Ch. 8: Everyday Memory

12. What did Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" experiment suggest? a. That memory was constructive b. That memory was semantic c. That memory was episodic d. That memory was procedural

A

10. Which of the following best describes an example of a flashbulb memory? a) Being able to picture the routine things you do after getting home from being in public during the Covid-19 pandemic. Recalling how you must wash your hands, dispose mask, disinfect items, shower, and change into new clothes. b) Remembering the time at work where your co-worker, Cindy, told you the world was going into lockdown due to the covid-19 disease and recalling vividly how you just got out of a meeting with your boss for a new proposed project c) Quickly being able to recall all the symptoms of covid-19 as you are constantly having to look them up to help safely assess if you have it or not, therefore using active recall d) Remembering how nervous you were after one time you got tested for covid-19 because you were anticipating the results to see if you are negative or positive.

B

11. "Bill believed that he heard about a new music artist from his friend, but later found out he heard it on Instagram" This is an example of? A) Cryptomnesia B) Source monitoring error C) Flashbulb memory D) Reminiscence bump

B

16. Brain imaging experiments about emotional processing show that viewing emotional films activates which brain area? A. Hippocampus B. Amygdala C. Posterior parietal cortex D. Pituitary gland

B

18. Regarding schemata & scripts, what is the definition of default value? a) Phrases or words that activate a script b) Common, typical value or concept that occupies the frame c) Details about specific events within a script d) A sequence of actions that typically occur during a particular experience

B

2. Which of the following is thought to be TRUE of flashbulb memories? a) They are more accurate than regular memories b) They are more vivid than regular memories c) They are more organized than regular memories d) They are more resistant to misleading post-event information

B

14. What is one thing that scripts allow us to do in a given environment? a) Influences memory by setting up expectations about the events or actions that usually happen b) Provides us with a stored body of knowledge about some topic or situation c) A form of encoding where we add self-referenced experiences into the details of reading a story. d) Helps us selectively remember bits of information so we don't have cognitive overload.

A

17. The narrative rehearsal hypothesis states that ________________, and serves as a rebuttal to the idea of ___________. A) Memories for events are formed because we rehearse them after they occur; Flashbulb memory B) Memories for events are encoded by a special mechanism and enhanced though rehearsal; Flashbulb memory C) Memories for events are formed because we rehearse them after they occur; Episodic memory D) Memories for events are encoded by a special mechanism and enhanced though rehearsal; Episodic memory

A

21. What did the brain-scanning study using participants own photos (i.e. autobiographical memory) and similar photos taken by others (i.e. "laboratory memory") illustrate as a difference between autobiographical memory and laboratory memory? A) Autobiographical memories activate a more extensive network of brain areas B) Semantic memories activate a more extensive network of brain areas C) Episodic memories activate a more extensive network of brain areas D) Autobiographical, semantic, and episodic memories activate equal networks of brain areas

A

26. Autobiographical memory is the interaction between _____ memory and _____ memory. Fill in the blank. A. semantic; episodic B. episodic; procedural C. procedural; semantic D. acoustic; visual

A

27. What is a schema? a) A stored framework or body of knowledge about a topic b) The sequence of actions that typically occur during a particular experience c) Details about specific events within memory d) Process of determining the origins of our memories

A

29. _____ occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the statement. A) Pragmatic inference B) Observer perspective C) Automatic narrative D) Prospective memory

A

3. Which of the following is the LEAST likely to cause an eyewitness memory error? a) The perpetrator was wearing a highly salient red shirt b) The perpetrator fired a gun in the event in question c) One of the people in the line-up looks familiar, but the reason for the familiarity is not known d) Leading questions from the police in the aftermath of the event

A

33. In an experiment by Ira Hyman Jr. (1995), a false memory was presented to the participant by the experimenter. What did the experiment reveal? A. It's possible to create false memories for early events in a person's life B. It's not possible to create false memories C. It's still unclear whether creating false memories is possible D. It's not possible to convince people that a false event occurred in their life

A

37. Schank and Abelson in 1977 argued that scripts, which are defined as the sequence of actions that typically occur during a particular experience, are made of 3 parts. What are the 3 parts called? A) Header, Frame and Default Value B) Header, Framework and Default Value C) Schema, Frame and Serial Value D) Default Value, Script and Schema

A

39. What is a piece of evidence that supports the notion that it is not accurate to equate flashbulb memories with photographs? a) as time passes, people make more errors when reporting flashbulb memories b) because it is more elicited by odors and music c) because flashbulb memories do not exist d) as time passes, flashbulb memories get more vivid the more time you recall them

A

4. Which of the following best describes the reminiscence bump ? A) For people over 40, memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (10-30). B) For people over 40, memory is low for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (10-30). C) For people over 40, memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred before adolescence. D) For people over 40, memory is low for recent events but memory is high for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (10-30).

A

46. According to Schank & Abelson, headers are: (A) Phrases or words that activate a script (B) Details about specific events within the script (C) Common, typical value or concept that occupies the frame (D) A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic

A

47. According to a study of weapon's focus, what is the expected impact on a witness' memory for details of a crime scene if a weapon was fired during the crime? A) It will decrease the witness' memory B) It will increase the witness' memory C) It will have no effect on the witness' memory. Only the presence of a weapon (not whether it fires or not) impacts memory D) It will erase the witness' memory of the scene

A

8. Who is considered the leading expert on eyewitness memory errors? A) Elizabeth Loftus B) John Bransford C) Hermann Ebbinghaus D) Frederick Bartlett

A

23. According to the research of Wells and Bradfield (1998), how likely is it that an eyewitness' confidence has a direct relation to the eyewitness' memory recollection? a) Confidence has been shown to directly correlate to the accuracy of one's memory. b) Confidence has been shown to have little relation to accuracy in nonoptimal situations c) Confidence has been shown as the most important factor in accurately assuming if an eyewitness is accurate in their memory recall or not. The more confident an individual is, the more likely they are to be telling the most accurate depiction of the exact facts. d) Confidence is not considered a factor when looking at how a particular eyewitness account may impact a jury's decision

B

24. A person being more likely to believe a piece of information after hearing is a second time in an example of: A. Source misattribution B. Illusory truth effect C. Repeated Reproduction D. Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

B

28. What is Endel Tulving's contribution to cognitive psychology? a) He created the information processing model b) Introduced the distinction between episodic and semantic memory c) Known as the father of cognitive psychology d) Emphasized learning under natural conditions without tight control

B

30. Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as _____. A) Repeated recall B) Cryptoamnesia C) Narrative rehearsal D) Repeated reproduction

B

32. John is soon turning 65 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from his memory? A) attaining his University graduation ceremony B) winning the second-grade spelling bee contest C) breaking up with his first girlfriend D) getting his class 5 driver's license

B

36. What is the INCORRECT explanation about the illusory truth effect? A. The illusory truth effect is the enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation. B. In an experiment, repetition decreased perceived truth although people knew the correct answer. C. Researchers have proposed that fluency influences people's judgements. D. Knowledge stored in memory is important, but familiarity can affect the judgements as well.

B

43. What did the cognitive hypothesis predict for those who had changes in their lives later than young adulthood? (A) The reminiscence bump wouldn't change (B) the reminiscence bump would occur later on the normal (C) The reminiscence bump would be longer than usual (D) There would be multiple reminiscence bumps

B

44. Fill in the blanks with the correct words. Schema-copy-plus-tag hypothesis refers to the concept in which people store general _____ plus ____ details. (a) scripts, default value (b) scripts, atypical (c) headers, default value (d) headers, atypical

B

49. In Barlett's (1932) method of repeated productions, what is likely to happen to the memory of a story a person was asked to read 1 year ago? A) The person is able to explain the story in the sequence it was presented, even if some of the events did not follow chronological order B) The person changes the story in a way that makes more sense to them C) The person struggles to recall anything except the ending of the story D) Episodic memory allows the person to accurately explain most of the story

B

5. Which is the most correct analogy for memory? A. Memory is like a movie B. Memory is malleable like clay C. Memory is static like a picture D. Memory is accurate like a weight scale

B

50. This phenomenon argues that there is a tendency for the most notable public events in a person's life to be perceived to occur when a person is young. A) youth-event hypothesis B) youth bias C) tender-years doctrine D) notable-event hypothesis

B

7. What is a schema? A) details about specific events B) a stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic C) the sequence of actions that typically occur during a particular experience D) common phrases or words about some topic

B

0. Which of the following plays an important role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? A. Androgen B. Cholesterol C. Cortisol D. Acetylcholine

C

1. Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for the reminiscence bump? a) Enhanced memory for periods of rapid changed followed by stability b) Enhanced memory for periods of self-identity formation c) Enhanced memory for shocking and highly charged events d) Enhanced memory for culturally expected events

C

13. Which application of memory shows that memory is constructive in nature? a) We memorize every event that happens in our past, like a computer retrieving files when remembering. b) We forget where a piece of information came from, but assume it is true because we have heard it before. c) When remembering an event from your past, it is affected by your own experience and knowledge at the time of remembering. d) Remembering an event, and it being affected by the sensations your body experiences.

C

22. What is a cultural life script? A) The tendency for the most notable public events in a person's life to be perceived to occur when the person is young B) The enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40 C) Expected events that occur at a particular time in the life span D) Memories for specific experiences in a person's life

C

31. In what way can we improve the accurate results of eye-witness testimony in Line-Ups? a) Make sure all the suspects look nothing alike b) Only use one line-up, multiple ones interfere with recognition c) Inform the witness that the perpetrator may not be in the line-up d) Ask the witness if "they are sure?" whenever they are inclined towards identifying someone, this allows them to think more inquisitively about their choice

C

34. Regarding scripts and schemata, which of the following defines frames? a) Phrases or words that activate a script b) The sequence of actions that typically occur during a particular experience c) Details about specific events within the script d) A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic

C

35. In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on ___________. a. narrative rehearsal b. source misattributions c. cultural expectations d. shallow processing

C

38. Which of the following is a correct example of the cognitive interview technique? a) Interviewer interrupts the interviewee to ask questions b) Interviewer shows positive reactions and answers to the interviewee c) Interviewer avoids interrupting the interviewee as much as they can d) Interviewer keeps repeating the interviewee's answers back to them

C

45. What is the misinformation effect? A) Original information is forgotten due to retroactive interference B) Setting up expectations about what usually happens in a particular situation C) A person's memory is for an event is modified by things that happen after the event has occurred D) Person's knowledge of some aspect of the environment

C

48. Which of the following best matches the definition of Serial reproduction? A) Recalling the same information repeated over time. B) One participant repeats the same information to multiple people. C) Having participants play a game of "broken telephone" to demonstrate communication biases. D) Asking a participant to repeat the same information multiple times and measure recall at a later date

C

52. At first, Smith & Gaesser (1981) found that memory for typical events presented in a written passage was better than for atypical or unusual events. However, after correcting for guessing based on reconstructed script knowledge, they found that: a) Memory for the typical events was still better b) Memory of the passage had omissions and transformed details c) Memory for the atypical events was better than for the typical events Cd) Any details of the passage were unable to be recalled

C

6. You are a psychology student discussing the reminiscence bump with a colleague. The colleague states that the reminiscence bump is caused by the fact that people tend to remember things better from the time period where their identity was being formed. What hypothesis for the reminiscence bump does this describe? A. Cultural Life Script hypothesis B. Cognitive hypothesis C. Self-Image hypothesis D. Self-Reference hypothesis

C

15. In Lindsay's (1990) memory test experiment measuring MPI (Misleading Postevent Information), participants were presented with slides voiced by a female narrator. Group one was presented with an additional misleading narrative (female narrator) immediately after the first narrative and group two was presented with an additional misleading narrative (male narrator) 2 days afterwards. What was the relation between the two groups? A) Group one reported lower MPI; Group two reported higher MPI B) Group one reported lower MPI; Group two reported lower MPI C) Group one reported higher MPI; Group two reported higher MPI D) Group one reported higher MPI; Group two reported lower MPI

D

19. Who revived Bartlett's approach and looked at how we comprehend things as we experience them and how that affects remembering, using a paradigm with related sentences that had different number of "ideas" in each sentence ? A. Elizabeth Loftus B. Holst & Pezdek C. Endel Tulving D. John Bransford & Jeffery Franks

D

20. The misinformation effect describes which of the following scenarios best? A. Unconsciously plagiarizing the work of others by thinking it is genuinely your own B. Being able to remember your first kiss very well even though it was years ago C. Reading a sentence and expecting a word to be present that is not explicitly stated D. Remembering attending a wedding that never happened

D

25. Which of the following psychologists emphasized learning under natural conditions without tight controls by using real-world text materials in experiments; a top-down, semantic approach? A. Endel Tulving B. Hermann Ebbinghaus C. JD Bransford and JJ Franks D. Frederic Bartlett

D

41. Which of the following is not true about memory? (A) Music can elicit memories in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia, that might have been locked somewhere. (B) Memory of a person can be manipulated by suggestions made by other people. (C) Memory can be affected if a person is presented with misleading information about an event right after it happened. (D) People who have 'exceptional' memory have better constructive memory in comparison to ordinary people and are more creative due to their ability to remember everything.

D

42. Which one is NOT part of Paul Ingram's recovery therapy used to repress memories? A) Imagery B) Hypnosis C) Repetition D) Transition points

D

51. Which of the following was NOT a result of Barlett's repeated reproduction experiment when participants retold a story? A) they left out a lot of details, but the dominant details stayed the same B) they tended to change terms into something more familiar to themselves ie. a canoe transformed into a boat C) they rationalized the story to make more sense D) the story increased in length as it was retold

D

9. Which of the following hypotheses for the reminiscence bump suggests that the reason this bump occurs is because it is a period in our life where a lot of rapid changes happens, and that this period is then typically followed by a period of stability causing stronger encoding? a) Cultural Life Script Hypothesis b) Youth Bias c) Self-Image Hypothesis d) Cognitive Hypothesis

D