CH 5. Skeletal System

The first step in bone healing involves the formation of a blood-filled swelling known as a

Hematoma

The elbow is classified as a

Hinge joint

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

Hyaline cartilage

The hyoid bone is unique because

It is the only bone of the body that doesn't directly articulate with any other bone (loneliest bone in the body)

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called

Lacunae

The suture situated anteriorly between the parietal bones and occipital bones is the

Lamboid suture

The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as

Long bones

The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Where does hematopoiesis occur

Marrow cavity

The periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis, is represented by ________.

Periosteum

The ilium, pubis, and ischium fuse to form the bone marked by ________.

Pubic bone region

osteoclast

a cell that releases calcium from bones, increasing blood calcium levels.

osteoblast

a cell that stores calcium in bones by making bone matrix.

osteocyte

a mature bone cell trapped in bone matrix.

Hardness

ability to resist compression; due to calcium salts.

Tensile Strength

ability to stretch without breaking; due to collagen fibers and other organic parts.

What is the function of red bone marrow?

blood cell formation

Ligaments join __________ to bone at joints.

bone

Which of these allow nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to all the osteocytes within an osteon?

canaliculi

The wrist bones are actually ________.

carpals

A person with epiphyseal plates _______ growing taller.

is

A person with epiphyseal lines ________ growing taller.

is not

Compact Bone

dense, smooth, and homogeneous

Which of the following is only found associated with a child's bone?

epiphyseal plate

What term refers to the end of a long bone?

epiphysis

Which of these bones articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone

femur

The physician knew her patient was most likely a child before she walked into the examination room because the X-ray revealed a(n) ________.

greenstick fracture

Blood cell formation is called ________.

hematopoiesis

blood cell formation is called

hematopoiesis

The greater tubercle and trochlea are bone markings situated on the bone marked by ________.

humerus

Long bone

humerus typically longer than wide; have shaft with heads on both ends; mostly compact bones; all bones of the limbs except patella (knee), wrist and ankle bones, are long bones.

What bone does NOT articulate directly with any other bone?

hyoid

Which of these is a typical characteristic of the female pelvis?

ischial spines that are short and farther apart

What is the region of the coxal bone that bears most of the body weight when a person is sitting?

ischial tuberosity

What is the distinguishing feature of a synovial joint?

joint cavity

Which of these bones is associated with the hand?

metacarpals

The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called ________.

osteoclasts

osteoclast (ii)

parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates this type of cell.

Twiddling your thumbs utilizes which type of joint?

saddle

Which bones form the shoulder joint?

scapula and humerus

The __________ is an important cranial landmark, as it houses the pituitary gland.

sella turcica

The temporal bones are joined with the parietal bones at the ________ sutures

squamous

The temporal bones are joined with the parietal bones at the

squamous sutures

Flat bone

sternum thin, flattened and usually curved. They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Most bones of the skull, ribs and the sternum.

How is a ball-and-socket joint classified?

synovial joint

Short bone

talus generally cubed shaped and contain mostly spongy bone. The bones of the wrist and ankles are short bones. Sesamoid bones, which form within tendons, are a special type of bone. The best example is the patella.

You examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine it is a female since

the distance between the female Ischial spines is greater than in a male

Irregular bone

vertebra bones that do not fit one of the other categories.

Functions of the Skeletal System

1)support {bones, the "steel girders" and reinforced concrete" of the body, form the internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs.} 2)Protection {bones protect soft body organs} 3)movement {skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.} 4)storage {fat is stored in the internal (marrow) cavities of bones. Bone itself serves as a store house for minerals, the most important of which are calcium and phosphorus. Most of the bodies calcium is deposited in the bones as calcium salts, but a small amount of calcium in its ions form (Ca+) must be present in the blood at all times for the nervous system to transmit messages, for muscles to contract, and for blood to clot.} 5)blood cell formation {blood cell formation or hematopoiesis, occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones.

How many true ribs do humans have?

7

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ___, whereas Articulations permitting no movement are ___.

Amphiarthroses; synarthroses

Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as

An osteon (haversian system)

Bone growth that occurs due to weight lifting at age 40 is most likely

Appositional growth

What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

Articular cartilage

Two or more bones meet at a location called an

Articulation (joint)

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the

Axial skeleton

The dens is a process projecting from the

Axis

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains

Blood vessels and nerve fibers

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that

Bone length is increasing

Appositional Growth

Bones increase in diameter through the process of _____.

ossification

Bones increase in length by the process of _______.

The most important minerals stored in bones are

Calcium and phosphorus

Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal

Canaliculi

The wrist bones are actually

Carpals

The tailbone is the

Coccyx

A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a

Comminuted fracture

A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a

Compression fracture

What bone articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?

Femur

The atlas is the

First cervical vertebra

The fibrous connections between bones of a fetal skull are

Fontanels

Which of these statements describes a function of fontanels?

Fontanels allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during childbirth.

The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the

Foremen magnum

Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)

Freely movable joints (ball and socket shoulder joint; Metacarpals)

The head of the humerus fits into the ___ or the scapula

Glenoid cavity

{Bone Repair *2} Fibrocartilage Callus Forms

Granulation tissue forms; Phagocytes of dead tissue; A combination of cartilage matrix, bony matrix, and collagen fibers.

An incomplete break commonly seen in children

Greenstick fracture

The physician knew her patient was likely a child before she walked into the examination room because the x-ray revealed a

Greenstick fracture

Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)

Immovable Joints (skull sutures; teeth)

The process of bone formation is known as

Ossification

During the repair of a fracture, which of the following cells form the bony callus?

Osteoblasts

What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs

Osteoblasts

{Bone Repair *3) Bony Callus Forms

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate and multiply; spongy bone.

The bone cells that respond to PTH to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called

Osteoclasts

Bone destroying cells known as osteoclasts are activated by the hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called

Short bones

Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints)

Slightly movable joints (cartilage between vertebra; cartilage between spine)

In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to

Store adipose tissue

The factors that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled are

Stress of gravity and pull of muscles on skeleton

Immovable joints are functionally classified as

Synarthroses

An open or compound fracture can be described as when

The broken bone is exposed to the outside

The axial skeleton contains

The skull, true and false ribs, and vertebrae

What bones protect the spinal cord

Vertebrae

The shin bone is called the

Tibia

What feature is uniquely associated with cervical vertebrae?

Transverse foramina

What is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior?

True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

What bone marking is a projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament attachment

Tubercle

Which two bones constitute the forearm?

Ulna and radius

In what type of fracture is the bone broken into many fragments?

comminuted

Spongy Bone

composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space.