Ch. 9 Cliff's Bio: Biological Diversity

Algae-like protists with *tests* (shells) that fit together like box w/lid, contain *SiO2* (silica)

Diatoms

Major Plant Divisions (each has increasingly greater adaptation to survive on land)

*Bryophytes* (i.e. mosses liverworts, hornworts; dom haploid gen=gametophyte; non-vascular; flagellated sperm; spores)>>VASCULAR and SPOROPHYTE=dominant diploid generation>>*Lycophyta* (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts; sporophyte; vascular; flagellated sperm; spores, prominent cone-like *strobili*)>>*Pterophyta* (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns; sporophyte; vascular; flagellated sperm; spores, sori on undersurface of leaves)>>PRODUCE SEEDS>>*Coniferophyta* (aka gymnosperms, conifers (cone-bearing), sporophyte, vascular, wind-dispersed sperm)>> *Anthophyta* (angiosperms, flowering plants, dominant land plant form, dispersal of seeds by wind/animals)

How are domain bacteria (5 kingdoms) distinct from archaea and eukaryotes? hint: cell wall component, DNA structure, interaction with abx

-cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (polymer of monosaccharide w/AA) -DNA not associated w/histones -ribosome activity inhibited by abx

Kingdom Fungi

-fungi grow as filaments (hyphae, mass of hyphae=*mycellium*) -some fungi have septa (contain single nucleus; those w/o septa are coenocytic) -cell walls contain *chitin* (N-containing polysaccharide) -either parasites or saprobes (decomposer), absorb food w/digestive enzymes -parasitic fungi have hyphae (*haustoria*) that penetrate host

Microsporangia and Macrosporangia: The Seed-Producing Plant Divisions

-microsporangia produce microspores (male spores) and macrosporangia produce macrospores (female) -Microsporangium: produces numerous microspore mother cells, which divide by meiosis to produce 4 haploid microspores, mature into *pollen grains* (rep gametophyte generation), divides into 3 cells (flowering plants) or 4 (conifers)--one is vegetative tube cell controlling growth of pollen tube, others=sperms -Megasporangium: called *nucellus*, produces megaspore mother cell-->meiosis-->4 haploid, one survives--> megaspore (female gametophyte generation)-->(mitosis) 1 egg (flowering plants) or 2 (conifers); 1-2 tissue layers (*integuments*) surround megasporangium, *ovule*=integuments + nucellus + megaspore daughters -*Micropyle*=opening through integuments for pollen access to egg -once pollen grain contacts megasporangium, tube cell (of sperm) directs pollen tube growth thru micropyle and toward egg-->fertilization (zygote)-->embryo (beginning of sporophyte gen), integuments-->seed coat

-Domain Archaea are prokaryotes or eukaryotes? -What are archaeal cell walls composed of? -What is the difference between archaeal phospholipid vs. eukaryotic/bacterial phospholipid? -How are archaea and eukaryotes similar?

-prokaryotes -various polysaccharides (not peptidoglycan as in bacteria, cellulose as in plants, or chitin as in fungi) -glycerol is an isomer of the one in bacteria/euks and HC chain (FA) is *branched* with *ether linkages* (rather than ester linkages) -similarity with euks: DNA of both are associated w/*histones* (bacterial DNA is not), ribosome activity is not inhibited by abx i.e. streptomycin, chloramphenicol (unlike bacteria)

What are characteristics of vascular plants, aka *tracheophytes*? These include all plant divisions after the bryophytes.

-vascular system: true roots, leaves and stems -germination of antheridium and archegonium (swim) produces diploid zygote into sporophyte (dom gen)

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs: 2 Major Methods of Energy Acquisition

1. Autotrophs manufacture their own organic materials, using light or chemicals (photo- vs. chemoautotrophs) such as H2S, NH3, NO2-, NO3-. 2. Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming organic substances produce by autotrophs. -Parasites: obtain energy from living tissue of host -Saprobes (saprophytes): obtain energy from dead, decaying matter; contribute to organic decay aka decomposers

Kingdom Plantae: Adaptations for Survival on Land

1. Dominant generation is DIPLOID SPOROPHYTE generation (exc primitive bryophytes), provide 2 copies against genetic damage that plants were more susceptible to once out of water 2. *CUTICLE*: waxy covering, reduces desiccation (dry up, water loss) 3. Vascular System: reduces dependency on water (cells no longer need to be close to water), led to formation of *true leaves* (photosynthesis), *true stems* (support leaves), *true roots* (acquire water/anchor plant); 2 grps vascular tissues evolved--*xylem* (water tx), *phloem* (sugar tx) 4. flagellated sperm need water to swim to eggs (primitive plant) vs. sperm packaged as *pollen*, tx via wind (advanced division i.e. coniferophyta, anthophyta) 5. In Anthophyta, gametophytes enclosed (protected) inside *ovary* 6. Adaptations (in coniferophyta, anthophyta) for seasonal variations in water/light availability--some are *dedicuous* (shed leaves to prevent water loss thru slow-growing seasons), others like desert plants will germinate, grow, flower and produce seeds rapidly in brief pds of rain

2 Groups of Chordates

1. Invertebrate: lancelets, tunicates 2. Vertebrate: sharks, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals; have vertebrae enclosing SC

Classification of Bacteria (5)

1. Mode of nutrition/how they metabolize resources 2. Ability to produce *endospore* (resistant bodies containing DNA and small amt cytoplasm surrounded by durable wall) 3. Motility (flagella [apical, posterior, or engulf cell], corkscrew motion, or gliding through slime material it secretes) 4. Shape: *cocci* (spherical), *bacilli* (rod-shaped), *spirilla/spirochetes* (spirals) 5. Thick peptidoglycan cell wall (*gram-positive*) vs. thin peptidoglycan covered with lipopolysaccharides (*gram-neg*)

Phylum Chordata: 4 main features (sometimes just temp during embryonic development)

1. Notochord: provides dorsal, flexible rod that fxns as support, replaced by bone during development in most vertebrates, becomes nucleus pulposus of invertebral disc, from mesoderm. Defines primitive axis of embryo. 2. Dorsal Hollow nerve cord: basis of NS, in some chordates becomes brain/SC 3. Pharyngeal gill slits: provide channels across pharynx to outside body, slits become gills for O2/filter-feeding, disappear during embryonic development in others *in fish, gill pouch-->fish gills; in mammals-->Eustachian tubes in ears 4. Muscular tail: lost during embryonic development in humans and many other chordates

Fungi: Stages of Sexual Reproduction

1. Plasmogamy (fusing of cells from 2 diff fungal strains=single cell w/2 haploid nuclei of both strains=*dikaryon* aka *dikaryotic hypha*) 2. Karyogamy (fusing of 2 haploid nuclei of dikaryon to form single diploid nucleus) 3. Meiosis of diploid nucleus (restores haploid condition, daughter cells develop into hapoid spores which germinate into haploid hyphae (has 1 fungal strain), merge into dikaryon, repeat

Process of Fertilization in Angiosperms

1. Pollen lands on sticky stigma (female). Pollen tube (elongating cell, contains 2 sperm cells) containing vegetative nucleus grows down style towards ovule 2. Ovule within ovary (consist of megaspore mother cell surrounded by nucellus + integuments). Megaspore mother cell--> (meiosis) 4 haploid megaspores, one survives--> (mitosisX3) 8 nuclei, 6 undergo cytokinesis and form PM (embryo sac). At the micropyle of embryo sac are 3 cells (egg+2 synergids). At the other end of micropyle are 3 antipodal cells. In the middle are polar nuclei (2 haploid cells). 3. Pollen tube (2 sperm cells) enters embryo sac through micropyle; 1 sperm cell fertilizes egg (form diploid zygote), nucleus of 2nd sperm fuses w/both polar nuclei to form triploid (3N) nucleus-->(mitosis)-->endosperm (provide nutrient) [double fertilization=fert of egg and polar nuclei each by separate sperm]

Kingdom Animalia: Variations in Characteristics (diverse kingdom, but members share these characteristics--multicellular, heterotrophic, dominant diploid generation, motile at some part of life cycle)

1. Tissue Complexity: a) *eumetazoa*=fxning cells org'd into tissues b) *diploblastic/triploblastic* layers of tissue (ecto, meso, endoderm) c) *parazoa* (cells not org'd into true tissues, organs don't develop) 2. Body Symmetry: a) *radial* (1 orientation, front-back) b) *bilateral* (dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior) 3. Cephalization: in animals w/bilat symmetry (greater nerve tissue conc. at anterior end as orgs increase in complexity) i.e. brains, sensory organs developed 4. Gastrovascular Cavity: guts (digestion of food), 1 opening (sacline, limited processes) vs. 2 openings (digestive tract, specialized activities as food travels thru) 5. Coelom: more advanced animals develop this mesoderm-derived cavity, fluid-filled, *pseudocoelomate* animals have a cavity (but not completely lined by meso-derived tissue) 6. Segmentation: sometimes repetitive, sometimes specialized (seen in arthropods, annelids, chordates) 7. Protostomes and deuterostomes: a) *cleavages*: cell div's in zygote's early development b) *archenteron*: primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in developing blastula, develops into digestive tract of animal, opening either mouth or anus c) Coelom either develops from splitting of mesodermal tissue at side of archenteron or directly from outpouching in archenteron wall

What are the four kingdoms in domain eukarya?

1. protista 2. fungi 3. plantae 4. animalia

Kingdom Protista: artificial kingdom used mainly for convenience, poorly understood, features shared by 2+ groups may represent convergent evolution (arose independently), most are *unicellular*--what are the 3 phyla/subcategories of protists described below? A. obtain energy via photosynthesis, all have chlorophyll-a, some have others+ accessory pigments, mainly categorized via form of carb used to store energy, #flagella and makeup of cell wall B. heterotrophs, consume living cells or dead organic matter, unicellular eukaryotes C. resemble fungi (form filaments/spore-beating bodies like fungi do)

A. Algae-like (plant-like) B. Protozoa (animal-like) C. Fungus-like

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. kinds of nucleotides in their DNA B. structure of their flagella C. structure of their plasma membranes D. structure of their chromosomes E. methods of cell division

A. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same four nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) to construct DNA. In contrast, the flagella of proks are made of the globular protein flagellin, whereas those of euks are made of the protein tubulin. The PMs in proks consist of unbranched, ester-linked phospholipids (bacteria) or ether-linked phospholipids (archea), but in euks, they consist of branched, ester-linked phospholipids. A prokaryotic chromosome consists of a circular DNA molecule; chromosomes of euks are linear. The cell division of eukaryotes consists of mitosis (or meiosis), which divides the chromosomes and the nucleus, followed by cytokinesis. Since they have no nucleus, cell division in proks is by binary fission (chromosome replication followed by invagination of the PM). Note that replication of DNA in proks occurs during cell division, whereas in euks it occurs when the cell is not dividing (interphase).

Asexual reproduction in fungi is carried out by A. conidia B. dikaryotic hyphae C. ascospores D. basidiospores E. zygospores

A. Conidia are asexual spores produced by mitosis in the haploid hyphae of many fungi. Ascospores, basidiospores, and zygospores are sexual spores produced by meiosis following karyogamy in ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and zygomycetes, respectively. Dikaryotic hyphae have unfused nuclei from two strains and subsequently undergo karyogamy followed by meiosis and the production of sexual spores.

Fungi: Means of Asexual Reproduction A. Fragmentation B. Budding C. Asexual Spores

A. Fragmentation=breaking up hyphae B. Budding=small hyphal outgrowth C. Asexual Spores (2 types)... -sporangiospores: produced in sac-like capsules (*sporangia*), borne on stalk called *sporangiophore* -conidia: formed at tips of specialized hyphae, not enclosed inside sac, hyphae bearing conidia called *conidiophores*

A characteristic common to all chordates that is lacking in other animal groups is A. the appearance of pharyngeal gill slits B. the presence of three germ layers C. the presence of vertebrae D. a true coelom E. the embryonic appearance of an archenteron

A. Pharyngeal gill slits only appear in chordates. All eumetazoa possess 3 germ layers and develop an archenteron. A true coelom is shared with other phyla, such as Echinodermata and Arthropoda. Not all chordates have vertebrae (only vertebrates do).

Protozoa (animal-like) phyla of Kingdom Protista: A. amoebas that move by extensions of their cell body called *pseudopodia*, encircle food (phagocytosis) B. have tests (shells) usually made of CaCO3-->sediments indicate oil deposit C. parasites of animals, *apical complex* (complex of organelles loc'd at end (apex) of cell), no physical motility, instead form spores which are dispersed by hosts that complete their life cycle (malaria caused by *sporozoan*) D. *cilia* for mvmt and other fxns, specialized structures: mouths, pores, *contractile vacuoles* (H2O balance), 2 kinds of nuclei (large *macronucleus*, several *small nuclei*), most complex of all cells i.e. paramecium E. genus of protozoa, shapeless and unicellular

A. Rhizopoda B. Foraminifera (aka forams) C. Apicomplexans D. Ciliates E. Amoebas

Heterotrophic bacteria that obtain energy from dead, organic matter A. Saprobic bacteria B. Parasitic bacteria C. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria D. Nitrifying bacteria E. Purple sulfur bacteria

A. Saprobic bacteria are decomposers, obtaining energy from breakdown of dead organic material.

Six Fungus Groups (division/classes w/suffixes "-mycota" (division) or "-mycete", used interchangeably) **all are sexual spore types, fungi sometimes use both sexual AND asexual! A. lack septa except filaments bordering reproductive filaments, reproduce by fusion of hyphae from diff strains, then plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, haploid *zygospores* produced, germinate into new hyphae i.e. bread molds B. lack septa, do not produce zygospores, mutualistic associations w/plant roots (mycorrhizae), plants provide carb, fungus increases plant's ability to absorb nutrient (esp. P) C. have septa, reproduce by producing haploid *ascospores*, after plasmogamy of hyphae from diff strains, dikaryotic hypha produces more filaments by mitosis, karyogamy and meiosis occur in terminal hypha--4 haploid cells, mitosis to produce 8 haploid ascospores in sac (*ascus*), often grouped together into fruiting body (*ascoscorp* i.e. yeast), spores release/germinate into hyphae, cycle repeats D. septa, reproduce sexually by producing haploid *basidiospores*, plasmogamy, mitosis, fruiting body (*basidiocarp* i.e. mushroom), karyogamy occurs in terminal hyphal cells called *basidia*, then meiosis to produce 4 haploid basidiospores E. imperfect fungi, artificial grp (no sexual reproductive cycle), penicillium produces penicillin F. mutualistic associations b/w fungi and algae (usually achlorophyta/cyanobacteria provide carbs from photosynthesis), also provide N if algae is N-fixing, fungus (usually ascomycete) provides water and protection from environment (UV light pigments or toxic chems against grazers)

A. Zygomycota B. Glomeromycota C. Ascomycota D. Basidiomycota E. Deuteromycota F. Lichens

Fungus-like phyla of Kingdom Protista: A. spores germinate into *amoebas*, feed on bacteria, when no food amoebas aggregate into single unit=*slug*, cells mobilize into stalk w/capsule at top to release spores--germinate and repeat cycle, cAMP=stim for aggregation (secreted by amoebas that first experience food deprivation) B. grow as single, spreading mass (*plasmodium*) feeding on decaying vegetation, when no food or dessication, stalks bearing spore capsules form→haploid spores released from capsule germinate into haploid amoeboid/flagellated cells, fuse to form diploid cells→ grow into plasmodium; not mutualistic w/others C. water molds, milders, white rusts; either parasites or *saprobes* (get nutrition from nonliving/decaying org matter), form filaments (*hyphae*) which secrete enzymes that digest surrounding subs (like fungi); *hyphae lack septa* (cross-walls), which are present in true fungi, compartmentalize filaments, so they're *coenocytic* (lack septa) and contain many nuclei within single cell; cell walls made of cellulose rather than chitin

A. cellulose slime molds B. plasmodial slime molds C. oomycota

Name the common bacteria groups: A. photosynthetic, like plants (use chlorophyll a, split water, release O2, etc.), contain accessory pigment *phycobilins*, some have specialized cells called *heterocysts* that produce nitrogen-fixing enzyme (converts fixed inorganic N2 gas into NH3 that can be used to make AAs/NTs), known as blue-green algae (not related to other prok algae groups) B. autotrophs, some are *nitrifying bacteria* (NO2- to NO3-) C. heterotrophs that fix N2, live in nodules of plant (mutualism) D. coiled bacteria that move w/corkscrew motion, internal flagella b/w cell wall layers

A. cyanobacteria B. chemosynthetic C. nitrogen-fixing D. spirochetes

3 Types of Acoelomate Flatworms of the Platyhelminths Phylum: A. i.e. Planarians=carnivores in marine or freshwater B. internal animal parasites/external parasites that suck tissue fluids/blood C. internal parasites that often live in digestive tract of vertebrates, appear segmented (but these segments--proglottids--only develop secondarily for reproduction, thus not considered true segmented animal), no digestive tract, only need to absorb predigested food around them **other platyhelminths have saclike gut

A. free-living flatworms B. flukes C. tapeworms

Name the archaea groups: A. obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 as byproduct of obtaining energy from H2 to fix CO2 (mud, guts) B. live in extreme environments, include *halophiles* (salt lover, live in high [salt] environments, most are aerobic and heterotrophic, others anaerobic and photosynthetic/autotrophic w/pigment *bacteriorhodopsin*) and *thermophiles* (heat lover, live in very hot paces, sulfur-based chemoautotrophs), and others that live in high acid/base/pressure environments

A. methanogens B. extremophiles

A. Must have O2 to live B. Require absence of O2 to live C. Grow in presence of O2 but can switch to anaerobic metab when O2 absent

A. obligate aerobes B. obligate anaerobes C. facultative anaerobes

Animal Phyla: segmented worms, septa divide coelom into separate compartments; i.e. leeches (have suckers at both ends for attachment/mvmt, predators of small animals/blood parasites), earthworms, polychaete worms (mostly marine, variety of lifestyles)

Annelida

What plant division is described? Flowering plants, dominant land plant form, major parts of flower: 1. pistil: female reproductive structure, 3 parts--ovary (egg bearing), style and stigma 2. stamen: male reproductive structure (pollen-bearing anther and stalk, filament) 3. petals (and sometimes sepals, too) fxn to attract pollinators **major evol advancements=attract pollinators (insects, birds), ovule protected inside ovary which develops into fruit-->dispersal of seeds by wind or other animals

Anthophyta (angiosperms)

Animal Phyla: spiders/scorpions (arachnids), insects, crustaceans; jointed appendages, well-developed NS, specialized body segments, exoskeleton=chitin; 2 kinds of life cycles=nymphs (small version of adult, change shape w/growth) and larvae (maggots specialized for eating, when reach certain size enclose themselves within pupa (cocoon) to undergo metamorphosis into adults (specialized to disperse/reproduce)

Arthropoda *classes include: insects (3 pairs legs, spiracles, tracheal breathing tubes, more species than any other class on earth), arachnids (4 pairs legs, "book lungs"), crustaceans (subphylum, segmented body w/variable # appendages and have gills i.e. crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish, barnacles)

Which of the following taxa contains organisms that are most distantly related? A. Order B. Class C. Genus D. Family E. Species

B. Class

Heterotrophic bacteria that obtain energy from living tissues in hosts A. Saprobic bacteria B. Parasitic bacteria C. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria D. Nitrifying bacteria E. Purple sulfur bacteria

B. Parasites live on/in the tissues of living organisms, obtaining nutrition from their tissues.

A body cavity completely surrounded by tissue derived from the mesoderm that provides cushioning for internal organs is called A. an archenteron B. a coelom C. a pseudocoelom D. a gastrovascular cavity E. a pharynx

B. The coelom provides cushion as well as allowing for expansion and contraction of internal organs (such as the lungs and stomach). The pseudocoelom is not completely surrounded by tissue derived from the mesoderm.

The function of the endosperm in angiosperms is to provide A. nourishment for the pollen B. nourishment for the developing embryo C. material for fruit development D. material for the seed coat E. a reward for animal pollinators

B. The endosperm is storage material in the seed that provides nourishment to the developing embryo during and after germination.

Algae-like protist, multicellular, *flagellated sperm* cells (giant seaweed)

Brown Algae

Which plant division?... Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Gametes are produced in *gametangia* (protective structures) on gametophytes, dominant haploid stage of life cycle. *Antheridium* (male gametangium) produces flagellated sperm that swim through water. *Archegonium* (female) produces egg. Zygote grows into diploid structure, still conn'd/anchored to gametophyte via rhizoids, rather than roots. Lacks vascular tissues (true roots, leaves, stems), so must remain near water.

Bryophytes (first plant division)

The deuterostomes differ from protostomes in all of the following respects EXCEPT: A. early cleavages of the zygote B. ultimate function of the opening to the archenteron C. number of germ layers in the developing embryo D. embryonic origin of the mouth E. embryonic origin of the coelom

C. Both deuterostomes and protostomes have 3 germ layers.

Bacteria that synthesize NH3 A. Saprobic bacteria B. Parasitic bacteria C. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria D. Nitrifying bacteria E. Purple sulfur bacteria

C. Nitrogen-fixing convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

In plants, male gametes are produced by the A. ovary B. pistil C. antheridium D. archegonium E. sporophyte

C. The antheridia on the gametophyte generation of bryophytes, Lycophyta, and Pterophyta produce male gametes (sperm). Female gametes are produced in archegonia. The sporophyte generation produces spores, not gametes. In flowering plants, the pistil contains an ovary which contains female gametes.

Algae-like protist, *green algae*, have chlorophyll a AND b, cellulose cell walls, energy storage in starch; some have *isogamous* gamete (both sperm/egg equal size and motile), *anisogamous* (sperm/egg differ in size), or oogamous (large egg remains w/parent, fert'd by small/motile sperm); trend from unicellular organisms (Chlamydomonas) towards multicellular colonies (Gonium, Pandorina, Volvox), *charophytes* lineage believed to be ancestor of plants

Chlorophyta

Animal Phyla: hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals; 2 body forms (medusa=floating, umbrella shaped body w/tentacles; polyp=sessile, cylinder-shaped w/rising tentacles), some alternate b/w medusa and polyp during life cycle

Cnidaria **cnidoblasts: specialized cells located in tentacles and body walls of cnidaria, interior of cnidoblasts filled w/stinging organelles

What plant division is described? Also known as *gymnosperms* (naked seeds). Cone-bearing (pines, firs, spruces, junipers, redwoods, cedars), pollen-bearing male+ovule-bearing female cones. Seeds produced in unprotected megaspores near surface of reproductive structure. Fertilization and seed development are lengthy (1-3 yrs)

Coniferophyta

All of the following are examples of mutualism EXCEPT: A. lichens B. mycorrhizae C. nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules D. plasmodial slime molds E. protists that live in the guts of termites

D. All are examples of mutualism except for plasmodial slime molds. Lichens and mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships b/w fungi and plants. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are also mutualistic with plants. The digestion of cellulose (wood) in termites is actually carried out by the action of certin protists (and spirochete and other bacteria).

All of the following are examples of substances found in bacteria or archaea EXCEPT: A. peptidoglycans B. flagellin C. bacteriorhodopsin D. chitin E. phycobilins

D. Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi. Peptidoglycans are found in the cell walls of many bacteria. Flagellin is the protein of bacterial flagella. Bacterhiodopsin is a photosynthetic pigment found in extreme halophiles. Phycobilins are photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria (as well as in red algae).

All of the following groups of organisms are photosynthetic EXCEPT: A. cyanobacteria B. diatoms C. dinoflagellates D. Foraminifera E. Rhodophyta

D. Foraminifera are heterotrophic (animal-like) protists.

Bacteria that convert NO2- to NO3- A. Saprobic bacteria B. Parasitic bacteria C. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria D. Nitrifying bacteria E. Purple sulfur bacteria

D. The conversion of nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-) is performed by nitrifying bacteria

Algae-like (photosynthetic) protist with 2 flagella (1 posterior + 1 transverse resting in encircling mid groove perpendicular to posterior flagellum). Some are *bioluminescent*, others produce *nerve toxin* that concentrate in filter-feeding shellfish--cause illness when consumed. Responsible for algal bloom known as *red tide*--high [algae] can lead to toxin buildup, depletion of dissolved O2, etc.

Dinoflagellates

What is the successional order of taxa? What are genera referred to that share related features?

Domain, Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus (genera), Species; family

Which of the following groups of organisms lacks motility? A. Cellular slime molds B. Ciliates C. Dinoflagellates D. Euglenoids E. Apicomplexans

E. Apicomplexans have no means of motility. They are parasites that are transferred among hosts by the activities of the hosts.

Angiosperms differ from all other plants because A. they produce a pollen tube B. they produce wind-dispersed pollen C. the sporophyte generation is dominant D. they use animals to disperse their seeds E. they produce fruits

E. Only angiosperms produce fruits, which originate from ovarian tissue. Characteristics given in all the other answers are shared with many gymnosperms and some other phyla.

Roundworms have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. a pseudocoelom B. bilateral symmetry C. a mesoderm germ layer D. an ectoderm germ layer E. a notochord

E. Only members of the phylum Chordata have notochords. Roundworms are in the phylum Nematoda.

Autotrophic bacteria that use H2S as their source of electrons to manufacture organic compounds A. Saprobic bacteria B. Parasitic bacteria C. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria D. Nitrifying bacteria E. Purple sulfur bacteria

E. Photosynthetic, purple sulfur bacteria split H2S to obtain electrons and H+ for noncyclic photophosphorylation. When H2S is split, sulfur (S) is produced. This is analogous to splitting of H2O during photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants, which produces O2 as an endproduct.

Animal Phyla: sea stars, urchin, sand dollars; coelomate deuterostomes; complete digestive tract; adults have radial symmetry but are bilateral when young; some features are bilateral (ancestors believed to be bilat)

Echinodermata

Algae-like (photosynthetic) protist with 1-3 flagella at apical (leading) end, thin protein strips called *pellicles* wrapping over cell membranes (instead of cellulose cell wall), heterotrophic in absence of light, some have *eyespot* that permits *phototaxis* (move in response to light)

Euglenoids

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic: chromosomes consist of long, linear DNA w/histones, enclosed within nucleus; specialized organelles to isolate metabolic activities; 9+2 microtubule array of flagella and cilia Prokaryotic: single circular chromosome, no histones (except archaea, which have histones); may contain *plasmids*; no nucleus; no organelles, flagella consist of chains of protein flagellin, instead of 9+2 microtubules *note: flagella use proton motive force (electrical gradient, NOT ATP) to spin and give locomotion in bacteria

Which plant division is described? Include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts (herbaceous plants). Club and spike produce clusters of spore-bearing sporangia in cone-like structures called *strobili* spike=resurrection plant (recovers from dead-like appearance after watered)

Lycophyta (second plant div)

Animal Phyla: most have shells, coelomate bodies, complete digestive tract, usually open circ system w/internal cavity (hemocoel), exoskeleton=CaCO3 Class Gastropoda=snails and slugs, largest class, char'd by single shell Class Cephalopoda=octopus (aka highly developed NS w/complex brain, no shell), squids (small internal shells) Class Bivalvia: bivalves (2 part shells) ie. clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

Mollusca

Animal phyla: i.e. roundworms, pseudocoelomate w/complete digestive tract, free-living soil dwellers help decompose/recycle nutrients (causes trichinosis in human when ingested via half cooked meat)

Nematoda

Animal Phyla: sponges, feed by filtering water through sponge wall of flagellated cells (choanocytes). Water exits through osculum opening. Choanocytes pass food to amoebocytes (digesting, distribute nutrients), sponge wall contains spicules (skeletal needles made from CaCO3 or SiO2). Sessile (fixed). Used in development and research of abx

Porifera (parazoa)

Animal Phyla: multicellular w/specialized organs enclosed in pseudocoelom, complete digestive tract, filter-feeder

Rotifera

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Protostomes i.e. molluscs, annelids -8-cell stage (cleavage)=spiral, determinate -coelom formation=solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom at side of archenteron -fate of blastopore-->mouth Deuterostomes i.e. echinoderm, chordates -8-cell stage=radial, indeterminate -coelom formation=outpouching in archenteron wall, folds of archenteron form coelom -blastopore-->ANUS *archenteron=primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in developing blastula, develops into digestive tract and opening is either mouth or anus

Which plant division is described? Life cycle similar for lycophyta. Three groups: ferns (produce cluster of sporangia called *sori* that develop on undersurface of fern fronds), horsetails (extinct woody trees, hollow ribbed stems joined at *nodes*, strobili bear spores (meiosis), green (photosynthetic) and rough texture (silica)), and whisk ferns (branching stems w/o roots, leaves reduced to small appendages/absent=secondary loss (lost as diverged from ancestors))

Pterophyta

Algae-like protist, *red algae* (red accessory pigments *phycobilins*), multicellular and gametes DON'T have flagella

Rhodophyta

amoebocyte

mobile cell in body of invertebrates i.e. echinoderms, molluscs, sponges. They move by pseudopodia (temporary protusion of cytoplasm-actin of an amoeba, serving for locomotion or engulfment of food)

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called...

systematics (evolutionary relationships=phylogeny)

Organisms are classified into categories called...and are given a two part name consisting of...

taxa...a genus (closely related animal) name and a species name. i.e. domesticated dog is in the genus Canis and the name Canis familiaris, while wolf is Canis lupis