ch 7 inf

Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment?

Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up

Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions?

Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them.

Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin?

Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy.

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that

Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.

Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants?

The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver.

They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys

The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment.

What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?

They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys

Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents?

This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year.

Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children?

Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people.

Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's

ability to discriminate gradations in emotions.

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant

cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.

The concept of goodness of fit

describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment.

Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior

displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior.

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

distress tolerance

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying

emotional self-regualtion

The evolutionary theory that an infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival reflects a(n)

evolutionary view of attachment.

Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______.

negative reactivity; neuroticism

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

regulate their emotions

Ainsworth's attachment research in Uganda

showed that Ugandan infants displayed very intense protest when separated from their mothers, perhaps because they were not used to being separated.

An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face for several minutes is known as the

still-face experiemnt

Ainsworth's experiment of having a researcher assess an infant's exploration of a room, use of the caregiver as a secure base, reactions to the caregiver separation, reactions to the entry of a stranger, the ability to be soothed by the stranger, and reactions to the reunion with the caregiver is known as the

strange situation

Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability.

underestimated; more accurately

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

easy

A child stops themselves from throwing a toy when upset and instead walks away from the situation. This behavior is an example of

effortful control