Ch. 5 Perceptual and motor Development

an infant's color vision is similar to an adult's color vision ____________________.

by 3 to 4 months of age.

improved motor skills allow...

children to learn more about the properties of objects and literally change how they perceive objects: infants who can explore objects are MORE likely to understand 3-dimensional nature of objects and to notice details of an object's appearance (ex: color)

by 24 months, most children can...

climb steps, walk backward, and kick a ball.

children are most likely to enjoy and continue to participate in a sport when ____________________.

coaches have realistic expectations and demands for players

according to _______________, motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks.

dynamic systems theory

__________- emphasizes that learning to walk demands orchestration of many individual skills

dynamic systems theory; each component skill must first be mastered ALONE and then integrated w/ other skills

Smell and touch help babies....

recognize their mothers and make it much easier for them to learn and eat. -prepares newborns and young babies to learn about the world

longest wavelength color

red

touching an infant's cheek, mouth, hand, or foot produces _____________ movements

reflexive

Taste in infants

regardless of what mom eats, baby has preference to sweets and an aversion to sour and bitter foods (EVOLUTIONARY to recognize toxic or spoiled foods---protective mechanism) -babies also do show ADAPTIVE flavor preferences for what mom eats b/c that is the food that is around and what mom will most likely serve to her child (fetus is tasting amniotic fluid which is flavored by what mom eats, always changing in taste; same goes for breast milk as it will never taste the same b/c depends on what mother eats) -alcohol exposed during fetal development sets up infant to have more of a preference to drink alcoholic substances later down the road

at ~4 months, infants use ____________ as a depth cue, correctly inferring that objects are nearby when disparity is great

retinal disparity

children's growing skill in walking is evident in their...

running and hopping (by 5 or 5 yrs, children run easily, quickly changing directions or speed as opposed to stiff and hurried 2 yr olds)

newborns are _________ to touch

sensitive -touching an infant's cheek, mouth, hand, or foot produces REFLEXIVE movements -babies' behavior in response to apparent pain-provoking stimuli suggests they experience PAIN

by about 4 months, most babies can...

sit upright w/ support

by 6 or 7 months, most babies can...

sit w/o support

what are perceptual constancies and when are they established?

size, color, brightness, shape ---they are established by 4 months -infants can tell that an object is the same even though it may look different

By the middle of the 1st year, most infants respond to much of the info provided by ___________.

sound

_____________ is least developed at birth b/c least stimulated sense in the wound.

VISION

Mastery of intricate motions requires:

1) DIFFERENTIATION: mastery of component skills 2) INTEGRATION: combining skills mastered during differentiation in proper sequence into a coherent, working whole.

Most infant experiences are better described as ........

"multimedia events" [ much info spans multiple senses] (ex: temporal info, such as duration or tempo, can be conveyed by sight or sound---babies detect rhythm of a person clapping by seeing the hands meet or by hearing sound of hands striking)

orienting network

(1 of 3 distinguished networks of attentional processes) associated w/ SELECTION--determines which stimuli will be processed further and which will be ignored. (this network is well developed in infancy and is what drives for ex., am infant to turn their head toward a flashing light)

alerting network

(1 of 3 distinguished networks of attentional processes) keeps a child's attentional process prepared, ready to detect and respond to incoming stimuli (well developed in infancy and illustrated by baby who, hearing a parent's footsteps in a nearby room, looks at a doorway in anticipation of parent's arrival)

executive network

(1 of 3 distinguished networks of attentional processes) responsible for monitoring thoughts, feelings, and responses as well as resolving conflicts that may occur -MOST COMPLEX element of attention and the slowest to develop (ex: 1 yr old plays w/ new toy, may be easily distracted by TV show and they toy and TV show compete for attention b/c executive network is immature, so infant can't ignore TV to focus on toy) -research shows that in preschool kids, if a conflict is introduced, executive network is less able to help them resolve the conflicting directions

inattention

(1 of 3 major symptoms of ADHD) Child w/ ADHD who skips from one task to another. they do not pay attention in class and seem unable to concentrate on schoolwork.

hyperactivity

(1 of 3 major symptoms of ADHD) Child who is unusually energetic, fidgety, and unable to keep still, especially in situations such as school classrooms where they need to limit their activity.

impulsivity

(1 of 3 major symptoms of ADHD) Children w/ ADHD often act before thinking; they may run into a street before looking for traffic or interrupt others who are speaking.

Kinetic cues

(1 of 4 cues infants use to infer depth) Motion is used to estimate depth. VISUAL EXPANSION refers to the fact that as an object moves closer, it fills an even-greater proportion of the retina.

motion parallax

(1 of 4 cues infants use to infer depth) Refers to fact that nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance. -Babies use these cues in first weeks after birth (ex: 1-month-old blinks if a moving object looks as if it's going to hit them in the face)

pictorial cues

(1 of 4 cues infants use to infer depth) Same cues that artists use to convey depth in drawings and paintings -by 7 months, cues that depend on the arrangement of objects in the ENVIRONMENT

retinal disparity

(1 of 4 cues infants use to infer depth) based on the fact that the left and right eyes often see slightly different versions of the same scene. -when objects are distant, the images appear in similar positions on the retina; when objects are near, images appear in much different positions on the retina -at ~4 months, infants use retinal disparity as a depth cue, correctly inferring that objects are nearby when disparity is great

Visual Cliff

(Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk conducted experiment using this) a glass-covered platform; on one side a pattern appears directly under the glass, but on the other it appears several feet below the glass -on one side looks shallow but the other appear to have a steep drop-off, like a cliff -most babies willingly crawl to their mothers when she stand on the shallow side but most babies will refuse to cross the deep side --Therefore infants can perceive depth by the time they are old enough to crawl; HOWEVER, all though young babies can detect a diff. between the shallow and deep sides of the visual cliff, only older, crawling babies are actually afraid of the deep side. 1.5 month-olds notice that the deep side is different 7 months, infants' heart rate accelerates, a sign of fear

behavior

(Way to Determine perceptual abilities) can monitor types of movements, startled response, activity levels, facial expressions, swallowing movements (ex in womb)

Thelen and Ulrich (1991)

(answered question if younger children cans step if held upright) placed infants on a treadmill that were held upright by an adult Results of experiment: -many 6 or 7 month olds demonstrated mature pattern of alternating steps on each leg -babies adjusted to diff. treadmill speeds -the alternative stepping motion that is essential for walking is evident long BEFORE infants walk independently -walking unassisted is NOT possible until other component skills mastered

Self-report

(determining perceptual abilities in children and adults) -hearing test left and right (which ear you heard it from) tests hearing quality -eye test helps indicate visual quality (for little kids, they have pictures of objects rather than letters)

smell

(everything that applies to taste pretty much applies to smell) -babies prefer sweet smells (regardless of what mom eats) and will respond to nasty smell negatively -familiar smells will be preferred after birth if introduced during development

visual expansion

(part of kinetic cues) the fact that as an object moves closer, it fills an even-greater proportion of the retina. -reason why we flinch when someone unexpectedly tosses something towards us or allows batter to estimate when a ball will arrive over the plate

FACE RECOGNITION

(part of perceptual narrowing) babies can tell all subtle differences between distinct sounds even if very similar unlike adults; by 10-12 months age, they lose this ability when synaptic pruning occurs and brain narrows, losing its flexibility. (ex: even young infants can differentiate between identical twins) -when culture is more isolated, babies can distinguish subtle differences of people in the race they are surrounded by and other races...however as they get older, they are only able to detect subtle diffs. in their own race

when objects are distant, the images appear in _______1______ positions on the retina when objects are near, images appear in much ______2______ positions on the retina

(referring to retinal disparity) 1. similar 2. different

integration

(requirement for Mastery of intricate motions) combining skills mastered during differentiation in proper sequence into a coherent, working whole.

differentiation

(requirement for Mastery of intricate motions) mastery of component skills

Testing infant visual acuity

(since they cant yet read letters on chart) -most infants will look for a longer time at patterned stimuli instead of plain, non patterned stimuli -As the lines on figures become narrower (along w/ spaces between them), there comes a point at which the black and white stripes become so fine to the baby that they simply blend together and appear gray To estimate infant's acuity, pair the gray square w/ squares that have diff. widths of stripes. When infants look at two stimuli equally, it indicates that they are no longer able to distinguish the stripes of the patterned stimulus. -by measuring the width of stripes and their distance from an infant's eye, we can estimate acuity (detecting thinner stripes indicates better acuity).

Habituation-Dishabituation

(way to determine perceptual ability in infants who cannot say letters or pictures of objects) -HABITUATION: present at birth and demonstrating memory; infant will initially respond to stimulus but will respond for less and less time as they get used to it; becoming familiar with sensory stimulus and becomes less and less interested in it -----fixation times decrease w/ same form and same color. -DISHABITUATION: when you habit to do something and someone changes it, then you get interested in it again (only when baby can percieve difference will this happen). -----fixation times increase with introduction of new color, new form and even more w/ new color or new form

Preference

(way to determine perceptual ability in infants who cannot say letters or pictures of objects) involves showing child 2 things and see what they look at longer (this type of test in this instance is specifically for vision)

Habituation

(way to determine perceptual ability in infants who cannot say letters or pictures of objects) present at birth and demonstrating memory; infant will initially respond to stimulus but will respond for less and less time as they get used to it; becoming familiar with sensory stimulus and becomes less and less interested in it -----fixation times decrease w/ same form and same color. ex: keep presenting orange circle and each time baby exposed, they become less and less interested

Dishabituation

(way to determine perceptual ability in infants who cannot say letters or pictures of objects) when you habit to do something and someone changes it, then you get interested in it again (only when baby can percieve difference will this happen). -----fixation times increase with introduction of new color, new form and even more w/ new color or new form ex: can distinguish if child can percieve diff. color

Hearing

-fetus will get a lot of practice in womb hearing heartbeat, mother's voice (particularly clear to baby b/c it reverberates), digestion noises, internal blood flow, also muffled sounds from outside world Baby preference: -babies prefer mom's voice especially when it is filtered over b/c that is what they heard in womb -babies also prefer when people speak in mother's native language -prefer listening to songs and stories they heard before they were born -more likely to calm down if hear something familiar (study where Cat and Hat when pregnant. and baby born and when baby upset, more likely to calm down to sound of reading this book

Benefits of physical fitness

-promotes growth of muscles and bone -promotes cardiovascular health -promotes cognitive processes -can help to establish a lifelong pattern of exercise

by 3 to 4 months, infants' color perception seems _____1_______ to that of adults and like adults, infants tend to see ______2_______.

1. similar 2. categories of color

Most children won't report vision problems b/c...

-there vision has always been blurry and they never experienced clear vision -did not yet need clarity of vision such as in school to read from the board, etc. -have not yet engaged in school activities

Ways to improve attentional processes of the executive network in children

-"Tools of the Mind" curriculum -pretend play improves attention. by children staying "in character" while pretending, it teaches children to inhibit inappropriate "out of character" behavior and encourages thinking flexibility as children improvise -Parents who are taught ways to support their child's attention

measures of auditory learning in infants

-PREFERENTIAL SUCKING PARADIGM: pacifier to suck connected to computer as researchers monitor speed baby sucking on pacifier representing how they respond to diff. sounds; sucking rate determines what they listen to -measuring brain activity to see if auditory pathways working correctly, demonstrating auditory memory and learning that infant will prefer when born

physiological reaction

-can measure stress hormones in saliva -using EEG (for example) to monitor brain waves

touch is so important to exploration b/c...

1) baby can not see clearly during first 6 months 2) babies put things in their mouth to explore objects since it is where they sense a lot of info (this declines after 6 months when motor skills and vision improves)

Infants face 2 challenges involving motor skills:

1) they must learn LOCOMOTION 2)they must learn FINE-MOTOR SKILLS

novice walkers take nearly ______1______ steps per hour, covering about ____2_____ of a mile, and falling more than ___3___ times

1. 1500 2. 1/5 3. 30

although there are many benefits for children who play sports, studies linked youth participation in sports to ______1_______ and ______2_______ behavior. Benefits or disadvantages of sports depends on adults (ex: coaches) involved and their attitudes toward the children participating

1. Delinquent 2. Antisocial

scientists believe that ____1______ put some children at risk for ADHD by affecting the alerting and executive networks o attention and the brains structures that support those networks. ______2_______ factors also contribute

1. Genes 2. Environmental (ex: prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs can place children at risk for ADHD.)

3 major symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

1. HYPERACTIVITY: Child who is unusually energetic, fidgety, and unable to keep still, especially in situations such as school classrooms where they need to limit their activity. 2. INATTENTION: Child w/ ADHD who skips from one task to another. they do not pay attention in class and seem unable to concentrate on schoolwork. 3. IMPULSIVITY: Children w/ ADHD often act before thinking; they may run into a street before looking for traffic or interrupt others who are speaking. -NOT all children w/ ADHD show all these symptoms to the same degree

infants infer depth on the visual cliff and else where using 4 major cues:

1. KINETIC CUES: Motion is used to estimate depth. VISUAL EXPANSION refers to the fact that as an object moves closer, it fills an even-greater proportion of the retina. 2. MOTION PARALLAX: nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance. 3. RETINAL DISPARITY: based on the fact that the left and right eyes often see slightly different versions of the same scene. 4. PICTORIAL CUES:

scientists have distinguished 3 networks of attentional processes:

1. ORIENTING NETWORK: associated w/ SELECTION--determines which stimuli will be processed further and which will be ignored. 2. ALERTING NETWORK: keeps a child's attentional process prepared, ready to detect and respond to incoming stimuli 3. EXECUTIVE NETWORK: responsible for monitoring thoughts, feelings, and responses as well as resolving conflicts that may occur

after infants can stand upright, they must continuously ___________1___________ to avoid falling down. By a few months after birth, infants begin to use _________2__________ and an ______3_______ mechanism to ____________1___________.

1. adjust their posture 2. visual cues 3. inner ear mechanism

according to the principles of dynamic systems theory, ___1____ acts involve many component movements, each that must be performed correctly and in the proper ________2____________

1. complex 2. sequence

infants' growing control of each hand is accompanied by greater ____1______ in the 2 hands. at roughly 5 to 6 months of age, infants begin to _______2_________ the motions of their hands so that each hand performs different _______3______ to serve a common goal when they are often given "finger foods".

1. coordination 2. coordinate 3. actions

6 month olds ___1____ to recognize faces of individuals from ________2________.

1. fail 2. unfamiliar races (Older infants' greater familiarity with faces of their own race leads to a more precise configuration of faces, one that includes racial and ethnic groups)

Older infants' (6 months) ______1______ familiarity with faces of their own race leads to a more precise configuration of faces, one that includes racial and ethnic groups

1. greater (this interpretation in supported by the finding that individuals born in asia but adopted as infants by European parents recognize European faces better than Asain faces) HOWEVER, if older infants recieve extensive experience w/ other-race faces, they can learn to recognize them

By playing sports you not only get exercise but you also improve your ____1____ skills, _____2_____ skills and emerging _____3____ skills as they devise new strategies or modify the rules of a game.

1. motor 2. social 3. cognitive

3 month olds prefer to look at faces from their _____1____ but they can recognize faces of individuals from _____2_________

1. own race 2. unfamiliar races

By first birthday, most youngsters are emergent ______1________. This early preference for one hand becomes stronger and more consistent during the _________2________ yrs and is well established by _____3________

1. right-handers 2. preschool 3. kindergarden

Ways to Determine perceptual abilities

1. self-reports 2. habituation-dishabituation 3. preferance 4. behavior 5. physiological reaction

the ability to maintain an upright posture is fundamental to ______1______ but this posture is difficult for young infants because the shape of their body makes them _____2______. It is only with ____________3_____________ can infants maintain an upright posture.

1. walking 2. Top-heavy 3. growth of legs and muscles

What fraction of children have visual problems?

1/4

children dont step spontaneously until ~ ______________ b/c....

10 months b/c they must be able to stand upright to step.

infant acuity improves rapidly and by their _________ birthday, their acuity is essentially the same as that of a normal adult and they start to see the world in more color.

1st birthday

Testing infant visual acuity indicates that newborns and 1 month olds see at 20 ft what normal adults see at...

200 to 400 ft

Roughly __% to __% of all school aged children are diagnosed w/ ADHD.

3% to 7%

when can infants recognize their own name?

4 1/2 months

when can infants successfully reach for objects?

4 months (requires that infant move the hand to the location of a desired object, most just use their fingers to grasp) -although infants at 4 months use both hands, each hand seems to have a mind of its own.

ADHD is in a ____ to ___ ratio for boys and girls

4 to 1

visual system is not fully developed in babies until ______________.

6 years

Not until ___ or ___ months do most infants begin their thumbs to hold an object object

7 or 8 months

a fetus can hear at ____ or _______ months AFTER conception

7 or 8 months -newborns typically respond to sounds in their surroundings

Improved facial skills are ___________ b/c they provide the basis for social relationships that infants form during the rest of the first year.

ADAPTIVE

prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs can place children at risk for _____________.

ADHD

___________________ children are far less likely than European American children to be diagnosed and treated for ADHD, even if they have the same symptoms b/c....

African American and Hispanic American are more often economically disadvantaged and consequently they are less able to pay for diagnosis and treatment -racial bias also contributes; in these families professionals are more often to attribute ADHD symptoms to poor parenting, life stresses, or other sources that can't be treated

Infants _________ hear as well as adults

DON'T

(Handedness) when young babies reach for objects, they _____ prefer one hand over the other.

DON'T (they use left and right hands interchangeably)

locomotion and all motor development is viewed from what perspective today?

Dynamic systems theory (development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks.)

face-recognition skill show the role of ___________ in fine-tuning infants' perception

ENVIRONMENT

True/False: the visual cliff is used to determine visual acuity.

False (depth perception)

Before the dynamic systems theory, researchers though that developmental milestones (ex: crawling, walking, climbing) was thought to emerge...

NATURALLY when the necessary muscles and neural circuits matured

Balancing is _________ something infants learn once.

NOT; infants must relearn balancing for sitting, crawling, walking and other postures

Color Vision in babies

New borns see black, white, and red the best -by 3 to 4 months, color system is almost there and baby can distinguish almost entire color pallette. -pastel nursery probably won't be very interesting to baby b/c really cant distinguish colors until 3-4 months

New borns prefer specific features when it comes to perceiving faces:

a) faces w/ normal features over faces in which features are scrambled b) upright faces over inverted faces c) attractive faces over unattractive faces ---at about 2 or 3 months, different circuits in brain's cortex begin to control infant's looking at faces, allowing infants to learn about faces and to distinguish diff. faces.

Which child is at greatest risk for a possible hearing impairment? a.) a 1 yr old who has had repeated ear infections b.) a 2-month old who does not respond to his name c.) a 6-month old who overreacts to loud sounds.

a.) a 1 yr old who has had repeated ear infections

Which is a fact concerning reaching and grasping? a.) when 4-month olds reach for an object, they repeatedly move their hand a short distance, slow down, and adjust direction b.) most 3 moth olds use their fingers and thumb to hold objects. c.) by 6 moths of age, most infants can adjust their grip to match the size and orientation of an object.

a.) when 4-month olds reach for an object, they repeatedly move their hand a short distance, slow down, and adjust direction

children with ADHD often have problems with...

academic performance, conduct, and getting along with their peers

allergies kick in ________ birth

after

stepping

an essential element of walking (besides posture and balance) which involves moving the legs alternately, repeatedly transferring the weight of the body from one foot to another.

newborns can't maintain an upright posture b/c they ____________________.

are top-heavy

Correct statement regarding specialized face processing during infancy:

as infants are exposed to faces in their environments they tune their face-processing systems to include ONLY faces from familiar groups

fine-motor skills

associated w/ grasping, holding, and manipulating objects thus allowing children to gain access to an enormous amount of info about their environment

according to INTERSENSORY REDUNDANCY THEORY, infants are more likely to detect a change in a rhythmic pattern when info is presented in ________________.

audio and video simultaneously

Dishabituation will ONLY occur when...

baby can perceive difference

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (1960)

conducted experiment using a visual cliff to determine what age infants can perceive depth Answer: infants can perceive depth by the time they are old enough to crawl; HOWEVER, all though young babies can detect a diff. between the shallow and deep sides of the visual cliff, only older, crawling babies are actually afraid of the deep side. ---1.5 month-olds notice that the deep side is different (hear rate slowed) ---7 months, infants' heart rate accelerates, a sign of fear

motor skills

coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs,

dynamic systems theory SUMMARIZED

development involves first mastering the SEPARATE elements and then assembling them to form a smooth functioning whole (ex: eating finger foods). As the demands of tasks change and as children develop, the same skills are often reassembled to form diff. sequence of movements.

Dynamic systems theory

development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks. -emphasizes that learning to walk demands orchestration of many individual skills [Ex: walking includes maintaining balance, moving limbs, perceiving the environment, and having a reason to move. only by understanding each of these skills and how they are combined to allow movement in a specific situation can we understand how walking and other skills develop]

handedness is ____________________.

emerges by the 1st birthday and is well established by the time children enter kindergarten

____________ is a CRUCIAL force in children's development, influencing their physical health, mental health, and success in school.

executive network

Newborns and young babies can perceive ___________ colors

few

by age 5, ____________ skills are developed to the point that most youngsters can dress themselves except for tying shoes (usually mastered at age 6.

fine-motor skills (greater fine-motor skills means that preschool children can begin to care for themselves, eating and dressing w/o a parents help).

during first few months after birth, infants have a ______ for a face

general prototype where they can differentiate between human and nonhuman faces. -3 month olds prefer to look at faces from their own race but they can recognize faces of individuals from other, unfamiliar races -6 month olds fail to recognize faces of individuals from other, unfamiliar races. HOWEVER, if older infants recieve extensive experience w/ other-race faces, they can learn to recognize them

what determines whether children become left or right handed?

handedness is influenced by both heredity and environment.

unlike 1 yr olds, newborns have little apparent control of there ____________.

hands

what body part is NOT sensitive to touch until AFTER baby is born?

head (b/c needs to adapt after going through a lot of trauma during delivery)

newborns have a ___________ sense of taste.

highly developed -they readily differentiate salty, sour, bitter, and sweet tastes -infants prefer sweet and salty substances--they react to them by smiling, sucking, and licking their lips -infants are also sensitive to changes in the taste of breast milk that reflect a mother's diet; infants nurse more after their mother has consumed a sweet-tasting substance such as vanilla

infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of ________________.

human speech (neither very low nor very high pitched) -infants can differentiate vowels from consonant sounds, and by 4 1/2 months they can recognize their own name -infants can distinguish musical sounds

pretend play _____________ attention.

improves ( by children staying "in character" while pretending, it teaches children to inhibit inappropriate "out of character" behavior and encourages thinking flexibility as children improvise )

Recent thinking states that CROSS-MODAL perception is actually easier in infants b/c...

in infancy regions in the brain devoted to sensory processing are not yet specialized

true of infants' auditory perception:

infants here sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech.

environmental cues

infants use these cues to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking

newborns have a _________ sense of smell

keen; they respond positively to pleasant smells and negatively to unpleasant smells -newborns look/turn in direction of a pad saturated w/ odor of their own amniotic fluid, mother's breast milk or her perfume

infants who can explore objects are ________ likely to understand 3-dimensional nature of objects and to notice details of an object's appearance

more

while perceptual skills in infants grow so do their _____________.

motor skills Ex: infant's growing ability to hold and manipulate objects

-infants can distinguish _________ sounds

musical (can distinguish diff. melodies and are sensitive to rhythmic structure of music)

toddlers

named after the toddling manner of early walking; 11 month-olds that can stand ALONE briefly and walk w/ assistance

Individuals who exercise regularly--30 mins at least 3 times a week reduce their risk for...

obesity, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and psychological disorders (ex: depression and anxiety).

Motion, color, texture and aligned edges are clues to __________________.

object unity

children with ADHD ________________.

often act before thinking

babies' behavior in response to apparent pain-provoking stimuli suggests they experience __________.

pain ex: pain cry begins suddenly, high-pitched and is not easily soothed. Baby is agitated, his heart rate has jumped, and he's trying to move his hands, arms and legs.

infants use _________ cues to decide whether a surface is safe for walking.

perceptual

Infants' emerging abilities to move themselves and to manipulate objects create bold new ______________________.

perceptual experiences (ex: only after gaining the experience of propelling themselves through the environment do infants interpret front-to-back movement to mean that they are moving)

by 7 months, infants use _____________ cues that depend on the arrangement of objects in the ENVIRONMENT

pictorial (these are Same cues that artists use to convey depth in drawings and paintings)

In African American and Hispanic American families, professionals are more often to attribute ADHD symptoms to...

poor parenting, life stresses, or other sources that can't be treated and that contributes to why children of these races are far less likely than European American children to be diagnosed and treated for ADHD.

An adult's auditory threshold is easy to measure it is measured by:

presenting a tone and the adult will simply tell when he or she hears it -this testing reveals that overall adults can hear better than infants; they can hear some quiet sounds that infants can't

attention

processes that allow people to control input from the environment and regulate behavior scientists have distinguished 3 networks of attentional processes: 1. ORIENTING NETWORK 2. ALERTING NETWORK 3. EXECUTIVE NETWORK

cones

specialized neurons located in the retina of the eye that are used to detect wavelengths (and therefore color) -they are particularly sensitive to short-wavelength light (blues and violets), some to medium-wavelength light (greens and yellows) and others to long wavelength lights (reds and oranges) -diff. kinds of cones are linked in complex circuits of neurons in the eye and brain, and this neural circuitry allows us to see world in color. -complex circuits of neurons linked to cones in the eye gradually begin to function in the first few months after birth -by three months of age, the 3 kinds of cones in eyes and their associated circuits are working and infants are able to see the full range of colors; by 3 to 4 months, infants' color perception seems similar to that of adults

We detect WAVELENGTH and therefore color with...

specializes neurons called CONES that are in the retina of the eye.

***_________ and __________________ are better in young infants than adults

speech sounds and facial recognition (by 10-12 months age, they lose this ability when synaptic pruning occurs and brain narrows, losing its flexibility.)

a typical ll month old can...

stand ALONE briefly and walk w/ assistance (known as a toddler)

by 7 or 8 months, most babies can...

stand if they hold on to an object for support

infants prefer _________ and ___________ substances--they react to them by smiling, sucking, and licking their lips

sweet and salty -infants are also sensitive to changes in the taste of breast milk that reflect a mother's diet; infants nurse more after their mother has consumed a sweet-tasting substance such as vanilla

infants use many cure to object unit, including common motion, color, _______________, and aligned edges.

texture

depth perception

the ability to judge the distance from one another and from ourselves (judging how far away you are from things) -visual cliff used to study this in babies (most babies of 6 months won't crawl across b/c they percieve a big drop when in fact it is just plexiglass that would be safe for the baby to crawl over if the chose to) -not sure when this develops but babies as early as 1 month flinch at stimuli they feel are coming towards them (steps toward spatial reasoning) -used in being careful, catching in sports

visual acuity

the ability to see fine detail -infant can only see dark and light (contrasts) [ex: vision goes to hairline] largely as a result of babies not getting visual practice in the womb. -Newborn vission very poor (~20/200-600 or worse) - 20/20 vision refers to this

infants must relearn balancing for sitting, crawling, walking and other postures b/c...

the body rotates around different points in each structure

by three months of age, the 3 kinds of cones in eyes and their associated circuits are working and infants are able to see _______________.

the full range of colors; by 3 to 4 months, infants' color perception seems SIMILAR to that of adults

True concerning development of attention:

the orienting and alerting networks are mature at birth but the executive network develops slowly.

Auditory threshold

the quietest sound that a person can hear. -An adult's auditory threshold is easy to measure it is measured by: presenting a tone and the adult will simply tell when he or she hears it -Unlike adults however, infants CAN'T tell us that they hear, so there are techniques to measure infants' auditory threshold ex: baby sits on parent's lap and the two of them wear headphones and observer judges if baby responds in any fashion such as by turning her head or changing her facial expression or activity level. Afterward, the experimenter determines how well

size constancy

the realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image -mastered early on in infants

Visual acuity

the smallest pattern that can be distinguished dependently -from birth, babies respond to light and can track moving objects w/ their eyes. -most infants will look for a longer time at patterned stimuli instead of plain, non patterned stimuli -As the lines on figures become narrower (along w/ spaces between them), there comes a point at which the black and white stripes become so fine to the baby that they simply blend together and appear gray

DISTANCE (or depth) is more complicated than horizontal and vertical b/c...

this dimension is NOT represented directly on the retina's flat surface. -besides knowing WHAT an object is, babies need to know WHERE it is

locomotion

to move about in the world -learning to move through the environment upright leaves the arms and hands free, which allows infants to grasp and manipulate objects,

True/False: Hearing impairment can be identified in newborns

true

True/False: all of the senses function at birth

true

True/False: babies can learn before they are born

true

babies who are breast fed are more likely to...

try a wider variety of foods b/c breast milk tastes different everyday depending on what mother eats

ADHD has been linked to _______,________________,_____________ but research does not consistently implicate any of these causes

tv, food allergies and sugar

perceptual narrowing

type of experience-expectant brain development: brain is preparing in expectation of different environmental experience; brain needs environmental stimulation FACE RECOGNITION: babies can tell all subtle differences between distinct sounds even if very similar unlike adults; by 10-12 months age, they lose this ability when synaptic pruning occurs and brain narrows, losing its flexibility. SPEECH SOUNDS

shortest wavelength color

violet

the ability to perceive color, along w/ rapidly improving visual acuity, gives infants great skill in making sense of their....

visual experiences

____________ of light is the source of color perception.

wavelength

Newborns' sense of smell is __________________________________.

well-developed at birth