CH 8 Metabolism
the human brain continues to develop into a person's
early 20's
Anything converted into acetyl CoA provides ______
energy (ATP)
glycogenolysis
-breakdown of glycogen into glucose - occurs in liver and muscle
A moderate drinker can metabolize ___ to ___ g of alcohol per hour
12 to 15 (approximately one drink)
___ of alcohol is absorbed INTACT (no digestion needed) in the stomach ____ in the small intestine
20% 80%
Females have ___-___ less ADH than males
20-30%
Some alcohol is metabolized in the stomach by an enzyme called ____
ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)
alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
a catabolic pathway that metabolizes alcohol in teh liver
cirrhosis
a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver, which permanently damages the organ
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a high-energy compound; cellular energy
ethanol
a simple two-carbon molecule that is more commonly called "alcohol" - can be used as a fuel source (7 calories per gram) CH3 - CH2 - OH
Pyruvate must be turned into ____ ___
acetyl CoA
Where are fats stored in the body and in what form?
adipose cell triglycerides
If consumed in excess of energy needs all ___ ____ can be used to make ____ ____
amino acids fatty acids
Some but not all ____ ___ can be used to make ______
amino acids glucose (gluconeogenesis)
aldehyde dehydrogenase
an enzyme that reacts with acetaldehyde to form acetate, a less toxic substance - converted to acetyl CoA
standard drink
approximately 12 ounces of beer or wine cooler, 5 ounces of wine, or 1 1/2 ounces of liquor
ketone bodies
are produced in the liver when there is excess acetyl CoA
"anabolism" = ____ ___
building up
What carries fatty acids into the mitochondria?
carnitine
What is the "starting point" of obtaining energy form carbohydrates?
citric acid cycle
____ allowed more alcohol to be metabolized because it stay in the stomach longer
food
_____ is released from the pancreas and promotes _____ ____ the entry of glucose into cells, and protein and fat synthesis.
insulin glycogen synthesis
energy metabolism
involves the chemical reactions that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrient and alcohol
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
is an enzyme in fat ells that removes the three fatty acids from a triglyceride
What organ metabolizes the majority of alcohol?
liver
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
liver and kidney NOT muscle
Where are carbohydrates stored in the body and in what form?
liver glycogen muscle glycogen
anabolism
metabolic pathway that build larger molecules from smaller ones
catabolism
metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones Ex. digestion
Glucose gets stored in the _____
mitochondria
Where is the most ATP produced?
mitochondria
ketogenesis
occurs when carbohydrates are unavailable for energy (starvation, very low carbohydrate high fat diets, diabetes)
Human cells obtain energy by:
releasing chemical energy stored in macronutrients and alcohol
physiological factors account for the variability in alcohol metabolism
sex body size and composition age prior drinking history genetic background
energy
the capacity to perform work - can neither be created nor destroyed - can undergo transformations
acetaldehyde
the highly toxic substance formed during the fist step of the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells
lipogenesis
the synthesis of fatty acids - two0carbon acetyl CoA units are bound together, these can come from carbohydrate, fat, protein, or alcohol - forms hydrocarbon chain of fatty acid -stores energy
gluconeogenesis
the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors - glycerol -lactate -pyruvate -SOME amino acids
through _______ fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA = enters ____ ____ _____
beta-oxidation citric acid cycle
ATP process
carbohydrates monosaccharides glycolysis pyruvate acetyl CoA TCA cycle electron transport chain
carnitine
carries fatty acids from the cytoplasm of cells across the mitochondrial membrane
What happens if you don't eat?
glucagon is released from the pancreas. Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat for the purpose of providing FUEL to cells. Epinephrine and cortisol are also catabolic hormones
Acetyl CoA can NOT be converted back to ___ but can be used to make ____ _____
glucose fatty acids
enzymes
proteins that facilitate (aka, catalyze) chemical reactions, but remain unchanged as a result of the process - end in 'ase' - co-enzyme (aka, helper: many B-vitamins are co-enzymes)
