Ch 6 Skeletal System Bone Tissue

What is osteocytes?

maintain mineral concentration of matrix

About 25% of all stress fractures involve which bone?

Tibia

True or False: The first step in the healing of a fracture is the formation of a fracture hematoma.

True

True or False: The replacement of cartilage by bone is called endochondral ossification.

True

parathyroid hormone PTH

Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids (especially the blood) is regulated by several hormones. Which of the following is the most important hormone regulating calcium exchange?

appositional growth

By which process, as an individual grows to adulthood, is the thickness (diameter) of bone increased?

Which layer of hyaline cartilage allows the diaphysis to grow in length?

Epiphyseal plate

Which type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children?

Greenstick

intramembranous ossification

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process. interstitial growth growth at the epiphyseal plate intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification appositional growth

capillary

Near the center of the diaphysis, the nutrient artery and vein pass through a hole in the compact bone called the nutrient ________.

Which of the following conditions results when the articular cartilages in a joint degenerate to the point where the bony ends of articulating bones touch?

Osteoarthritis

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)?

Osteoclasts

stress fracture

Stan is a 35 year old man who is a dedicated long distance runner. He spends hours every week running along neighborhood streets. Recently Stan has had to go to the doctor due to pain in his lower legs that intensifies when he tries to run. There is no swelling or obvious damage, so he is surprised to hear the doctor say he has a fracture of his tibia. Stan is most likely to have which type of fracture?

Stan is a 35 year old man who is a dedicated long distance runner. He spends hours every week running along neighborhood streets. Recently Stan has had to go to the doctor due to pain in his lower legs that intensifies when he tries to run. There is no swelling or obvious damage, so he is surprised to hear the doctor say he has a fracture of his tibia. Stan is most likely to have which type of fracture?

Stress fracture

Which structure in the image below represents an osteon, the structural unit of compact bone?

The Medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow which stores triglycerides (see the image letter B)

metaphysis

The areas where the epiphysis and diaphysis join.

medullary cavity

The hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty, yellow bone marrow in adults is called the

ossification

The process of bone formation is referred to as ____.

hyaline cartilage

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____. hyaline cartilage periosteum articular cartilage adipose tissue none of these choices

osteoprogenitor cells

The resulting cells develop in osteoblasts. found in the inner periosteum, in the endosteum and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels.

True or False: The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis.

True

True or False: The skeletal system can produce blood cells and store triglycerides.

True

Which of the following factors affect bone remodeling and growth? a. minerals b. vitamins c. hormones d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in a joint. a. periosteum b. distal epiphysis c. nutrient foramen d. articular cartilage e. epiphyseal plate

d. articular cartilage

What is osteogenic cells?

develop in osteoblast

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process. interstitial growth growth at the epiphyseal plate intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification appositional growth

intramembranous ossification

articular cartilage

is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation joint with another bone. Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints. Because articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited.

periosteum

is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. it has a fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells. Some cells enable the bone to grow in thickness, not in length. The periosteum also assist in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

vitamin d

is essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood.

condyle

large round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of bone. lateral condyle of femur

greenstick

like breaking a green twig

minerals, hormones, vitamins.

normal bone metabolism depends on several factors:

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

parathyroid hormone

Which of the structures in the image below is a tissue that protects bone surfaces, assists in healing fractures, stabilizes the entry and exit points of blood vessels associated with bone tissue, and provides a firm attachment site for tendons and ligaments?

periosteum

illiac crest

prominent ridge or elongated projection. illiac crest of hip bone.

epyphisis

proximal and distal ends of the bones.

facet

smooth flat slightly concave or convex articular surface.articular _ of vertebra.

vitamin A

stimulates activity of osteoblasts.

true or false: The skeletal system can produce blood cells and store triglycerides

true

hemopoiesis (hemo=blood, poiesis=making)

blood cell production. within certain bones, a connective tissue called red blood marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called

What is osteoblast?

bone formation function

What is osteoclasts

bone resorption

The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis. True False

true

The skeletal system can produce blood cells and store triglycerides. True False

true

True or False: Bone-building cells are called osteocytes.

False

True or False: In the process of intramembranous ossification, bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.

False

True or False: Spongy bone tissue contains few spaces and is the strongest form of bone tissue.

False

potts fracture

fracture of the distal fibula

colles fracture

fracture of the distal radius

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

3 cartilage types?

fracture hematoma

A mass of blood usually forms 6 to 8 hours after injury.

Which of the following two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing? A. calcium and chlorine B. magnesium and sulfur C. calcium and phosphorous D. manganese and sulfur E. potassium and phosphorous

Calcium and Phosphorus

Which is not a function of the skeletal system? assistance in movement support protection mineral homeostasis carbohydrate storage

Carbohydrate storage

Which is secreted by osteoblasts during bone deposition?

Collagen fibers

An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have?

Comminuted fracture

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions?

Compact Bone

Like other _____, bone tissue contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells.

Connective Tissue

Which is NOT a function of calcium in the body? blood clotting cofactor for many enzymes nerve function epithelium function muscle function

Epithelium function

a secretary who works at a desk job and does not do any regular weight-bearing exercise

Gravity and the pull of muscles against bone are the main mechanical stresses experienced by bone. Stress promotes deposition of mineral salts, collagen, and the strengthening of bone in stressed areas. Which of the following individuals would have a lower rate of bone deposition and would therefore be at greater risk for bone loss through bone resorption?

all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights? it promotes normal bone remodeling osteoblasts deposit more minerals salts and collagen fibers as a response to mechanical stress being sedentary (not physically active) promotes bone loss through resorption by osteoclasts bone formation in stressed bones is stimulated by the tug of muscles (when exercising) all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

open Compound fracture.

The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n)

True or False: Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by increasing activity of osteoclasts while calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and speeding uptake and deposition of calcium in bones.

True

cells of the periosteum differentiating into osteoblasts

When bones increase in thickness (diameter) as an individual grows to adulthood, which tissue or cells of the bone begin this growth process?

collagen fibers

Which is secreted by osteoblasts during bone deposition?

1. nerve cells require extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) for proper functioning. enzymes to function properly. process of blood clotting. for muscle cells for contraction

Which of the following is a function of calcium in the body?

adipose tissue, nervous tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue.

Which of the following tissues could be found on or within a bone, such as the humerus?

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor? a greater rate of bone resorption results in loss of calcium salts from the bone matrix with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength a loss of the ability of bone cells to synthesize vitamin C needed for collagen synthesis most elderly people are deficient in vitamins A and D, and also in calcium for women and men, the complete loss of estrogen means that all older individuals will develop osteoporosis

The process of bone formation is referred to as _________________. a. ossification b. remodeling c. resorption d. deposition

a. ossification

When exposed to mechanical stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers by _________________. a. osteoclasts b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteogenic cells

b. osteoblasts

In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights? it promotes normal bone remodeling osteoblasts deposit more minerals salts and collagen fibers as a response to mechanical stress being sedentary (not physically active) promotes bone loss through resorption by osteoclasts bone formation in stressed bones is stimulated by the tug of muscles (when exercising) all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

perforating or volkmans canal

allows transits of these vessels to the outer cortex of the bone.

vitamin k and b12

are needed for synthesis of bone proteins.

How many named bones are found in the adult human skeleton? a. 200 b. 206 c. 212 d. 227 e. 250

b. 206

The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n) a. closed (simple) fracture b. open (compound) fracture c. impacted fracture d. Pott's fracture e. greenstick fracture

b. open (compound) fracture

central canal

blood and lymphatic vessels are found in the osteons

The hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty, yellow bone marrow in adults is called the a. endosteum b. osteoblast c. medullary cavity d. spongy bone tissue e. red bone marrow

c. medullary cavity

Which is not a function of the skeletal system? assistance in movement support protection mineral homeostasis carbohydrate storage

carbohydrate storage

Which is not a function of the skeletal system? assistance in movement support protection mineral homeostasis carbohydrate storage

carbohydrate storage

An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have? open (compound) fracture closed fracture comminuted fracture greenstick fracture stress fracture

comminuted fracture

Compact bone consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems. The osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix. Between the rings of matrix, the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae. Also, good at providing protection and support. It forms the diaphysis of long bones,and external layer of all bones.

compact bone tissue

Which of the following structures contain osteocytes? a. Haversian canals b. Volkmann's canals c. concentric lamellae d. lacunae e. canaliculi

d. lacunae

___________________ are huge cells derived from the fusion of a large number of monocytes; they are concentrated in the endosteum. a. osteocytes b. osteoblasts c. osteogenic cells d. osteoclasts

d. osteoclasts

The components of compact bone tissue are arranged into repeating structural units called a. Volkmann's canals b. trabeculae c. osteogenic cells d. osteons or Haversian systems e. lacunae

d. osteons or Haversian systems

Which is not a function of the skeletal system? a. assistance in movement b. support c. protection d. mineral homeostasis e. carbohydrate storrage

e. carbohydrate storage

One function of this long bone structure is the storage of energy in the form of triglycerides. a. diaphysis b. epiphysis c. metaphysis d. periosteum e. marrow

e. marrow

Which is not a function of calcium in the body blood clotting cofactor for many enzymes nerve function epithelium function muscle function

epithelium function

Which is not a function of calcium in the body? blood clotting cofactor for many enzymes nerve function epithelium function muscle function

epithelium function

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____. hyaline cartilage periosteum articular cartilage adipose tissue none of these choices

hyaline cartilage

epiphyseal growth plate

in adolecant, through the end of active growth, the epiphysis of the long bone contais the hyaline cartilage and forms an __

epiphyseal line

in adults, the epiphyseal growth plate becomes an __ as growing cartilage is replaced by calcified bone. The epiphyseal line is visible externally and on x-rays.

18-21 years of age.

ossification contributing to bone length is usually complete by

Spongy bone, also called cancellous or trabecular bone, provides structural support and facilitates movement of the joints and limbs. Spongy bone is light and porous and found in most parts of the body and in other bones that do not typically endure large volumes of mechanical stress. Also, lightweight and provides tissue support. It forms much of the epiphysis and the internal cavity of long bones.

spongy bone tissue

osteology

the study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders is called?

perforating fibers

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix.

yellow bone marrow is responsible for...

triglyceride storage

Bone can be classified as a connective tissue because it contains an extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spaced cells. True False

true

true or false: During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves.

true

true or false: The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis

true

meatus

tube-like opening.

epicondyle

typically roughened projection around condyle

head

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck. head of femur.

depletion of calcium from the body or inadequate intake.

what causes osteoporosis?

bones of fetus, and in some adult bones, such as hip pelvic bones, ribs, sternum vertebrate backbones, skull, and end of bones of humerus, femur,

which bones contain red bone marrow?

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor? a greater rate of bone resorption results in loss of calcium salts from the bone matrix with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength a loss of the ability of bone cells to synthesize vitamin C needed for collagen synthesis most elderly people are deficient in vitamins A and D, and also in calcium for women and men, the complete loss of estrogen means that all older individuals will develop osteoporosis

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength