CH 8 Metabolism

the human brain continues to develop into a person's

early 20's

Anything converted into acetyl CoA provides ______

energy (ATP)

glycogenolysis

-breakdown of glycogen into glucose - occurs in liver and muscle

A moderate drinker can metabolize ___ to ___ g of alcohol per hour

12 to 15 (approximately one drink)

___ of alcohol is absorbed INTACT (no digestion needed) in the stomach ____ in the small intestine

20% 80%

Females have ___-___ less ADH than males

20-30%

Some alcohol is metabolized in the stomach by an enzyme called ____

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)

alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

a catabolic pathway that metabolizes alcohol in teh liver

cirrhosis

a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver, which permanently damages the organ

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

a high-energy compound; cellular energy

ethanol

a simple two-carbon molecule that is more commonly called "alcohol" - can be used as a fuel source (7 calories per gram) CH3 - CH2 - OH

Pyruvate must be turned into ____ ___

acetyl CoA

Where are fats stored in the body and in what form?

adipose cell triglycerides

If consumed in excess of energy needs all ___ ____ can be used to make ____ ____

amino acids fatty acids

Some but not all ____ ___ can be used to make ______

amino acids glucose (gluconeogenesis)

aldehyde dehydrogenase

an enzyme that reacts with acetaldehyde to form acetate, a less toxic substance - converted to acetyl CoA

standard drink

approximately 12 ounces of beer or wine cooler, 5 ounces of wine, or 1 1/2 ounces of liquor

ketone bodies

are produced in the liver when there is excess acetyl CoA

"anabolism" = ____ ___

building up

What carries fatty acids into the mitochondria?

carnitine

What is the "starting point" of obtaining energy form carbohydrates?

citric acid cycle

____ allowed more alcohol to be metabolized because it stay in the stomach longer

food

_____ is released from the pancreas and promotes _____ ____ the entry of glucose into cells, and protein and fat synthesis.

insulin glycogen synthesis

energy metabolism

involves the chemical reactions that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrient and alcohol

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

is an enzyme in fat ells that removes the three fatty acids from a triglyceride

What organ metabolizes the majority of alcohol?

liver

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

liver and kidney NOT muscle

Where are carbohydrates stored in the body and in what form?

liver glycogen muscle glycogen

anabolism

metabolic pathway that build larger molecules from smaller ones

catabolism

metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones Ex. digestion

Glucose gets stored in the _____

mitochondria

Where is the most ATP produced?

mitochondria

ketogenesis

occurs when carbohydrates are unavailable for energy (starvation, very low carbohydrate high fat diets, diabetes)

Human cells obtain energy by:

releasing chemical energy stored in macronutrients and alcohol

physiological factors account for the variability in alcohol metabolism

sex body size and composition age prior drinking history genetic background

energy

the capacity to perform work - can neither be created nor destroyed - can undergo transformations

acetaldehyde

the highly toxic substance formed during the fist step of the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

lipogenesis

the synthesis of fatty acids - two0carbon acetyl CoA units are bound together, these can come from carbohydrate, fat, protein, or alcohol - forms hydrocarbon chain of fatty acid -stores energy

gluconeogenesis

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors - glycerol -lactate -pyruvate -SOME amino acids

through _______ fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA = enters ____ ____ _____

beta-oxidation citric acid cycle

ATP process

carbohydrates monosaccharides glycolysis pyruvate acetyl CoA TCA cycle electron transport chain

carnitine

carries fatty acids from the cytoplasm of cells across the mitochondrial membrane

What happens if you don't eat?

glucagon is released from the pancreas. Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat for the purpose of providing FUEL to cells. Epinephrine and cortisol are also catabolic hormones

Acetyl CoA can NOT be converted back to ___ but can be used to make ____ _____

glucose fatty acids

enzymes

proteins that facilitate (aka, catalyze) chemical reactions, but remain unchanged as a result of the process - end in 'ase' - co-enzyme (aka, helper: many B-vitamins are co-enzymes)