______________.

Recognizing faces

Neuroscientific methods have shown that brain activity involved in _____________ occurs in areas of the brain that are among the first affected by Alzheimer's disease.

Are age differences typically found in sensory memory?

No

Are flashbulb memories always accurate?

No

Are there many standards to compare people who may have memory problems or not?

No

Does the ability to monitor one's memory decrease with age?

No

In general are older adults worse at dividing attention?

No

creativity

Not the same as wisdom. This is the generation of a new solution to a problem. Most reach high this term around age 40.

External memory aids

Objects such as diaries, address books, calendars, notepads, microcomputers, and other devices commonly used to support memory in everyday situations like taking notes during a visit to the physician.

What neuroscience evidence is there regarding age-related differences in encoding?

Older adult's pre-frontal cortex shows over activity, indicating the usual pattern of compensatory processes with age.

What has research shown when it comes to age differences in source memory?

Older adults are less accurate at a number of source memory tasks. Although a main exception to this finding is when the source memory information is emotional, in which both younger and older adults show identical patterns of performance

A) source memory

Older adults are likely to have difficulties with _____, which involves remembering where a piece of information was acquired. A) source memory B) flashbulb memory C) false memory D) implicit memory

Source memory

Older adults are likely to have difficulties with _____________, which involves remembering where a piece of information was acquired.

expertise

Older adults compensate for poorer performance through this term, which involves years of experience and practice. They know how to bypass steps that younger adults would take. Relates to how with encapsulation, the processes of thinking become related to the products of thinking.

hold to their initial judgments or conclusions

Older adults consistently __________ of why negative events occur more often than younger adults.

4

Older adults from 75 to 95 years of age who spoke ____________ languages or more showed the best cognitive state.

It's context

Older adults have more difficulty correctly identifying information as false because they have trouble linking content information to _____________.

inhibitory loss

Older adults may have difficulty inhibiting the processing of irrelevant information

Inhibitory loss

Older adults may have difficulty inhibiting the processing of irrelevant information.

internal study strategies such as rehearsal

Older adults perform better on episodic memory tests when instructed to use

What does research prove regarding age differences in retrieval?

Older adults tend to spontaneously use fewer retrieval strategies.

What do observations in the workplace suggest about older adults and their attentional resources?

Older workers are just as able to multitask, but perform each task a bit more slowly than younger workers.

correspondence bias.

One day you walk past your Adult Development and Aging professor and say "Hi," but your instructor does not respond. You decide that she is rude, but what you failed to notice is that she was in deep conversation with the chair of her department and other faculty and did not hear you. This is an example of a

interindividual variability

One of the four life-span concepts. An acknowledgment that adults differ in their intellectual development. Each cohort may have differences in general abilities, as well as individual differences. acknowledgment that adults differ in the direction of their intellectual development

multidirectionality

One of the four life-span concepts. The distinct patterns of change in abilities over the life span, with these patterns being different for different abilities. Development involves both growth and decline. Ex: vocabulary grows but reaction time slows down distinct pattern of change in abilities over the life span

multidimensional

One of the four life-span concepts. The notion that intelligence consists of many dimensions or abilities because there are many domains of intellectual abilities. Some intellectual decline may be observed with time, but stability and growth can also be seen throughout the adult life. notion that intelligence consists of many domains

plasticity

One of the four life-span concepts. The range of functioning within an individual and the conditions under which a person's abilities can be modified within a specific age range. Our brains can continue to be molded with age. What may be a decline in some skills may be due to lack of practice. Older adults also activate new areas in brain to compensate for decline in performance. range of functioning within an individual

recall tests; recognition tests

Overall, older adults do less well than younger adults on__________________, but on __________________ this difference between the age groups is reduced.

Adapt to

Park and Reuter-Lorenz argue that the integrative approach provided by the STAC model embraces a "lifelong potential for plasticity and the ability to _______________ age-related changes."

assimilation

Part of Piaget's Theory that intellectual development is adaptation through activity. The use of currently available knowledge to make sense out of incoming information. The other component of adaptation is accommodation. Ex: a child who only knows the word dog may use it for other animals like cats to make sense out of the world using available knowledge - can lead to distortions of information like when we forget info about people who do not fit stereotypes

The style of speech most people adopt when speaking to older adults is one based on the stereotypes of dependence and incompetence, and is often referred to as

Patronizing Speech

Competence-environmental press approach

People adapt most effectively when there is a good match between their competence (abilities) and the environmental "press" or demands on them by the environment. (Lawton & Nahemow)

Two key processes of sensory memory:

Perception Attention

Everyday competence

Persons potential ability to perform a wide variety of activities considered essential for independent living

environmental press (EP)

Physical, interpersonal, or social demands that environments put on people.

Automatic Processing:

Places minimal demands on attentional capacity

having more new friends later in life.

Positive views on aging are related to

Phyllis describes a news item she read on Facebook to her husband, who expresses doubt over its validity. "But if it's on my Facebook news feed, it must be true!" she says. Which stage of reflective judgment is Phyllis demonstrating

Prereflective reasoning

rehearsal

Process by which information is held in working memory, either by repeating items over and over or by making meaningful connections between the information in working memory and information already known. Ex: a person presented with the word emu and told that it is a flightless bird will link it to an ostrich. This is an example of encoding. -older adults find this more difficult, yet once these connections have been made, both old and young adults can maintain them -supports encoding differences, but not storage differences with age

source judgments

Process of accessing knowledge wherein one attempts to determine where one obtained a particular piece of information and if it is true. -age differences Ex: you and a friend meet Jane and Sandy. Jane is an athlete and Sandy is a bookworm. Sandy tells you that she likes tennis. Later your friend asks you which one likes tennis. Older adults would access more easily available information so they would think the athlete likes tennis. -older adults find it more difficult to separate true info from false

recall

Process of remembering information without hints or cues. Ex: telling everything you know about a movie or an essay exam -older adults: omit info, include more intrusions, repeat items-more than young adults

Automatic processing

Processes that are fast, reliable, and insensitive to increased cognitive demands. It places minimal demands on attentional capacity and gets information into the system largely without us being aware of it. cognitive functioning that is FAST, reliable, and insensitive to increased cognitive demands

Characteristics of nursing homes:

Quality of life for residents Quality of care Safety

scenario.

Rachel plans to go to college, major in art history, obtain a master's degree, and then work in an art museum. In Whitbourne's theory, this is Rachel's

Meta-memory

Recall about how memory works and what one believes to be true about it.

long-term memory

Refers to the ability to remember rather extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to a few decades. Processes: encoding and retrieval. -large capacity -hold onto info for long time -diff. brain structures -two types are episodic and semantic memory(both declarative)

Source memory

Refers to the ability to remember the source of a familiar event as well as the ability to determine if an event was imagined or actually experienced. ability to determine if an event was imagined or actually experienced

source memory

Refers to the ability to remember the source of a familiar event as well as the ability to determine if an event was imagined or actually experienced. Ex: an old lady must remember if she took her medication or only thought about taking it. In one study, young and old adults heard sentences that were read by one of four speakers(male or female). They viewed the written sentences and photos of the speakers. Later, they were asked to distinguish between old and new sentences. There were no age diff. in identifying old and new sentences but old people less likely to identify the speakers.

Processing resources

Refers to the amount of attention one has to apply to a particular situation.

Memory monitoring

Refers to the awareness of what we are doing in memory right now

memory monitoring

Refers to the awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now;a type of self-evaluation. Different from metamemory and memory self-efficacy. ex: you have an appointment at 1 and you ask yourself if writing a note is enough to remind yourself

encapsulation

Refers to the idea that the processes of thinking (such as attention, memory, and logical reasoning) become connected to the products of thinking (such as knowledge about world history). Allows for expertise to compensate for decrements in processing ability in older adults. -shows that experience shapes knowledge -processes cap off the products

increases with age

Reflective judgement does what with age?

correspondence bias

Relying more on dispositional information in explaining behavior and ignoring compelling situational information such as extenuating circumstances. College students and youth rely more on dispositional information. Ex: you tried to approach your professor but she was busy reading so you think she is arrogant and you do not even think about the fact that she may be really busy. In situations where it is not clear who is to blame, older adults are more likely to say the cause was interactive. But in negative situations, they are more likely to make dispositional attributions bc older adults more likely to base judgments on their personal beliefs. -how does the behavior correspond to its cause?

What is aging in place?

Remaining living at home in the community, with some level of independence.

prospective memory

Remembering to call your friend on her birthday requires you to use

Prospective Memory

Remembering to remember something in the future, such as an action or an event. process involving remembering to recall something in the future

A flashbulb memory

Remembering where you were when 9/11 occurred is an example of _______________.

Effortful Processing:

Requires all of the available attentional capacity

effortful processing

Requires all of the available attentional capacity when processing information. Involves deliberate memory, like putting effort into trying to learn a list. Opposite of automatic processing. -age differences exist -Ex: driving in unfamiliar city in rush hr

Effortful processing

Requires all of the available attentional capacity, when processing information. cognitive functioning that requires all available attentional capacity

Memory encoding: Retrieval

Research evidence clearly points to the fact older adults tend to spontaneously use fewer retrieval strategies. Moreover, even when encoding strategies are provided, and the opportunity to apply them during recall is allowed, older adults still do worse. Based on extensive research evidence, researchers generally concluded most of the reason memory performance declines with age has to do with retrieval problems.

Higher; working

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and ___________ performance in a number of tasks, including ___________ memory tasks.

Age differences are sensitive to the conditions under which they are measured

Research findings that indicate differences between older and younger adults with issues such as memory, attentional capacity, and processing speed must be interpreted carefully. Why?

strongly favored the young over the old.

Research indicates that adults of all ages:

middle-aged adults tended to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems

Research on emotion and thought processes has concluded that

middle-aged adults are fundamentally different from those of younger adults.

Research regarding generativity concludes that the personal concerns of

Memory encoding: Encoding

Results from years of research suggest an age-related decrement in encoding processes. The most important reason for these changes is adult's spontaneous use of strategies during the learning of new information declines with age. A strategy is anything people do to make the task easier and increase the efficiency of encoding or retrieval.

reminiscence bump

Rose is 87 and vividly remembers her senior prom, even details about who she was with. This is an example of... -reminiscence bump -memory for source -false memory -all of the above

Recognition

Selecting previously learned information from among several items. (Ex: multiple choice tests, or picking out the names of your high school friends from a complete list of your classmates) process of remembering information by selecting previously learned information from among several items

personal goals; available resources

Selective optimization with compensation (SOC) is an important theoretical model that suggests that development occurs as we continually update our __________ to match our appraisal of our __________ .

What are the two common types of explicit long term memory?

Semantic and episodic memory.

Recalling the definition of a word or a historical fact

Semantic memory can be described as involving which type of ability?

All memories start as __________ ____________.

Sensory stimuli

collaborative cognition.

Sixty-eight-year-old twins Mary and Tina are trying to solve a crossword puzzle by working together. This is an example of

Pragmatics of intelligence

Software. Environmental-cultural factors. Increase across adulthood

Explicit memory/Declarative memory (conscious)

Sometimes called declarative memory, is intentional and conscious remembering of information learned and remembered at a specific point in time. conscious and intentional recollection of information

Implicit memory/Procedural memory (unconscious)

Sometimes called procedural memory, involves retrieval of information without conscious or intentional recollection. (Remember mnemonic IP address to remember that implicit goes with procedural) effortless and unconscious recollection of information

implicit memory

Sometimes called procedural. Involves retrieval of information without conscious or intentional recollection. Happens when you are primed with other items. Ex: you instinctively know how to tie your shoe Ex: primed with licorice, you are more likely to fill in LIC with licorice -not much age diff. except between perceptually(does the word have a capital letter) and conceptually(is the word a verb) based implicit tests

Experts and laypeople were found to have extremely high agreement on the factors that constitute intelligence. Which of the following was not one of those factors?

Spatial Ability

implicit stereotyping

Stereotyped beliefs that affect your judgments of individuals without your being aware of it (i.e., the process is unconscious). crisp and turner intervention strategy imagine urself with someone you have negative stereotypes against

implicit stereotyping

Stereotyped beliefs that affect your judgments of individuals without your being aware of it. The process is unconscious. Ex: Bargh study where students primed with images of elderly people were more likely to walk slower than those who were not primed. -influences patronizing talk

Structure

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the ____________ of the brain.

Depth of processing model

Suggests that the strength or durability of the memory traced is determined by the quality of the processing as reflected by the depth or extent of the process carried out. Deeper processing increases number of words recalled. Younger perform better on deep and shallow processing.

False memory errors

Tapping into memory monitoring strategies may be an effective way to compensate for older adults' tendency to be more prone to

In prospective memory what are event-based tasks?

Tasks in which an action is to be performed when a certain external event occurs, such as giving a person a message when they provide a secret word.

In prospective memory what are time-based tasks?

Tasks that involve performing an action after affixed amount of time, such as remembering an appointment at 1:00pm.

transient global amnesia (TGA)

Temporary experience of a complete memory loss and disorientation in time.

Sternberg task

Testing memory search, when you are holding several items in memory and looking for a specific item. Ex:BKJV...was M in there? -young adults RT increased with each item steadily -old adults RT increased more steeper, longer time -shows that working memory has limited time span and the number of items

What does evidence indicate about working memory?

That there is significant age-related decline in working memory.

emotional arousal harder.

The SAVI model is based on the normative aging process in which psychological vulnerabilities that occur with increasing age makes regulating high levels of

High

The STAC a model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at ____________ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

optimally exercised ability

The ability a normal, healthy adult would demonstrate under the best conditions of training or practice. For instance, crystallized intelligence because the component skills, like vocabulary ability, are used daily. The quality of older adults' decisions in making large purchases does not differ much from younger adults.

unexercised ability

The ability a normal, healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training. Ex: fluid intelligence because it is not formally trained and it does not depend on experience.

age differences in memory monitoring

The ability to monitor one's memory does not appear to decline with age.

divided attention

The ability to pay attention and successfully perform more than one task at a time. Addresses how much info. can be processed at any given time. This is more difficult for older adults to multitask. Ex: driving while talking or writing notes and paying attention to lecture -age diff. depend on the tasks -easy tasks show no diff. but older adults do worse on multiple difficult tasks -practice and rehearsal improves performance -Ex: trying to remember something and walk down the stairs- older adults prioritize walking at the expense of memory while younger adults do opposite: strategies compensate for inability to multitask

Long-term memory

The ability to remember extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades is known as ______________.

Fluid Intelligence:

The ability to think logically and deal with new problems and situations

secondary control

The act of bringing oneself in line with the environment, similar to Brandstadter's accommodative activities. -involves cognitive abilities directed at yourself -secondary control strategies: if you lost your job, you would appraise the situation in terms of how you did not enjoy the job -increases with age

primary control

The act of bringing the environment into line with one's own desires and goals, similar to Brandstadter's assimilative activities. Action is directed towards changing the external world. Ex: if you lost your job, and thus your income, this term's strategies would entail an active search for another job(changing the environment so you have another job) - this term lets people shape their environment to fit their goals -decreases with age

Working memory

The active processes and structures involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously using that information sometimes in conjunction with incoming information, to solve a problem, make a decision, or learn new information. (Note: Has a relatively small capacity.) set of short-term holding and computational processes relating to cognitive skills and knowledge domains

working memory

The active processes and structures involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously using that information, sometimes in conjunction with incoming information, to solve a problem, make a decision, or learn new information. -an umbrella term for many similar short-term memory and holding processes -age-sensitive: older adults have trouble with increased info. in this term and with spatial info. tasks -plays role in encoding, storage, and retrieval(long-term) -unlike sensory memory, has a very small capacity, like mental scratchpad, so is tossed out if you do not pay attention

processing resources

The amount of attention(resources) one has to apply to a particular situation. -researchers wonder whether the decline of this term is the reason why older adults struggle with processing difficult tasks -no clear way of defining it, but alt. ways of examining it are: inhibitory loss and attentional loss

Long term memory

The aspects of memory involved in remembering rather extensive amounts of information over relatively long periods of time. aspect of memory involved in remembering extensive amounts of information over substantial periods of time

memory self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to perform a specific memory task. One may know a lot about how memory works, but still believe one's ability to perform in a specific situation is poor. Older people who think that their memory will decline, and experience it, will seek less cognitively demanding situations. Those with lower this term perform worse on memory tasks. -more memory success bolsters this

Memory self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to perform a specific recall task.

there is little data to support its existence.

The best conclusion to draw from research concerning the midlife crisis is that

both gains and losses.

The best way to view midlife is as a time of

personal control

The degree to which one believes that one's performance in a situation depends on something that one personally does. A high sense of this term means you believe your performance on a situation depends on what you personally do; if it is low, you believe it depends on outside forces. -older adults believe that they have high this term over their social and personal issues, but not societal issues -they also feel less control over their health in their late 70s

How do older adults fare on recognition tests when compared to younger adults?

The differences between older and younger adults are reduced on recognition tests.

Attention

The dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning such as inhibiting thoughts, ____________, and planning.

sensory memory

The earliest step in information processing where new, incoming information is first registered. Has a large capacity but is short-lived and pre-attentive. It is like a representation of the stimuli that exists in real life. -sensory areas in brain: secondary auditory cortex in temporal lobe -if we pay attention, then info passed to working memory -2-10 sec for auditory, .5 sec for visual -age differences are present Ex: we see pennies every day but because we do not pay attention, we cannot draw them from memory. The image is only processed in our this term.

Preserved; decline

The emotional processing areas of the brain are ___________ over time, whereas higher-order executive cognitive processes seem to ____________.

Multidirectionality

The fact that some aspects of intelligence seem to decline while other aspects show increases with age is reflected in which component of the life-span perspective?

cohort effect

The fact that younger generations generally do better on primary mental abilities than older generations is an example of

Study of the brain, particularly the study of plasticity in the aging brain

The field of neuroscience can be defined as the _____________.

episodic memory

The general class of memory having to do with the conscious recollection of information from a specific event or point in time. Ex: I remember the episode where I lost my first baby tooth. -part of declarative memory -largely affected by age

optimal level of development

The highest level of information-processing capacity of which a person is capable. Increases with age and is marked by growth spurts which represent new stages in reflective judgment. Skill acquisition is more gradual.

factor

The interrelationship among performances on similar tests of psychometric intelligence. Ex: does performance on filling in missing letters in one test predict how a person unscrambles letters in another? If the performances are related, then the abilities are interrelated and called this term. -primary and secondary mental abilities are factors

storage

The manner in which information is represented and kept in memory. There is no evidence for age differences in how information is stored.

Long-term memory

The memories of what you did last summer and the speech you gave last semester in your public speaking class are stored in _____________.

SSRIs

The most common drug(s) used to treat depression are _____________.

Amyloid protein

The most promising work relating to the genetic causes of Alzheimer's disease has focused on ____________.

Attentional control is linked to the processes in which part of the brain?

The parieto-frontal lobes of the brain

Rehearsal

The process by which information is held in working memory, either by repeating items over and over or by making meaningful connections between the information in working memory and information already known.

Retrieval

The process of getting information back out of memory.

encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system.

encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system. Followed by storage and retrieval. Age-related decrements: may be caused by difficulty in making connections with incoming info bc once connections are made, they are maintained like in young people. -old people suck at rehearsal(organizing and creating links) bc it requires working memory

Event and time cues

The process of prospective memory begins with the intention to remember something in the future and depends on monitoring _______________.

What are some forms of testing episodic memory?

The recall test and Recognition

post-formal thought

The recognition that truth varies from situation to situation, that solutions must be realistic to be reasonable, that ambiguity and contradiction are the rule rather than the exception, and that emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking. -mature thinkers can understand many perspectives on an issue, choose one, and still let others hold different positions: different from formal operational thought which only allows for one solution -like contemplating an outcome

Memantine

The two groups of drugs for Alzheimer's disease that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are cholinesterase inhibitors and ______________.

Detailed images of the anatomical features of the brain and indications of brain activity

The two neuroimaging techniques that are most often used provide ______________.

Competence (EP)

The upper limit of a person's ability to function in five domains

impression formation

The way in which people combine the components of another person's personality and come up with an integrated perception of the person. How we form and revise first impressions. -older adults hold onto first impressions longer when meeting new people -they rely on life experiences and social rules - study showed that older adults did not modify impressions like younger adults did, possibly bc of low cognitive processing resources -they have negativity bias

Competence

Theoretical upper limit of a persons ability to function

Cognitive

Therapy based on the notion that depression results from maladaptive beliefs about oneself is ______________.

Psychotherapy

Therapy for mental disorders generally involves two approaches: medical treatment and ________________.

Intelligence as inter individual variability

There are differences in development and decline of intelligence for individuals

What was the important finding that Li and colleagues found in regards to how older adults prioritize their attention?

They found that older adults prioritize walking and maintaining balance at the expense of memory.

observed tasks of daily living

Three dimensions: food preparation, meds, and telephone use. -directly influenced by: age, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence -indirectly influenced by: perceptual speed, memory, health

Do time-based tasks or event-based tasks show more age differences?

Time-based tasks.

Feeling down or blue

Tina is demonstrating dysphoria, a common symptom of depression. Dysphoria is characterized as _____________.

fMRI

To explore brain-related factors that might explain age differences in cognitive functioning, a researcher may use a(n) _____________ to examine how changes in brain activity occur in correspondence with changes in task demands.

Five Factor Model

Trait theory of personality that includes openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

All of these (stabilization and reduction in consumption, treatment of coexisting problems, appropriate social interventions)

Treatment for substance abuse in all age groups focuses on ____________.

T/F: Some automatic processes appear to be "prewired" in the sense they require no attentional capacity and do not benefit from practice; others are learned through experience and practice.

True

T/F: Working memory plays an active, critical, and central role in encoding, storage, and retrieval.

True

Intermediate care

Type of nursing home that consists of 24-hr care but at a lesser intensity.

Skilled nursing care

Type of nursing home that consists of 24-hr care, including medical and other health services.

Infantilization (elder speak)

Type of speech that involves the unwarranted use of a persons first name, terms of endearment, simplified expressions, short imperatives, an assumption that the recipient has no memory and cajoling as a means of demanding compliance

Implicit Memory:

Unintentional recount of information

information-processing model

Uses a computer metaphor to explain how people process stimuli. Info enters system thru senses, is transformed, coded, and stored. 1. which processes show evidence of age-related diff? early stages(sensory), working memory, and long-term

Information-processing model

Uses a computer metaphor to explain how people process stimuli. It is the study of how people take in stimuli from their environment and transform them into memories.

Life-cycle factor

Using the developmental forces perspective, an older adult who is vague in answering questions because his generation was socialized not to disclose one's inner self to strangers is an example of a ____________.

strategies

Various techniques that make learning or remembering easier and that increase the efficiency of storage. Two effective this term for learning new information are to organize it and to establish links to remember it. Older adults are less likely to organize similar words like river and lake presented in a list, but they do show that they can produce strategies, so they just use them less effectively.

an age-based double standard.

Violet has misplaced the keys to her downtown residence (which rarely happens), but her granddaughter is worried that something might be wrong with her, even though her granddaughter has done the same thing three times this week. The above is an example of

flashbulb memories

Vivid memories of historical events that have considerable personal relevance, very unusual or novel events, and other events that are highly emotional. -9/11 -weddings -occur earlier in life(late adolescence)

Medications and lifestyle changes

WMHs are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with ____________.

negativity bias

Weighing negative information more heavily than positive information in a social judgment. This could explain why when older people get negative first impressions of others, those negative impressions are hard to change. They also pay more attention to emotional information. -younger adults can adjust new info with their first impressions -older adults are more selective in the information they choose to use when making judgments -for them, new info must be diagnostic, that is relevant and informative -older adults cognitive functioning taints judgments when they have a time limit

When Luther walked into the meeting, he couldn't hide his surprise that Mr. Sato was over six feet tall and built like a linebacker. Luther assumed he would be short and delicate like many Japanese people.

What accounted for Luther's expectations about Mr. Sato?

D

What are some of the consequences of decreased attention in aging? A: Memory for distractors may increase in older adults B: false memory may increase in older adults C: task performance in presence of distractors may decrease in older adults D: all of the above

C

What does cross-sectional mean in a study of aging? A: experimental design in which people of different ages are averaged together to get an overall estimate B: experimental design in which adults from different sections of education and professional achievement are compared C: experimental design in which people of different ages are compared to each other

Memory self-efficacy

What feature of memory reflects an individual's confidence in being able to complete a task?

The slowing of processing speed is dependent on what?

What the task is that you are doing, because all components of mental processing do not slow equally.

task complexity

What variable affects whether age differences will be obtained on divided attention tasks?

age-based double standard

When an individual attributes an older person's failure in memory as more serious than a memory failure observed in a young adult. Ex: an old lady forgot her keys so she is senile, but a young person is just forgetful. This judgment is more evident with younger people , yet older people judge the individuals equally. However, when assessing the cause of the memory failure, both age groups thought the older adults had greater memory difficulty while young adults only lack effort and attention. -despite such memory failures, young adults judge older adults as more responsible

positivity effect

When an individual remembers more positive information relative to negative information. The tendency to attend to and process positive information over negative information. Ex: older adults remember more positive things about their life than negative things.

effortful processing

When first learning to drive a car, we are often aware of our processing and it seems to take all of our attention to coordinate our actions. This is an example of

Effortful processing

When first learning to drive a manual transmission car, we are often aware of our processing and it seems to take all of our attention to coordinate our actions. This is an example of _____________.

situation model

When individuals use their world knowledge to construct a more global understanding of what a text is about. Different people remember differently depending on their Situation. -old and young people use similar updating strategies but it is more effortful for older people -everyone does well with familiar material

False memory

When one remembers items or events that did not occur. (Note: older adults are more susceptible to misleading information) occurrence when one remembers items or events that did not occur

false memory

When one remembers items or events that did not occur. False fame effect: when a previously seen non-famous name is mistaken to be famous at testing. -happens more with old people -misinformation effect: thats why they are more suceptible to scams

Docility (EP)

When people allow the situation to dictate the options they have

Docility

When people allow the situation to dictate the options they have and exert little control

Recall test

When people are asked to remember information without hints or cues (Ex: taking a test)

Proactivity

When people choose new behaviors to meet new desires or needs and exert control over their lives

Proactivity (EP)

When people choose new behaviors to need new desires or needs

patronizing talk

When you slow your speech, use childlike vocabulary, dramatically articulate your words, speak with a demeaning emotional tone, and engage in superficial conversation. -caused by negative age stereotypes -happens at nursing homes with younger people who do not know better -can cause social alienation and damage self-esteem

Activation imaging

Which approach attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data?

Parkinson's disease

Which disease is known primarily for its characteristic motor symptoms that include slow walking,difficulty getting into and out of chairs, and slow hand tremors?

Hostility

Which of the following behaviors may be considered abnormal in younger adults but may be considered adaptive in older adults?

A shopping list

Which of the following is an external memory aid?

Absolute quantitative standards are used to define traits.

Which of the following is not an assumption about traits? Absolute quantitative standards are used to define traits. Behaviors represented by traits must be distinctive. Traits are stable characteristics. Traits are based on relative comparisons across people.

P-FIT

Which of the following is not one of the models discussed in your textbook that seeks to explain how the brain reorganizes and compensates for age-related changes?

Neuroimaging

Which of the following terms provides a way to understand compensatory changes in both observable behavior and in the less observed (or more difficult to observe) reorganization of neural circuitry?

Speaking multiple languages

Which of the following was found to be a protective factor for maintaining one's cognitive state over time?

A

Which of these is an example of divided attention? A: driving and talking with person in car B: studying with music in background C: choosing dress from closet D: listening to convo in party

Winecoff

Which researcher examined the relationships between brain functioning and emotion?

identity and experience.

Whitbourne's findings indicated that adult identity development is based on equilibrium between

Brain pathologies such as neural atrophy

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) may indicate _____________.

We cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?

Older adults

Withdrawing, not speaking to others, confining oneself to one's bed, and not taking care of bodily functions is more common in ______________ who are depressed.

Overall do older adults perform worse or better than younger adults on recall tests of episodic memory, and why?

Worse, because they omit information, include more intrusions, and repeat more previously recalled items.

Do age changes observed in encoding reflect more of a decrease in the degree of strategies used spontaneously, rather than a decrease in the ability to use strategies?

Yes

Do negative stereotypes of aging such as the belief that aging hampers memory ability has an effect on memory?

Yes

Is the decline much less substantial for semantic memory than for episodic memory?

Yes

Memory monitoring

You have an hour break between classes, and you decide to go to the library and study. Your awareness of the time while studying is an example of ______________.

Metamemory

You realize that you have an exam coming up for your biology course. Half of it is multiple choice and half of it is essay. You realize the essay section will be harder than the multiple-choice part of the exam. This is an example of ____________.

decision making

Younger adults are faster at this than older adults. Older adults: search for less info, require less info, rely on easily accessible info to conserve thinking. -quality of decision is the same for older and younger adults

Plasticity

_____________ is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.

Mental status exam

______________ are useful quick screening measures of mental competence.

Sundowning

______________ refers to behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease tending to be worse in the evening than in the morning.

false memory

a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur related to source memory in that its a kind of a false version of what you the thinker think is your source memory ie. meeting your first love and everything went

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory significant decline in working memory as you get older

everyday competence

a person's potential ability to perform a wide range of activities considered essential for independent living

information processing theory

a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

psychometric approach

a way of studying intelligence that emphasizes analysis of the products of intelligence, especially scores on intelligence tests

At age 75, Albert still has a sharp memory. He claims it's because he lives on the ocean and has eaten fish every day of his life. Which of the following is likely supporting Albert's cognitive capacity?

a. EPA

In older adulthood, the ability to monitor multiple aspects of memory functioning is relatively spared. a. True b. False

a. True

One way to distinguish normal from abnormal memory changes is to ask whether the changes disrupt a person's ability to perform daily living tasks. a. True b. False

a. True

Like most people, LaVonda wants to live a long life and avoid the burden of dealing with any chronic health conditions. As part of her strategy, she follows the government's guidelines for healthy eating and tries to get some exercise every day. LaVonda's actions will most likely lower her risk for which of the following conditions?

a. Type II diabetes

Madeleine is 78 years old. Which of the following is she most likely to remember?

a. a son's wedding

The amount of information that can be processed at any given time is called the: a. attentional capacity b. cognitive reserve c. divided attention d. vigilance

a. attentional capacity

Which of the following activities would be executed by the default network of the brain?

a. breathing

Dr. Leung's research in gerontology is focused on plasticity. He works with people who have experienced some decline in cognitive ability and measures how well they can learn and apply new adaptive methods. Which core issue of human development does Dr. Leung's research explore?

a. continuity-discontinuity controversy

Taking notes while listening to a lecture requires: a. divided attention b. effortful processing c. external aids d. memory self-efficacy

a. divided attention

At age 90, Cicely Tyson starred on Broadway with James Earl Jones, age 84, in a revival of the play The Gin Game. Unlike many people in their age group, these actors managed to avoid a significant normative decline in their

a. episodic memory.

From a caretaker's perspective, what do adult day care services primarily offer?

a. flexibility

Some ethnic groups in the United States have lower average longevity than other ethnic groups. Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to this difference among ethnic groups?

a. genetics

Sadie loves her grandson Zack. But since he started college, Sadie feels he's been a bit too strident and confident in his opinions. But she can't be too upset. Sadie knows Zack will eventually become more reasonable with time and maturity. According to Kegan's theory, Zack is in which stage of self-concept?

a. institutional

The memories of what you did last summer and the speech you gave last semester in your public speaking class are stored in: a. long-term memory b. sensory memory c. working memory d. remote memory

a. long-term memory

What feature of memory reflects an individual's confidence in being able to complete a task? a. memory self-efficacy b. online awareness c. meta-memory d. source awareness

a. memory self-efficacy

The information presented in this chapter will help readers to enhance their

a. metamemory.

Which of the following terms refers to the normal, disease-free development that most people experience during adulthood?

a. primary aging

Implicit memory is also referred to as: a. procedural memory b. declarative memory c. subjective memory d. intentional memory

a. procedural memory

A person who is studying the basic effects of aging on neurons should focus on which of the following?

a. proteins and tangles

Research suggests that all of the following external memory cues are most effective except those that: a. require a pen or pencil b. are active rather than passive c. are given close to the time action is required d. are specific to a particular action

a. require a pen or pencil

Javier has been placed on the state "deadbeat dad" list for failure to pay child support to his ex-wife for the past three years. According to Slater, Javier did not successfully resolve which of the following psychosocial crises?

a. responsibility versus ambivalence in the context of generativity

The brief and almost identical representation of the stimuli that exists in the observable environment is known as: a. sensory memory b. working memory c. primary memory d. experiential memory

a. sensory memory

At Thanksgiving, Rosa asked her grandmother Celia to share some stories about her days as a dancer in Harlem. "Oh honey, nobody's interested in ancient history," Celia said. "Besides, I'm too old to remember that stuff." Rosa Was disappointed and felt like her grandmother wouldn't even try to remember. Which of the following likely played a role in Celia's response?

a. stereotype threat

The use of --- makes tasks easier and increases the efficiency of encoding and retrieval. a. strategies b. metamemory c. memory monitoring d. the information processing model

a. strategies

Within the five-factor model of personality, older people tend to decrease in neuroticism and increase in agreeableness and conscientiousness. What is the likely rationale for older people effecting these changes?

a. to improve social function

Ahmed used to love taking long walks around the lake near his home. Recently, the world seemed to be spinning around him on his walks—so now Ahmed sits in a chair and enjoys the scenery. Which of the following caused Ahmed to give up his lakeside walks?

a. vertigo

A small capacity store that deals with the items currently "in use" is: a. working memory b. remote memory c. secondary memory d. sensory memory

a. working memory

divided attention

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time there are age differences but it comes down to older adults having trouble with one certain task and not so much performing multiple tasks at once

terminal decline

acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death

Docility

act of allowing the situation to dictate the options they have and exert little control When people allow the situation to dictate the options they have and exert little control.

Proactivity

act of choosing new behaviors and exert control over their lives When people choose new behaviors to meet new desires or needs and exert control over their lives.

corrective adaptation

action taken in response to stressors and can be facilitated by internal and external resources

preventive adaptation

action that avoids stressors and increases or builds social resources

Integrating emotion and logic

adults as they get older tend to make decisions based on emotion rather than logic and pragmatics

cognitive-structural approach

an approach to intelligence that emphasizes the ways people conceptualize problems and focuses on modes or styles of thinking

subjective well-being

an evaluation of one's life that is associated with positive feelings

What is a nursing home?

an institution which provides continual healthcare and assistance to those (elderly or mentally disabled) who can no longer perform normal activities of daily living

self-concept

an organized coherent integrated pattern of self perceptions

Metamemory

an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood

nueroticism

anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsivity, and vulnerability

resilience theory

argues that confronting a negative stereotype results in a rejection of that view in favor of a more positive self-perception

mechanics of intelligence

aspect of intelligence that concerns the neurophysiological architecture of the mind

dispositional attribution

attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits

situational attribution

attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck

memory monitoring

awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now

What segment of the population of older Americans is currently in a nursing home?

b. 5 percent

Which of the following situations is an example of ageism?

b. A waitress asks Robin what her father would like to order at a restaurant.

Which of the following is a member of the fastest growing demographic group in the United States?

b. Harold, an 87-year-old man

Now that Sandeep has to use a walker, some aspects of his kitchen may prove to be a bit challenging for him. According to the stress and coping framework for person-environment interaction, how will Sandeep respond to this new situation?

b. He will appraise the threat level of the kitchen environment and respond accordingly.

A gerontologist who wants to examine structural details of the brain would use which of the following techniques?

b. MRI

Which of the following people has the strongest internal protection for their well-being?

b. Robert, a 66-year-old man

Loretta was asked to perform complex cognitive tasks during a functional brain scan. Compared to an average control group, Loretta's scan indicated that the tasks engaged fewer areas of the brain and less activation of neurons. Based on the scan results, which of the following conclusions best fits Loretta?

b. She has above average intelligence.

Even though there are a few more weeks of warm summer weather, Cecile's doctor at the Senior Community Center has recommended that she get a vaccine to protect her health during the upcoming flu season. What cell-mediated component of Cecile's immune system relates to the doctor's recommendation?

b. T-lymphocytes

A researcher asked a variety of people to complete tests that required the use of working memory while undergoing an fMRI scan. Which of the following subjects likely showed bilateral activation in their fMRI scan?

b. Tuan, a 69-year-old male

In a large cross-sectional study of source memory, adults between the ages of 21 and 80 showed: a. a gradual increase until age 60, a decrease between ages 60 and 65, and then a leveling off b. a linear decrease over time c. an increase over time d. a precipitous drop after age 75

b. a linear decrease over time

The TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experience is: a. evidence of a failing long-term memory b. a simply momentary retrieval failure for information that is otherwise accessible c. a sign of decline in episodic memory d. more common in younger adults than in older adults

b. a simple momentary retrieval failure for information that is otherwise accessible

When he turned 65, Montell met with a lawyer to document and certify his preferred approach to medical care if he ever loses cognitive competence. What did Montell's lawyer prepare for him?

b. advance directive

According to your textbook, which of the following is considered a "powerful" cue for early autobiographical memories? a. an image b. an odor c. a touch on the arm d. the sound of a voice

b. an odor

Which of the following is considered an intraindividual intervention for a person's disability?

b. attending a support group

The one episodic memory process relatively spared with age is: a. working memory b. autobiographical memory c. semantic memory d. implicit memory

b. autobiographical memory

After Debbie's father Ron left the stove on several times, she felt that it was unsafe for him to live alone in his house. But she didn't want her family's lives to be upended by having him move into their small house. So they decided to set up a stand-alone cottage in the backyard, which would maintain Ron's independence but also provide modifications to enhance his safety. Which of the following terms describes this arrangement?

b. auxiliary dwelling unit (ADU)

Now that Montell has finally retired at age 72, which possible self has the most value for him?

b. being a regular visitor at his gym

Adults of all ages benefit from the use of reminders, but older adults especially benefit from: a. retention of task list strategies b. clear prioritization of tasks c. non-technology-based strategies d. rehearsal strategies

b. clear prioritization of tasks

The specific factors that help preserve memory performance are collectively termed: a. memory self-efficacy b. cognitive reserve c. source memory d. working memory

b. cognitive reserve

Rashad got off on the wrong foot with his girlfriend's father Sunil, who took an immediate dislike to him. No matter how many of Rashad's positive characteristics his girlfriend describes, Sunil still doesn't think he's good enough for her. From Sunil's perspective, the positive stories about Rashad lack

b. diagnostic value.

Which of the following terms best characterizes the parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT)?

b. distribution

Trying to complete two tasks at one time requires which type of attention? a. attentional capacity b. divided attention c. sustained attention d. selective attention

b. divided attention

When first learning to drive a manual transmission car, we are often aware of our processing and it seems to take all of our attention to coordinate our actions. This is an example of: a. divided attention b. effortful processing c. automatic processing d. attentional capacity

b. effortful processing

Rate-of-living theories are focused on which of the following?

b. energy

After her husband died, Marlena's daughter Rosa insisted that she move in to her house. Things were fine for a few weeks, but conflicts have arisen over Marlena's desire to sit in the family room much of the time and watch TV. Rosa believes her mother should get out and be active, but Marlena often feels tired and prefers to just be quiet and comfortable. Which of the following is causing problems in this situation?

b. environmental press

Which of the following is the best option for a person who is experiencing environmental press but wants to maintain their autonomy?

b. existing home

Which of the following would a researcher use to determine whether doing crossword puzzles and word games can improve memory in older adults?

b. experiment

According to Jung, a person must balance which two aspects of ego orientation?

b. extraversion and intraversion

Knowing that a 15-minute delay of service on the subway at rush hour will mean the next train to arrive will be full is an example of

b. fluid intelligence.

According to Piaget, when a person is capable of testing hypotheses to solve a problem, they have reached the end of cognitive development. This occurs in which of Piaget's stages?

b. formal operational

Which of the following is the best example of a nonnormative developmental influence?

b. getting carjacked

From a cognitive perspective, a researcher who follows a psychometric approach is primarily interested in which of the following?

b. knowledge

Each July, researchers visit the Briarwood Retirement Community. They conduct tests of physical and cognitive functioning with residents, who have been participating in the research for the past 15 years. Which of the following are the researchers using?

b. longitudinal study

Retired older adults who live on a fixed income often have difficulty making ends meet when prices rise. This reflects which of the following?

b. loss of primary control

A problem related to which of the following would cause a doctor to warn a patient about increased risk for angina pectoris?

b. oxygen

Rodrigo recently had to take a disability retirement from his job as an ironworker. On the retirement form required by his company, the doctor listed the reason as osteoarthritis.

b. pain in the hands

What is the most important concept in making a long-term care facility a home for older adults?

b. perception

Which of the following serves to define a person's quality of life?

b. perceptions

Which of the following concepts best reflects new philosophical trends in nursing home care?

b. personal dignity

Which of the following reflects the creation of an internal tool during information encoding that can assist in retrieval?

b. picturing an animal for each name to be remembered

The openness dimension of the five-factor model is closely related to occupational choice. A person who has strong openness would be best suited to which of the following jobs?

b. pilot

Which of the following features of the life-span perspective describes Oliver's experience?

b. plasticity

Remembering to call your friend on her birthday requires you to use: a. retrospective memory b. prospective memory c. correlative memory d. anterograde memory

b. prospective memory

Which of the following would be the highest priority for an older person?

b. reconciling with a friend

An example of an internal memory strategy is: a. an address book b. rehearsal c. a calendar d. a list

b. rehearsal

Age-related changes can have a broad variety of impacts on an older person's life. Which of the following is most likely to be affected by age-related hearing loss?

b. relationships

In comparison to Erikson's psychosocial theory, McAdams's life-story model and Whitbourne's identity theory reflect a higher degree of

b. self-determination.

Evidence suggests there are no age-related deficits in memory processes such as language comprehension, the structure of language, and the activation of general knowledge. This is because --- is relatively spared in normal aging. a. working memory b. semantic memory c. long-term memory d. episodic memory

b. semantic memory

As she was walking down the street, a lovely hat in a store window caught Evelyn's eye. She noted the purple lilac print and yellow lace ribbon circling the wide, tipped brim. By the time she got to the next block, Evelyn had forgotten about the hat. Which of the following most likely played a role in this situation of forgetting?

b. sensory memory

The earliest step in information processing is: a. working memory b. sensory memory c. primary memory d. attention

b. sensory memory

What part of the information processing system has an unlimited capacity, takes in information rapidly, and is almost an identical representation of the stimuli as it exists in the observable environment? a. tertiary memory b. sensory memory c. attention d. working memory

b. sensory memory

Gabe has noticed lately that his grandmother isn't as cheerful as she used to be. Even among family and friends, she tends to look sad. Her once epic appetite is gone too; she just tends to pick at her plate. Which of the following neurotransmitters may be causing these changes in Gabe's grandmother?

b. serotonin

Which of the following concepts best reflects the later phase of the life-span perspective of human development?

b. situational adaptation

On a family outing, young Sanjay got lost in a cornstalk maze and couldn't find his way out. Luckily, his older sister Prab went into the maze and easily led him to the exit. Which of the following primary mental abilities did Prab employ to rescue her brother?

b. spatial orientation

Which of the following was found to be a protective factor for maintaining one's cognitive state over time? a. having a large number of friends to socialize with b. speaking multiple languages c. having relatives who lived to very old age d. having parents with high IQs

b. speaking multiple languages

In social interactions, people often use which of the following as a shortcut to process information?

b. stereotypes

Someone who experiences a brief but total loss of memory and a feeling of being disoriented in time is experiencing

b. temporary global amnesia (TGA).

A computer analogy is used to explain: a. age-related declines in speed of processing b. the information processing approach c. how prospective memory works d. the origins of source memory

b. the information processing approach

Luther is driving to the shore, where his daughter rented a cottage for the summer. At which time does Luther use effortful processing during his trip?

b. turning off the highway at Exit 17

secondary control strategies

bringing oneself in line with the environment

primary control strategies

bringing the environment in line with ones desires and goals

secondary mental abilities

broad intellectual skills that subsume and organize primary mental abilities

secondary mental abilities

broad-ranging skills composed of several primary mental abilities

For young adults who have serious bacterial infections, doctors commonly prescribe 500 mg tablets of a particularly strong antibiotic. How much of this antibiotic should a doctor prescribe to an older adult with a similar infection?

c. 250 mg

On average, a girl born today will live 79 years. If the girl lived to the point of maximum longevity, how much longer would she live beyond the average age of longevity?

c. 40 years

Yuri, a wealthy and virile tycoon at age 80, recently married Stella, a much younger woman who would like to start a family. Compared to his first marriage shortly after college, what are the chances that Yuri will now father a child with Stella?

c. 50 percent

Peachtree Senior Life is a day care facility that serves a total of 100 older adults. About how many of Peachtree's clients are women?

c. 65

When the average adult retires in their 60s, how much has their aerobic capacity declined since they first began working in their 20s?

c. 65 percent

A relatively small percentage of older adults living in the community experience urinary incontinence. But among older people living in nursing homes, how many have urinary incontinence?

c. 70 percent

Who is more likely to die from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

c. Colleen, a 75-year-old female smoker

Which of the following people is most likely to have completed the climacteric process?

c. Laura, a 53-year-old woman

Which of the following displays items from the least likely to be remembered to the most likely to be remembered as a person ages?

c. a cookie recipe, a holiday barbecue, a family wedding, an earthquake

What would be the best location for someone to enhance their spatial memory while having a snack?

c. a fruit stand

When taking a drug by mouth, the medication cannot start working until it has entered the bloodstream. Which of the following must occur for a medication to begin working?

c. absorption

For thousands of years, humankind believed that the world was flat. Then some intrepid explorers demonstrated that the world is round, causing a monumental change in human thinking that opened new possibilities. Piaget would say that this change is an example of

c. accommodation.

Research shows that age-related changes in speed of processing: a. are inevitable b. very by sex, with women showing greater declines over time than men c. are dependent upon what adults are being asked to do d. are uniform across different types of tasks and situations

c. are dependent upon what adults are being asked to do

Strategies that prevent or alleviate losses in domains that are personally relevant for self-esteem and identity are known as

c. assimilative activities.

According to theories of person-environment interactions, this dynamic is directly related to which of the following?

c. behavior

Even in her early 60s, Theresa has a full head of dark hair with not a hint of gray. When people ask why, she explains that her mother didn't start turning gray until her mid-70s. Which of the following is the likely cause of Theresa's still-colorful hair?

c. biological forces

A team of employees assigned to develop a solution to a complex operational challenge will benefit from which of the following?

c. collaborative cognition

What would be the best approach to minimize inhibitory loss when telling an older person information that must be remembered?

c. communicate the information in a plain, quiet room

According to Stewart, a man in his 40s who examines his professional accomplishments and decides to obtain another college degree to pursue a different path is experiencing a midlife

c. correction.

Because older adults generally are more reflective about situations and making judgments, when considering someone's behavior they tend to avoid which of the following?

c. correspondence bias

When the leaders of several countries gather to negotiate an important treaty, what approach has the best potential for reaching a successful outcome?

c. dialectical thinking

The concept of aggressiveness reflects which aspect of personality?

c. disposition

Autobiographical memory is primarily a form of: a. sensory memory b. recognition memory c. episodic memory d. semantic memory

c. episodic memory

Neuroscience research clearly demonstrates that --- has a wide range of effects on the brain, including increased neural plasticity, and can be an intervention alternative for diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. a. a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids b. reading c. exercise d. working past retirement age

c. exercise

Which of the following terms accurately describes the primary nature of people's personal concerns?

c. functional

If a person aged strictly in accordance with a cellular theory based on cross-linking, which of the following would they likely experience?

c. hardening of arteries

In social situations, Deena wrestles with feelings of shame. It's stronger with people she doesn't know, but the feeling is always there on some level. How would Deena be characterized on the five-factor model?

c. high in neuroticism with strong self-consciousness

Improvements in your memory as the result of being previously exposed to the information without actively trying to remember it is known as: a. recognition memory b. explicit memory c. implicit memory d. remote memory

c. implicit memory

For a particular activity to be impacted by the formal definition of disability due to chronic conditions, it must be considered

c. important.

What results from practicing resiliency theory?

c. improved self-image

Someone researching nursing homes for an aging parent should focus on facilities that emphasize what type of care?

c. individualized

At the Center for Aging and Wellness, a researcher gave Dolores a sheet of paper. It explained the research study in detail, why it was being conducted, and any possible impacts on subjects. If Dolores understood the study process and found it acceptable, she would need to sign the paper in order to participate in the research. Which of the following terms does this scenario describe?

c. informed consent

As people progress through life, it is important for them to have an understanding of how various aspects of their selves reflect their identity. McAdams's life-story model refers to this as integration. What is Whitbourne's term for this concept?

c. life-span construct

The ability to remember extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades is known as: a. remote memory b. working memory c. long-term memory d. sensory memory

c. long-term memory

A senior health aide regularly visits Dolores at home to help her with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Which of the following activities does the aide likely work on with Dolores?

c. making a budget

At what stage of life would a person begin to be studied by a gerontologist?

c. maturity

The awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now is known as: a. meta-memory b. online awareness c. memory monitoring d. memory awareness

c. memory monitoring

In today's dynamic economy, people need to continue gaining new knowledge and acquiring new skills to meet the needs of employers. Which of the following has the greatest influence on continued learning in adults?

c. motivation

When Henry came out to the sun porch, his granddaughter asked him how he slept. "Like a baby," Henry replied. If this is true, which of the following did Henry experience?

c. multiple short sleep cycles

What is the most basic structure of the human brain?

c. neuron

Hector has early stage Alzheimer's disease. Recently he participated in a research study, completing a variety of verbal and memory tests. Hector's results were compared to the results of several men his age who had no brain pathology. Hector participated in research that follows what type of neuroscience perspective?

c. neuropsychological approach

Which of the following drives our social knowledge?

c. past experience

In an fMRI, one region of a man's brain appeared activated during a particular test of verbal skills. Ten years later, the man had experienced some minor brain pathology but participated in training exercises to promote his cognitive function. In a recent fMRI, a different region of the brain appeared to be activated while he performed the original verbal skills test. The recent fMRI demonstrates which of the following concepts?

c. plasticity

Actions that avoid environmental stressors are called

c. preventive adaptations.

When Luisa's new boss Greg started working at her company, she found his arrogant behavior to be very upsetting. To lower her anger and frustration, she started going to the gym at lunchtime. Luisa found this helpful for a time. But then Greg started making rude, demeaning comments to her and other associates. Luisa realized that she needed to talk to the human resources (HR) manager about Greg. Which of the following lists Luisa's stress-related actions in the correct order?

c. primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, emotion-focused coping, reappraisal, problem-focused coping

At work, whenever a team is experiencing conflict, they turn to Reena for help because she can set aside all the emotion from a situation and look at issues from a logical perspective. What type of intelligence do colleagues value in Reena?

c. problem solving

Glenn has remarkable stamina for a man in his 70s. He will do a 10-mile bike ride in the morning and then mow the lawn in the afternoon. He claims that his good health is from taking vitamin E every day. What benefit is offered by Glenn's vitamin intake that seems to limit his aging process?

c. protection from free radical damage

The role that stereotypes play in memory problems among older adults is most likely caused by which of the following?

c. psychology

Wanda has developed memory loss due shrinkage in the hippocampus. Which of the following would stimulate neural stem cells to help her retain and possibly enhance her memory?

c. riding a bicycle

Which of the following approaches is considered to be convenient for a researcher but not very accurate?

c. self-reports

Which of the following terms describes older adults' approach to solving practical problems?

c. situational

Before their spring vacation, Jennifer takes her college-age daughter Cleo shopping at a new, hip boutique downtown. Cleo holds up a short skirt and colorful top and says, "Mom, you'd look great in this!" Jennifer laughs and says, "Oh no! I couldn't be seen wearing anything from this store. But it would be cute on you!" Which of the following is the cause of Jennifer's response to the outfit?

c. sociocultural age

One implicit internal memory aide has proven quite powerful, and those with Alzheimers' can learn new things using it. What is it? a. EIEIO method b. memory monitoring c. spaced retrival d. memory drugs

c. spaced retrieval

Which of the following tasks would be most significantly impacted by damage to the frontal cortex?

c. taking a road trip

Physical fitness training improves cognitive performance in older adults regardless of: a. the initial fitness level of the adult b. the intensity of the training c. the training method d. the length of the training

c. the training method

Under which conditions do older and younger adults show similar patterns of emotional allocation? a. when the information is presented quickly b. when the task required effortful and deliberate processing c. when the goal is to have familiarity with the material d. never

c. when the goal is to have familiarity with the material

A group of older men are playing cards and laughing about how they often forget what to buy when their wives send them to the grocery store. Jose says that he always writes the items in a list so he can remember. Martin says that he makes up a little song about the items and sings it to himself to remember. Which of the following does Martin's strategy utilize?

c. working memory

accommodation

changing one's thought to better approximate the world of experience

accommodation

changing one's thought to make it a better approximation of the world of experience

collaborative cognition

cognitive performance that results from the interaction of two or more individuals

Many older adults compensate in their environments in order to effectively cope. Or, they select a different place to live. This description fits with the

competence-environment press model

pragmatic intelligence

component of intelligence that concerns acquired bodies of knowledge available from and embedded within culture

immunizing mechanisms

control strategies that alter the effects of self-discrepant evidence

When asked to remember life events, vivid memories from which age range are most likely to be reported? a. 30-50 years of age b. 0-10 years of age c. vivid memories are recalled from all time periods of life in equal numbers d. 10-30 years of age

d. 10-30 years of age

Older adults from 75 to 95 years of age who spoke --- languages or more showed the best cognitive state. a. number of languages was not related to cognitive functioning b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

d. 4

Which of the following statements regarding person-environment interactions is accurate?

d. As environmental press increases, competence must increase.

In the context of the ecology of aging, why is it important for older people to maintain a sense of "home" where they live?

d. It maintains their self-esteem.

Which of the following people would be experiencing high growth for a particular component of pragmatic intelligence?

d. Luis, age 29, problem solving

Which of the following is an example of absolutist thinking?

d. a college student who insists his political candidate has the only solution

As part of his research into aging and cognitive function, Dr. Farzad often utilizes positron emission tomography. Which neuroscience perspective likely guides Dr. Farzad's work?

d. activation imaging approach

Neuroscience research on the benefits of --- shows that it plays a large role in protecting older adults from cognitive decline. a. emotional engagement b. long-term partnership c. musical training d. bilingualism

d. bilingualism

Koji was able to tolerate the pain of his arthritis for some time. But recently it has been bothering him more and limiting his ability to work in the yard. What would be the safest strategy for Koji to manage his arthritis pain?

d. biofeedback

Age differences on divided attention tasks: a. can be reduced by decreasing younger adults' practice with the tasks b. cannot be reduced c. can be reduced by increasing task complexity d. can be reduced by increasing older adults' practice with the tasks

d. can be reduced by increasing older adults' practice with the tasks

Which of the following physiological changes presents the greatest potential for physical harm to older people?

d. decreased bone density

In today's work environment, most people are doing multiple activities at the same time: checking emails on a phone while attending a meeting and eating lunch and jotting down notes for a proposal due the next day. Which of the following concepts is reflected by this type of activity?

d. divided attention

Which of the following is a key milestone in both Erikson's psychosocial stages model and McAdams's life-story model?

d. generativity

As he enters middle age, Pablo is making an effort to be more conscientious, meet different types of people, and try new things. He understands that time passes quickly and wants to live his life at 110 percent. Pablo's approach reflects which aspect of personality change?

d. growth

If a power failure occurs during the winter months, older people are at high risk for which of the following?

d. hypothermia

Since he retired, Alfonso spends a lot of time watching TV. When he sees a drug commercial describing a disease or condition that afflicts older people, he is certain that he has the condition. In fact, Alfonso has had more health problems since he retired. Alfonso's behavior is most consistent with which of the following?

d. labeling theory

As a person gets older, they will experience an increase in which of the following abilities?

d. making judgments

Which of the following phrases accurately describes the role of genetics and environment on human development?

d. nature with nurture

Neuroscience research shows that during encoding, the prefrontal cortex in older adults shows: a. lower activity b. pathological functioning c. no activity d. overactivity

d. overactivity

Considering the various factors that moderate intellectual change, from an information processing perspective, what is the primary cause of decline in both fluid and crystallized intelligence?

d. perceptual speed

Which of the following reflects a core component of optimally exercised ability?

d. plasticity

Olga runs a series of exercise classes at a senior center. Before each class, she has the participants chant "Think young, feel young!" Over time, Olga has noticed that even the more passive and nervous participants show more energy and optimism. What strategy is Olga employing with her class?

d. positive stereotypes

The amount of attention one has to apply to a particular situation is known as: a. a decrease in sensory memory b. sensory memory c. a decrease in overall memory space d. processing resources

d. processing resources

An activity that asks people to remember specific information without the use of hints requires participants to utilize which of the following?

d. recall

Which type of memory is concerned with learning and remembering the meanings of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time? a. sensory memory b. working memory c. episodic memory d. semantic memory

d. semantic memory

A woman who can't remember whether a doctor, neighbor, or TV commercial said to always eat food before taking her medication is having a problem with which of the following?

d. source memory

Older adults are likely to have difficulties with ---, which involves remembering where a piece of information was acquired. a. flashbulb memory b. false memory c. implicit memory d. source memory

d. source memory

Flashbulbs memories feel very real, and people think they can remember them down to the smallest detail. Research on the accuracy of flashbulb memories indicates that: a. this is false. Due to the highly emotional nature of flashbulb memories, they are usually forgotten quickly. b. this is true for younger adults but not for older adults c. this is true. Flashbulb memories are highly accurate and are not likely to be forgotten over time. d. this is false. When comparing people's memories with independent records of actual events, people's memories are often wrong.

d. this is false. When comparing people's memories with independent records of actual event, people's memories are often wrong

Which of the following lists the goals of Erikson's stages in correct order of psychosocial development?

d. trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, integrity

The HAROLD, CRUNCH, and STAC models of brain-behavior changes all focus on which of the following concepts?

d. using more neurons in the brain

Older adults tend to show a higher degree of dispositional attribution toward negative behaviors that occur in the context of a relationship. Which of the following likely plays the largest role in this dynamic?

d. values

Michael is trying to remember his friend's new cell phone number. He repeats it in his mind until he gets the new number entered into his phone contact list. Michael is using his: a. sensory memory b. remote memory c. secondary memory d. working memory

d. working memory

adult day care

designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day

personality adjustment

developmental changes in terms of their adaptive value and functionality such as whether one can function effectively within society and how personality contributes to everyday life running smoothly

Gloria and her brother Caleb both enjoyed an active life well into their 80s and died in their early 90s. Which of the following likely had the greatest influence on their longevity?

genetics

terminal decline

gradual weakening in cognitive function that occurs relatively near death

primary mental abilities

groups of related intellectual skills (such as memory or spatial ability)

assisted living facilities

housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care

personality growth

ideal end states such as increased self-transcendence, wisdom, and integrity

primary mental abilities

independent abilities within psychometric intelligence based on different combinations of standardized intelligence tests

primary mental ability

independent skill within psychometric intelligence based on different combinations of standardized intelligence tests

Person-environment interactions

interface between people and the world they live in that forms the basis for development meaning that behavior is a function of both the person and the environment. (Lewin)

Most memory improvement courses train people to become proficient at using one of these internal strategies

internal strategies

Mechanisms in Willis' model of everyday competence

involve factors that moderate the way in which competence is expressed

Antecedents in Willis' model of everyday competence

involve individual and sociocultural factors

Components in Willis' model of everyday competence

involve intra-individual and contextual factors

Observed Tasks of Daily Living (OTDL)

is a behavioral measure of everyday competence that requires adults to perform a set of discrete, observable actions in response to a question by an interviewer.

semantic memory

learning and remembering the meaning of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time no aging deficits

cultural generativity.

leona, a concert pianist, enjoys spending time with her grandson and is delighted that he has asked her to teach him how to play piano. Her interest in working with her grandson and passing on her musical skills is an example of

optimally exercised ability

level of performance a normal, healthy adult demonstrates under the best conditions of training or practice

autobiographic memory

memories about one's own life

Explicit Memory:

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

internal memory aids

mnemonic devices or memory aids that rely on plans or strategies to make retrieval easier and more likely harder to use than external think of NASA

intelligence is what

multidirectional - can increase and decrease in different parts of out life plastic - you as an individual can change how intelligent you are to a certain degree multidimensional - there isn't just one are of intelligence interindividual variability - people vary, not everyone is the same

neural efficiency hypothesis

notion that intelligent people process information more efficiently than less intelligent people

encoding and retrieval

nueroscience specifically from shimamura shows that aging in the brain shows compensatory differences specifically in the cortex,hippocampus, and parietofrontal that lead to differences in what?

knowledge of memory

older adults seem to have less knowledge about whats really happening inside their heads and how its affecting their what?

everyday competence

one's potential ability to perform a wide range of activities considered essential for independent living

structure of intelligence

organization of interrelated intellectual abilities

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

zone of maximum comfort (EP)

people are able to live happily without worrying about environmental demands

information processing model assumptions

people are active participants both quantitative and qualitative aspects of performance can be examined information is processed through a series of processes

Over the past six months, Walter has been getting sick more frequently. He attributes this to a high amount of stress in his life. Under the stress and coping paradigm, which of the following has determined Walter's stress level?

perceptions

adaptation level

point at which competence and environmental press are in balance

denney's theory of optimally exercised/unexercised abilities

postulates intellectual abilities relating to problem solving follow two types of developmental functions Denney argues the overall developmental course of both abilities is the same

In accordance with a cellular theory of aging, the process of cross-linking may lead to which of the following vision-related changes?

presbyopia

assimilative activities

prevent or alleviate losses in domains that are personally relevant for self-esteem and identity

three clusters of everyday intelligence

problem-solving ability verbal ability social competence - displaying interest, admitting mistakes and accepting others for who they are

source judgments

process of accessing knowledge wherein one attempts to determine where one obtained a particular piece of information

recall

process of remembering information without the help of hints or cues

Outcomes of everyday competence

psychological and physical well-being

The approach to intelligence that focuses on developmental changes in the way people conceptualize problems and styles of thinking is known as the

psychometric approach

A friend asking you to tell them who was the last person to friend you on social media is an example of what type of memory task?

recall

metamemory

recall about how memory works and what one believes to be true about it

flashbulb memory

recall of personally traumatic or unexpected events

source memory

recall of when, where, and how info/memory was acquired

midlife correction

reevaluating one's roles and dreams and making the necessary corrections

Prospective Memory:

remembering to do things in the future

prospective memory and how to help it

remembering to do things in the future can benefit from using reminders think of the alzheimer's and google calendar study

possible selves

representations of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

The brief and almost identical representation of the stimuli that exists in the observable environment is

sensory memory

secondary mental ability

skill composed of several primary cognitive skills

optimally exercised ability

skill that a normal, healthy adult would demonstrate under the best conditions of training or practice

unexercised ability

skill that a normal, healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training

understanding age differences in social beliefs

specific content of social beliefs strength of those beliefs likelihood of those beliefs being automatically being activated

neural efficiency hypothesis

states intelligent people process information more efficiently, showing weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less intelligent people

unexercised ability

the ability a normal, healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training

casual attribution

the activity of inferring causes for observed behavior

processing resources

the amount of attention one has to apply to a particular situation

memory self-efficacy

the belief in one's ability to perform a specific memory task

reflective judgement

the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments

declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared(facts, events)

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

external memory aids

the deliberate use of lists, timers, calendars, and similar devices to remind an individual to do something. better than internal

personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

ego development

the fundamental changes in the ways our thoughts, values, morals, and goals are organized. Transitions from one stage to another depend on both internal biological changes and external social changes to which the person must adapt

labeling theory

the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Mechanics of intelligence involves

the neurophysiological architecture of the mind

structure of intelligence

the organization of interrelated intellectual abilities

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Encoding

the processing of getting information into the memory system

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. not really affected with age unless dementia occurs

positivity effect

the tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones

correspondence bias

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation

Assimilation

the use of currently available knowledge to make sense out of incoming information

Post formal thought is characterized by all of the following except

there is only one correct answer

post-formal thought

thinking characterized by a recognition that truth varies across situations

reflective judgment

thinking that involves how people reason through dilemmas involving current affairs, religion, and science increases with age

reflective thinking

thinking that involves how people reason through dilemmas involving current affairs, religion, science, and the like

When working to improve the memory of people with dementia, what key variable is changed in spaced retrieval?

time

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings no significant age differences

life-span construct

unified sense of the past, present, and future based on personal experience and input from other people

assimilation

using currently available knowledge to make sense out of incoming information

beta-amyloid

what protein delays processing speed when built up in the brain?

age-based double standard

when an individual attributes an older person's failure in memory as more serious than a memory failure observed in a young adult if an older woman cant find her keys its seen as a big problem

parieto-frontal lobe

which lobes of the brain is attention connected to This area of the brain also undergoes significant change as we age

Judy remembers learning about budgeting from her grandfather. His stories of The Great Depression inspired her. Judy's grandfather displayed which of the following characteristics?

wisdom