Grammar

Question mark and Exclamation mark part of a quote

"The crowd cheered, " Victory!"

Split Infinitives

Occurs when a modifying word come between the word to and the verb that pairs with to. Example: To clearly explain vs. To explain clearly.

Possessive

Ownership My,Mine, yours, yours, his, her , hers, and its.

Singular : Ox

Oxen

Absolute Phrase

Participle that comes after a noun. Never the subject of the sentence. Used independently from the rest of the sentence. Example : (The alarm ringing), he pushed the snooze button.

Collective noun Examples

army, band, cast, committee, crowd, family, faculty, group, jury, society, school, staff, team, crew, public, herd, class, company ,dozen , and troop.

Interrogative Sentence

asks a questions and ends with a questions mark. Example : Are you going to the game on Friday?

Hyphen numbers

between 21 and 99 are written with a hyphens Twenty-five : One hundred fify-one

Semicolons

between independent clauses linked with a transitional words Example: I think that we can agree on this; however, I am not sure about my friends.

Semicolons

between items in a series that has internal punctuation Example: I have visited New York, New York ; Augusta Maine ; and Baltimore Maryland.

Infinitives

can be used as noun, adjective , or an adverb.

Absolute

can show comparison

General Nouns

conditions or ideas Conditions: Beauty, Strength Idea : Truth , peace

Coordinating Conjunction

connect equal parts of sentences Example : And , but, yet, or, nor, for, and so.

Adverb Clause

dependent clause that starts with after, although, as , as if, before, because, if, since, so, so that, unless, when , where, or while.

Intransitive

do not point to a receiver of an action Example : he plays. John write wells.

Positive Degree

is normal forms of an adjective. Ex: This work is difficult. She is smart

Phrases

is not a complete sentence; it cannot be statement and cannot give a complete thought.

imperative sentence

tells someone to do something and ends with a period. Example : Go to the store and buy milk.

present perfect

the action started in the past and continue into the present Example I have walked to the store three times today

Effect

means results

Adverb

modify a verb Answer one of these questions: When?Where? How? and Why? (Not and Never) Example : He walks quickly through the crowd.

Adjectives

modify nouns and pronouns Example: Answer a questions which one? What Kind of? or how many? The (Third) suits is my favorite.

Positive Degree Adverb

standard form of an adverb Example : He Arrives soon : She speaks softly to her friends

Declarative

states a fact and ends with a period. Example : The football game starts at seven o`clock.

Active voice

subject doing the action Jon drew the picture

Linking Verb

subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun Example : I am John : I smell roses : i feel tired.

subordinating conjunction

subordinate clauses with independent clauses Example : After ,Although, Because, Before, In Order that, Since, So that, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Where, Wherever, Whether, While.

Demonstrative

this, that, these, those

Interrogative

what, which, who, whom, whose

Passive Voice

when the subject receives the action Example: The picture is drawn by Jon.

Capitalization

when they refer to specific area but not when they refer to the direction Example : Specific area : James is from the West Direction : After three miles, turn south toward the highway.

Subjective Case

pronouns used as subject (He) is coming to the show.

Proper noun

specific persons, place, or things ( Capitalizes)) Example : Los Angeles

Subjunctive mood

wishes and statement that go against facts

predicate adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject Ex: Your mom is patient.

semicolon

Between closely connected independent clauses that not connected with a coordinating conjunction Example: She is outside;we are inside.

Indefinite Articles

A and An

Compound- Complex Sentence

A compound- complex sentence has at least two independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example : John is my friend who went to India, and he brought souvenirs for us.

Dangling Modifiers

A dangling modifiers can also be a dependent clause. Example : Reading each magazine article, the stories caught my attention.

Verb

Action or being

Transitive

Action point to a receiver Example : He plays pianos : the piano was played by him.

Singular math

Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction, and Division

Imperative Sentence

An imperative sentence gives a command or order Example: Bring me that note .

Common linking verb

Appear, Be, Become, Feel, Grow, Look, seem, smells, Sound, and taste

Nouns are plural

Athletics m Gymnastics, scissors, and pants.

Common Noun

Class or group of people, place, and things. People : boy, girl, workers, manager Places; school,bank, library Things: Dogs, Cat, Truck,Car

Superlative Degree

Compares more than two people or things Example: This is the most difficult work of my life. She is the smartest lady in school.

Superlative Degree Adverb

Compares more than two people or things. Example: he arrives soonest of the group : She speaks softly of any of her friends.

Comparative Degree Adverb

Compares one person or thing to another person or things. Example : He arrives sooner than Sarah . She speaks more softly than him.

Comparative Degree

Compares one person or things to another person or thing. Ex : This work is more difficult than your work: She is smarter than me.

Mother-in Law-

Compound Noun

apostrophes singular noun

David`s car : a book`s theme : my brother`s board game.

Colon Greeting

Dear Sir : To Whom It May Concern

Noun Clause

Dependent clause used as subject, object, or complement. Begins with how, that, what, whether, which, who, or why.

Singular Indefinite pronouns

Either , Neither, and Each

Present Participle

Ends with ing

Singular adjective and compound

Everybody,Everyone, Anybody, Anyone

Brackets placing parenthesis inside of parentheses

Ex : the hero of this story, Paul Revere ( a sliversmith and industrialist [See Ch.4]}, rode through towns of Massachusetts to warn of advancing British troops.

Ellipsis Marks

Example : " Then he picked up the groceries .... paid for them.... later he went home."

Subordination

Example : Despite having a perfect regular season, the team lost the championship.

Comma Address

Example : He is meeting me at 456 Delaware Avenue, Washington, D.C., tomorrow morning.

Colon Quote

Example : The man started with an idea: " We are able to do more than we imagine."

Dashes parenthetical statement

Example : The three trees -- oak , pine, and magnolia -- are coming on a truck tomorrow.

Comma Title

Example: John Smith, Ph.D., will be visting your class today.

Brackets adding explanation or details that are not part of a quote

Example: The father explained, " My children are planning to attend my alma mater [State University]."

Dashes break or change in tone or thoughts

Example: The first question -- how silly of me -- does not have a correct answer.

Comma Interrogative Tag

Example: This is my last time, correct?

Comma Direct address

Example: You , John, are my only hope in this moment.

Comma Contrast

Example: You are my friend , not my enemy.

Essential Clause

Explain or define a person or thing Example: I learned the reason why I won the award.

Singular: Foot

Feet

singular: Goose

Geese

Declarative Sentence

Gives information or make a statement Example I can fly a kite.

Complex Sentence

Has one independent clause and one or more dependent clause. Example : (Although he had the flu,) Harry went to work.

Simple sentence

Have one independent clause with no subordinate clause. Example : Judy watered the lawn.

Compound sentence

Have two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. Joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon. Example : The time has come, and we are ready. I woke up at dawn; then I went outside to watch the sun rise.

Quotation Indirect Quote

Henry said that he is going to be late to the meeting.

Intensive

I myself, you, yourself, he, himself, she herself, the itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they, themselves

Parentheses Series

Include in the email (1) your name, (2) your address, and (3) your question for the author.

Question mark that goes with the whole sentence

Is your favorite short shorty " The Tell-Tale-Heart'"?

Plural nouns without S

Men`s department : The people`s adventure

Singular: Mouse

Mice

Misplaced Modifiers

Modifier can be put in more than one place. Example : He read the book to a crown that was filled with beautiful pictures Correct : He read the book that was filled with beautiful pictures to a crowd.

Specific Nouns

Name people, places, and things that are understood by using your senses Example : Baby,friend, father, town, park, rainbow, cough ,gasoline

Quotation Mark Direct Quote

Nancy said, " I am waiting for Henry to arrive."

Double Negative

Never, No, and not should not be paired with other negative word ( none, nobody, nothing, or neither) Hardly,Barely, and scarely.

Singular but plural form

News, Mathematics, Physics, and Economics.

Singular: Person

People

Collective Nouns

Person, Place, or things that act as a whole Class,company, dozen, group, herd, and team

Capitalize kinship descriptive name

Sally`s uncle Jimbo is a ship captain.

Singular and Plural

Salmon, Deer, Moose

Past Perfect

Second Action happened in the past . The first action came before the second. Example : before I walked to the sore. I had walked to the library.

Objective Case

Serve as object appear in the objective case Josh drove (him) to the airport.

exclamatory sentence

Shows strong emotions and ends with an exclamation points. Example : I can't believe we won the game!

Action Verb

Subject doing the action Example : He sings, Run!, Go!

Nominative

Subject of a sentence Example : I , You, He, She, and It

Definite Articles

The

Colon Title

The essay is titled "American : A Short Introduction to a Modern Country"

Possessive case

The flowers are (mine)

Comma coordinate adjective

The kind, loyal dog followed me home.

Plural noun with s

The scissors' handle : boys` basketball

Apostrophes plural noun with s

The scissors` handle : Boys` basketball

Quotation Quote inside a quote

The teacher asked, " Has everyone read 'The Gift of the Magi'?"

Colon Elaboration

There is one thing that stands out on your resume: responsibility

Participial Phrases

Used as an adjective and modifiers. Come right after the noun or pronouns. Example : (Shipwrecked on an island), the boys started to fish for food.

Who

a subjective case pronoun can be used as a subject. Subject : He knows who wants to come. Who is the subject of the verb wants.

Relative adverb

Where, When, and why Clauses come after the noun

Subject example

Who Which, and, That

relative pronoun

Who, whose, Whom, Which, and that

singular: Woman

Women

Collective Noun

a noun denotes a group

indefinite

all, any, each,everyone, either/neither, one, some, several

future perfect

an action that uses the past and the future Example: Wen she comes for the supplies, I will have walked to the store.

Whom

an objective case pronoun, can be used as an object. Example : He knows whom we want at the party.

Predicate Noun

are nouns that modify the subject and finish linking verbs. Ex: My father is a lawyer. (Lawyer is predicate noun)

Period and Comma

are put inside quotation marks. Example: We read the "The Gift of the Magi," " The Skylight room," and " The Cactus."

Semicolon and colons

are put outside the quotation marks. The class read " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "; then they wasted the movie adaptation

Homophones

are words that are pronounced in the same way way but they have different spelling and different meaning

reciprocal

each other, one another.v

Past Participle

end with d, ed, n, or t

phrasal verb

example : call off, look up, and drop off .

Appositive

explain or rename noun or pronoun Example : Terriers, (hunters at heart,) have been dressed up to look like lap dogs.

Predicates

explains or describes the subject Example : sing on Tuesday night at the dance hall

Non essential clause

give more information about a person or thing. Example: Neil Armstrong, who walked on the moon, is my hero.

Ellipsis Mark

has three periods to show when words have been removed from a quotation. Note: Should not be used at the beginning of a quotation and end.

Paraellism

highlight similar ideas and connect sentence that give similar information. Example : He stopped at the office, the grocery store, and the pharmacy before heading home.

Gerund

ing ending Example: (Coaching) this team is the best job of my life.

Direct object

is a noun that take or receive the action of a verb. Ask who or what? Example : Dad built a (tree house on my 11th birthday).

Indirect Object

is a word or group of words that show an action had an influence on someone or something ask to/for whom or what? Example : She gave the (beggar) the coin.

Preposition

is a word placed before a non or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and anther word . Example : The napkin is in the drawers

antecedent

noun that been replaced by a pronoun Example : John came into town ,and (he) played for us. (He)

Complements

noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the verb in the sentence.

Objective

object in a sentences Me, You, Him, Her, and It

Correlative Conjunction

pairs of words that connect words, phrases or clauses. Examples: both...and, either....or, not only...but also.

relative

show comparison between things

Interjection

used alone or as a piece to a sentence example : Hey! :P Ouch! Please !

Capitalize Kinship name

used as a part or whole or a proper noun. Kinship name as proper noun : Did you ask Mom if you could eat a cookie?

Hyphen Compound words

used as adjective that come before a noun Ex: the well-fed dog took a nap;.

hyphen fractions

used as adjectives The recipe says that we need a three-fourths cup of better

Affect

used as noun for feelings, emotion, or mood.

Indicative Mood

used for facts, opinions, and questions

Imperative

used for orders or request

Articles

used to mark noun

Dashes

used to show a break or a change in thoughts in a sentence

Apostrophes

used to show possession or the deletion of letter in contractions. An apostrophe is not needed with the possessive pronouns his, hers, its, ours, theirs, whose, and yours.

Subject-Verb Agreement

verb agree with their subjects in numbers such as singular or plural Note: one subject is singular and another plural you make the verb agree with the closer subject Ex: Either the blanket or pillows arrive this afternoon. Verb is arrive.

Imperative sentence

verb subject is understood but not actually present in the sentence.

Relative

which, who, whom, whose