Grammar
Question mark and Exclamation mark part of a quote
"The crowd cheered, " Victory!"
Split Infinitives
Occurs when a modifying word come between the word to and the verb that pairs with to. Example: To clearly explain vs. To explain clearly.
Possessive
Ownership My,Mine, yours, yours, his, her , hers, and its.
Singular : Ox
Oxen
Absolute Phrase
Participle that comes after a noun. Never the subject of the sentence. Used independently from the rest of the sentence. Example : (The alarm ringing), he pushed the snooze button.
Collective noun Examples
army, band, cast, committee, crowd, family, faculty, group, jury, society, school, staff, team, crew, public, herd, class, company ,dozen , and troop.
Interrogative Sentence
asks a questions and ends with a questions mark. Example : Are you going to the game on Friday?
Hyphen numbers
between 21 and 99 are written with a hyphens Twenty-five : One hundred fify-one
Semicolons
between independent clauses linked with a transitional words Example: I think that we can agree on this; however, I am not sure about my friends.
Semicolons
between items in a series that has internal punctuation Example: I have visited New York, New York ; Augusta Maine ; and Baltimore Maryland.
Infinitives
can be used as noun, adjective , or an adverb.
Absolute
can show comparison
General Nouns
conditions or ideas Conditions: Beauty, Strength Idea : Truth , peace
Coordinating Conjunction
connect equal parts of sentences Example : And , but, yet, or, nor, for, and so.
Adverb Clause
dependent clause that starts with after, although, as , as if, before, because, if, since, so, so that, unless, when , where, or while.
Intransitive
do not point to a receiver of an action Example : he plays. John write wells.
Positive Degree
is normal forms of an adjective. Ex: This work is difficult. She is smart
Phrases
is not a complete sentence; it cannot be statement and cannot give a complete thought.
imperative sentence
tells someone to do something and ends with a period. Example : Go to the store and buy milk.
present perfect
the action started in the past and continue into the present Example I have walked to the store three times today
Effect
means results
Adverb
modify a verb Answer one of these questions: When?Where? How? and Why? (Not and Never) Example : He walks quickly through the crowd.
Adjectives
modify nouns and pronouns Example: Answer a questions which one? What Kind of? or how many? The (Third) suits is my favorite.
Positive Degree Adverb
standard form of an adverb Example : He Arrives soon : She speaks softly to her friends
Declarative
states a fact and ends with a period. Example : The football game starts at seven o`clock.
Active voice
subject doing the action Jon drew the picture
Linking Verb
subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun Example : I am John : I smell roses : i feel tired.
subordinating conjunction
subordinate clauses with independent clauses Example : After ,Although, Because, Before, In Order that, Since, So that, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Where, Wherever, Whether, While.
Demonstrative
this, that, these, those
Interrogative
what, which, who, whom, whose
Passive Voice
when the subject receives the action Example: The picture is drawn by Jon.
Capitalization
when they refer to specific area but not when they refer to the direction Example : Specific area : James is from the West Direction : After three miles, turn south toward the highway.
Subjective Case
pronouns used as subject (He) is coming to the show.
Proper noun
specific persons, place, or things ( Capitalizes)) Example : Los Angeles
Subjunctive mood
wishes and statement that go against facts
predicate adjective
An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject Ex: Your mom is patient.
semicolon
Between closely connected independent clauses that not connected with a coordinating conjunction Example: She is outside;we are inside.
Indefinite Articles
A and An
Compound- Complex Sentence
A compound- complex sentence has at least two independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example : John is my friend who went to India, and he brought souvenirs for us.
Dangling Modifiers
A dangling modifiers can also be a dependent clause. Example : Reading each magazine article, the stories caught my attention.
Verb
Action or being
Transitive
Action point to a receiver Example : He plays pianos : the piano was played by him.
Singular math
Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction, and Division
Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence gives a command or order Example: Bring me that note .
Common linking verb
Appear, Be, Become, Feel, Grow, Look, seem, smells, Sound, and taste
Nouns are plural
Athletics m Gymnastics, scissors, and pants.
Common Noun
Class or group of people, place, and things. People : boy, girl, workers, manager Places; school,bank, library Things: Dogs, Cat, Truck,Car
Superlative Degree
Compares more than two people or things Example: This is the most difficult work of my life. She is the smartest lady in school.
Superlative Degree Adverb
Compares more than two people or things. Example: he arrives soonest of the group : She speaks softly of any of her friends.
Comparative Degree Adverb
Compares one person or thing to another person or things. Example : He arrives sooner than Sarah . She speaks more softly than him.
Comparative Degree
Compares one person or things to another person or thing. Ex : This work is more difficult than your work: She is smarter than me.
Mother-in Law-
Compound Noun
apostrophes singular noun
David`s car : a book`s theme : my brother`s board game.
Colon Greeting
Dear Sir : To Whom It May Concern
Noun Clause
Dependent clause used as subject, object, or complement. Begins with how, that, what, whether, which, who, or why.
Singular Indefinite pronouns
Either , Neither, and Each
Present Participle
Ends with ing
Singular adjective and compound
Everybody,Everyone, Anybody, Anyone
Brackets placing parenthesis inside of parentheses
Ex : the hero of this story, Paul Revere ( a sliversmith and industrialist [See Ch.4]}, rode through towns of Massachusetts to warn of advancing British troops.
Ellipsis Marks
Example : " Then he picked up the groceries .... paid for them.... later he went home."
Subordination
Example : Despite having a perfect regular season, the team lost the championship.
Comma Address
Example : He is meeting me at 456 Delaware Avenue, Washington, D.C., tomorrow morning.
Colon Quote
Example : The man started with an idea: " We are able to do more than we imagine."
Dashes parenthetical statement
Example : The three trees -- oak , pine, and magnolia -- are coming on a truck tomorrow.
Comma Title
Example: John Smith, Ph.D., will be visting your class today.
Brackets adding explanation or details that are not part of a quote
Example: The father explained, " My children are planning to attend my alma mater [State University]."
Dashes break or change in tone or thoughts
Example: The first question -- how silly of me -- does not have a correct answer.
Comma Interrogative Tag
Example: This is my last time, correct?
Comma Direct address
Example: You , John, are my only hope in this moment.
Comma Contrast
Example: You are my friend , not my enemy.
Essential Clause
Explain or define a person or thing Example: I learned the reason why I won the award.
Singular: Foot
Feet
singular: Goose
Geese
Declarative Sentence
Gives information or make a statement Example I can fly a kite.
Complex Sentence
Has one independent clause and one or more dependent clause. Example : (Although he had the flu,) Harry went to work.
Simple sentence
Have one independent clause with no subordinate clause. Example : Judy watered the lawn.
Compound sentence
Have two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. Joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon. Example : The time has come, and we are ready. I woke up at dawn; then I went outside to watch the sun rise.
Quotation Indirect Quote
Henry said that he is going to be late to the meeting.
Intensive
I myself, you, yourself, he, himself, she herself, the itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they, themselves
Parentheses Series
Include in the email (1) your name, (2) your address, and (3) your question for the author.
Question mark that goes with the whole sentence
Is your favorite short shorty " The Tell-Tale-Heart'"?
Plural nouns without S
Men`s department : The people`s adventure
Singular: Mouse
Mice
Misplaced Modifiers
Modifier can be put in more than one place. Example : He read the book to a crown that was filled with beautiful pictures Correct : He read the book that was filled with beautiful pictures to a crowd.
Specific Nouns
Name people, places, and things that are understood by using your senses Example : Baby,friend, father, town, park, rainbow, cough ,gasoline
Quotation Mark Direct Quote
Nancy said, " I am waiting for Henry to arrive."
Double Negative
Never, No, and not should not be paired with other negative word ( none, nobody, nothing, or neither) Hardly,Barely, and scarely.
Singular but plural form
News, Mathematics, Physics, and Economics.
Singular: Person
People
Collective Nouns
Person, Place, or things that act as a whole Class,company, dozen, group, herd, and team
Capitalize kinship descriptive name
Sally`s uncle Jimbo is a ship captain.
Singular and Plural
Salmon, Deer, Moose
Past Perfect
Second Action happened in the past . The first action came before the second. Example : before I walked to the sore. I had walked to the library.
Objective Case
Serve as object appear in the objective case Josh drove (him) to the airport.
exclamatory sentence
Shows strong emotions and ends with an exclamation points. Example : I can't believe we won the game!
Action Verb
Subject doing the action Example : He sings, Run!, Go!
Nominative
Subject of a sentence Example : I , You, He, She, and It
Definite Articles
The
Colon Title
The essay is titled "American : A Short Introduction to a Modern Country"
Possessive case
The flowers are (mine)
Comma coordinate adjective
The kind, loyal dog followed me home.
Plural noun with s
The scissors' handle : boys` basketball
Apostrophes plural noun with s
The scissors` handle : Boys` basketball
Quotation Quote inside a quote
The teacher asked, " Has everyone read 'The Gift of the Magi'?"
Colon Elaboration
There is one thing that stands out on your resume: responsibility
Participial Phrases
Used as an adjective and modifiers. Come right after the noun or pronouns. Example : (Shipwrecked on an island), the boys started to fish for food.
Who
a subjective case pronoun can be used as a subject. Subject : He knows who wants to come. Who is the subject of the verb wants.
Relative adverb
Where, When, and why Clauses come after the noun
Subject example
Who Which, and, That
relative pronoun
Who, whose, Whom, Which, and that
singular: Woman
Women
Collective Noun
a noun denotes a group
indefinite
all, any, each,everyone, either/neither, one, some, several
future perfect
an action that uses the past and the future Example: Wen she comes for the supplies, I will have walked to the store.
Whom
an objective case pronoun, can be used as an object. Example : He knows whom we want at the party.
Predicate Noun
are nouns that modify the subject and finish linking verbs. Ex: My father is a lawyer. (Lawyer is predicate noun)
Period and Comma
are put inside quotation marks. Example: We read the "The Gift of the Magi," " The Skylight room," and " The Cactus."
Semicolon and colons
are put outside the quotation marks. The class read " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "; then they wasted the movie adaptation
Homophones
are words that are pronounced in the same way way but they have different spelling and different meaning
reciprocal
each other, one another.v
Past Participle
end with d, ed, n, or t
phrasal verb
example : call off, look up, and drop off .
Appositive
explain or rename noun or pronoun Example : Terriers, (hunters at heart,) have been dressed up to look like lap dogs.
Predicates
explains or describes the subject Example : sing on Tuesday night at the dance hall
Non essential clause
give more information about a person or thing. Example: Neil Armstrong, who walked on the moon, is my hero.
Ellipsis Mark
has three periods to show when words have been removed from a quotation. Note: Should not be used at the beginning of a quotation and end.
Paraellism
highlight similar ideas and connect sentence that give similar information. Example : He stopped at the office, the grocery store, and the pharmacy before heading home.
Gerund
ing ending Example: (Coaching) this team is the best job of my life.
Direct object
is a noun that take or receive the action of a verb. Ask who or what? Example : Dad built a (tree house on my 11th birthday).
Indirect Object
is a word or group of words that show an action had an influence on someone or something ask to/for whom or what? Example : She gave the (beggar) the coin.
Preposition
is a word placed before a non or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and anther word . Example : The napkin is in the drawers
antecedent
noun that been replaced by a pronoun Example : John came into town ,and (he) played for us. (He)
Complements
noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the verb in the sentence.
Objective
object in a sentences Me, You, Him, Her, and It
Correlative Conjunction
pairs of words that connect words, phrases or clauses. Examples: both...and, either....or, not only...but also.
relative
show comparison between things
Interjection
used alone or as a piece to a sentence example : Hey! :P Ouch! Please !
Capitalize Kinship name
used as a part or whole or a proper noun. Kinship name as proper noun : Did you ask Mom if you could eat a cookie?
Hyphen Compound words
used as adjective that come before a noun Ex: the well-fed dog took a nap;.
hyphen fractions
used as adjectives The recipe says that we need a three-fourths cup of better
Affect
used as noun for feelings, emotion, or mood.
Indicative Mood
used for facts, opinions, and questions
Imperative
used for orders or request
Articles
used to mark noun
Dashes
used to show a break or a change in thoughts in a sentence
Apostrophes
used to show possession or the deletion of letter in contractions. An apostrophe is not needed with the possessive pronouns his, hers, its, ours, theirs, whose, and yours.
Subject-Verb Agreement
verb agree with their subjects in numbers such as singular or plural Note: one subject is singular and another plural you make the verb agree with the closer subject Ex: Either the blanket or pillows arrive this afternoon. Verb is arrive.
Imperative sentence
verb subject is understood but not actually present in the sentence.
Relative
which, who, whom, whose