Ch. 7 Abnormal Psychology Health Professions

Low doses of es/ketamine have antidepressant effects

-Anesthetic and drug of abuse -IV ketamine vs IN esketamine -Low doses of ketamine have antidepressant effects -Response rate of 70% -It treats people with treatment resistant depression

World Health Organization's Definition (1948)

-Health is a complete state of well-being (Physical well-being Mental well-being And social well-being) -Health is NOT merely the absence of disease or infirmity -This state of optimum health is called "wellness"

Biomedical Model Limitations

-Single Factor Model (illness due to one factor, biological malfunction) -mind-body dualism -emphasis on illness over health -reductionism (illness reduced microlevel processes, such as chemical imbalances)

essential hypertension

High blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases.

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

Incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanied by fever, headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression, and anxiety.

Cancer

category of often-fatal medical conditions involving abnormal cell growth and malignancy

Type A behavior pattern

cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger, originally thought to promote high risk for heart disease

autoimmune disease

condition in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue rather than antigens

Antigens

foreign material that enters the body, including bacteria and parasites

Behavioral Medicine

interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. Also known as psychosomatic medicine.

How do you prevent illness (think psychologically)?

lower stress - if individuals work in high-stress jobs, what techniques might help them so stress doesn't adversely influence their health?

Self-Efficacy

perception of having the ability to cope with stress or challenges

stress

physiological response of the individual to a stressor

What are behaviors involved in health promotion?

smoking, healthy eating, exercise

psycho-oncology

study of psychological factors involved in the course and treatment of cancer

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body's immune response

Health Psychology

subfield of behavioral medicine that studies psychological factors important in health promotion and maintenance

Health Psychologists work settings

universities, hospitals, industrial/occupational health settings, independent settings

Biomedical Model

focus on illness, dominant model for the past 300 years, all illnesses can be explained on the basis of aberrant physiological processes

Biopsychosocial Model

focuses on the system -fundamental assumption: health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

acute pain

pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated

stroke/cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning

Biofeedback

use of physiological monitoring equipment to make individuals aware of their own bodily functions, such as blood pressure or brain waves, that they cannot normally access, with the purpose of controlling these functions

advantages of biopsychosocial model

- macrolevel processes and microlevel processes interact to produce a state of health or illness - the mind and body cannot be distinguished in matters of health and illness - researchers have adopted a systems theory approach to health and illness

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle; a major cause of death in Western culture, with social and psychological factors involved.

hypertension

Major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is intimately related to psychological factors. Also known as high blood pressure.

Definition of Health Psychology

"Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction, and to the analysis and improvement of the health care system and health policy information."

The rise of health psychology

-Emerged in the 1970s, and this subfield of clinical (and counseling) psychology has shown rapid growth in the last 25 years -Has its own division in the APA, and its own journals -Many clinical (and counseling) psychology training programs include a "track" that allows students to specialize in health psychology

health care

-Largest service industry in the US -Health psychology's main emphasis on prevention has the potential of reducing health care costs

How is stress related to AIDS, cancer, and cardiovascular disease?

-Long-standing patterns of behavior or lifestyle may put people at risk for developing certain physical disorders. For example, unhealthy sexual practices can lead to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and unhealthy behavioral patterns, such as poor eating habits, lack of exercise, or type A behavior pattern, may contribute to cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. -Of the 10 leading causes of death in the US, fully 50% of deaths can be traced to lifestyle behaviors

What are the potential causes of acute and chronic pain, and how do the types of pain differ?

-Psychological and social factors also contribute to chronic pain. The brain inhibits pain through naturally occurring endogenous opioids, which may also be implicated in a variety of psychological disorders. -Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disorder that is attributed at least partly to stress but may also have an as yet undiscovered viral or immune system dysfunction component

How are immune system function, stress and physical disorders related?

-Psychological and social factors may contribute directly to illness and disease through the psychological effects of stress on the immune system and other physical functioning -If the immune system is compromised, it may no longer be able to attack and eliminate antigens from the body effectively, or it may even begin to attack the body's normal tissue instead, a process known as autoimmune disease -Growing awareness of the many connections between the nervous system and the immune system has resulted in a field of study called psychoneuroimmunology -Diseases that may be partly related to the effects of stress on the immune system include AIDS, cardiovascular disease, and cancer

What is the difference between behavioral medicine and health psychology?

-Psychological and social factors play a major role in developing and maintaining a number of physical disorders -Two fields of study have emerged as a result of a growing interest in psychological factors contributing to illness. Behavioral medicine involves the application of behavioral science techniques to prevent, diagnose, and treat medical problems. Health psychology is a subfield that focuses on psychological factors involved in the promotion of health and well-being

What procedures and strategies are used in stress management and in prevention and intervention programs?

A variety of psychosocial treatments have been developed with the goal of either treating or preventing physical disorders. Among these are biofeedback and the relaxation response. Comprehensive stress- and pain-reduction programs include not only relaxation and related techniques but also new methods to encourage effective coping, including stress management, realistic appraisals, and improved attitudes through cognitive therapy Comprehensive programs are generally more effective than individual components delivered singly Other interventions aim to modify such behaviors as unsafe sexual practices, smoking, and unhealthy dietary habits. Such efforts have been made in a variety of areas, including injury control, AIDS prevention, smoking cessation campaigns, and programs to reduce risk factors for disease such as CHD

relaxation response

Active components of meditation methods, including repetitive thoughts of a sound to reduce distracting thoughts and closing the mind to other intruding thoughts, that decrease the flow of stress hormones and neurotransmitters and cause a feeling of calm.

cardiovascular disease

Afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues and organs. Psychological factors may play important roles in such diseases and their treatments.

Immune System

Body's means of identifying and eliminating any foreign materials (for example, bacteria, parasites, and even transplanted organs) that enter.

Type B behavior pattern

Cluster of behaviors including a relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, and less forceful ambition; originally thought to promote low risk for heart disease.

chronic pain

Enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back, and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. Other significant factors are social and psychological.

AIDS-related complex (ARC)

Group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appears after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS.

rheumatoid arthritis

Painful, degenerative disease in which the immune system essentially attacks itself, resulting in stiffness, swelling, and even destruction of the joints. Cognitive-behavioral treatments can help relieve pain and stiffness.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Hans Selye. These stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which may lead to death.

endogenous (natural) opioids

Substances occurring naturally throughout the body that function like neurotransmitters to shut down pain sensation even in the presence of marked tissue damage. These may contribute to psychological problems such as eating disorders. Also known as endorphins or enkephalins.