Ch. 9 Study Outline

_______ joints are triaxial joints that permit rotation as well as other movements.

Ball-&-socket

_______ joints (ellipsoid joints) are biaxial joints w/ an oval articular face that nestles w/in a depression in the opposing articular surface.

Condylar

Cartilages

Cushion the joint

_______ & ________ occur when we move a structure inferiorly & superiorly.

Depression & elevation

Plantar flexion

Extension at ankle (pointing toes)-- the opposite movement, extends the ankle joint & elevates the heel, as when you stand on tiptoe.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)-- is flexion at the ankle joint & elevation of the sole, as when you dig in your heel.

Supination

Forearm in anatomical position-- the opposing movement in which the palm is facing anteriorly.

The hip is a _____ joint & the knee is a ______ joint.

ball-&-socket hinge

The shoulder is a _________ joint, & the elbow is a _______ joint.

ball-&-socket hinge

joints that are freely movable

diarthroses / synovial joints

A ________ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position.

dislocation (also called a luxation)

The ankle undergoes flexion extension, also known as...

dorsiflexion & plantar flexion.

It is a hinge diarthroses whose capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments.

elbow joint

The ______ joint permits only flexion-extension.

elbow joint

Angular Movement

examples include-- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction.

Synovial joints may have a variety of accessory structures, including...

fat pads of cartilage / fat, ligaments, tendons, & bursae.

Important terms that describe angular movement are...

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction.

In _______ joints 2 opposing surfaces slide past 1 another.

gliding

The ______ joint is a ball-&-socket diarthroses formed by the union of the acetabulum w/ the head of the femur.

hip

The joint permits flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, circumduction, & rotation; it is stabilized by numerous ligaments.

hip joint

Both arthritis & rheumatism become ______ common w/ age.

increasingly

Growth & maintenance of the skeletal system is supported by the ______ system.

integumentary

The bodies form symphyseal joints that are separated & cushioned by...

intervertebral discs

_____ contain an outer anulus fibrosus & an inner nucleus pulposus.

intervertebral discs

Movements of the foot include...

inversion & eversion.

Meniscus

is a pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones w/in a synovial joint.

Flexion

is movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones.

The ______ joint is a hinge joint made up of 3 articulations: 2 formed between the femur & tibia & 1 between the patella & femur.

knee

The joint that permits flexion-extension & limited rotation, & it has various supporting ligaments.

knee joint

Sprain

ligaments with torn collagen fibers

Strength & stability are sacrificed in favor of mobility in _____ joints.

shoulder / glenohumeral

The _______ joint is formed by the glenoid cavity & the head of the humerus.

shoulder / glenohumeral

______ joint is a ball-&-socket diarthroses w/ various stabilizing ligaments.

shoulder / glenohumeral

This articulation permits the greatest range of motion of the humerus.

shoulder joint / glenohumeral joint

Anatomical & functional properties of synovial joints enable...

various skeletal movements.

Articulations

(joints) exist wherever 2 bones interconnect.

Joints

- A joint cannot be both mobile and strong - the greater the mobility, the weaker the joint - Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections

Subluxation

- A partial dislocation - is less severe than dislocation

Extension

- Angular motion - Anterior-posterior plane occurs in the same plane as the flexion, but increases the angle between articulating bones.

Adduction

- Angular motion - Frontal plane - moves toward longitudinal axis

Hyperextension

- Angular motion - extension past anatomical position - Angular Movement

Abduction

- Angular motion - frontal plane - Moves away from longitudinal axis

Dislocation (luxation)

- Articulating surfaces-- forced out of position - Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule

Tendons

- Attach to -- muscles around joint - Help support joint

Circumduction

- Circular motion without rotation (your hand moves in a circle, but your arm does not rotate) - is a special type of angular movement

Rotation

- Direction of rotation from anatomical position limb rotation may be described by reference to the longitudinal axis of body / trunk - rotation of the head may involve Left or right rotation - Medial rotation (inward rotation) Rotates-- towards axis - Lateral rotation (outward rotation) Rotates --- away from axis

Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion:

- Monaxial (1 axis) - Biaxial (2 axes) - Triaxial (3 axes) - nonaxial-- are joints that permit gliding that allow only small amounts of movement. - multiaxial-- sliding may occur in any direction.

Protraction

- Moves anteriorly-- is moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane. - in the horizontal plane (pushing forward)

Retraction

- Opposite of protraction - Moving anteriorly (pulling back)

Condylar Joints (also called Ellipsoid Joint)

- Oval articular face within a depression in the opposing surface - motion of 2 planes (biaxial)

Ball-and-socket Joints

- Round articular face in a depression (triaxial) - the round head of 1 bone rests w/in a cup-shaped depression in another. all combinations of angular & rotational movements, including circumduction, can be performed at ball-&-socket joints.

Gliding Movement (Linear movement)

- Two surfaces slide past each other - Between carpal or tarsal bones, & between the claivcles & the sternum.

Abduction & Adduction

- abduction & adduction always refers to movements of the appendicular skeleton, not to those of the axial skeleton. - TRICK-- When someone is ABDUCTED, they are taken away, just as ABDUCTION takes the limb away from the body. During ADDUCTION, the limb is ADDED to the body.

Fat Pads

- are localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. - Superficial to the joint capsulery - Protect -- articular cartilages

Saddle Joints (also called Sellaris Joints)

- fit together like a rider in a saddle - each articular face is concave along 1 axis & convex along the other. - Two concave, straddled (biaxial)

Gliding Joints (also called Plane Joints)

- flattened / slightly curved faces - Limited motion (nonaxial)

Bursae

- small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. - Singular, bursa, a pouch contain pockets of synovial fluid - Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

intrinsic ligaments

/ capsular ligaments, are localized thickenings of the joint capsule.

Three Types of Dynamic Motion:

1. Linear movement (gliding) 2. Angular movement 3. Rotation

3 primary functions of synovial fluid:

1. lubrication- the articular cartilage acts like sponges w/ synovial fluid. 2. nutrient distribution- the synovial fluid in a joint must circulate continuously to provide nutrients & a wastes disposal route for the chondrocytes of the articular cartilages. 3. shock absorption- synovial fluid cushions joints that are subjected to compression form shocks.

Hinge Joints

Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)-- like the opening & closing of a door.

______ encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints.

Arthritis

______ joints permit limited movement, generally in a single plane.

Gliding

______ joints are monaxial joints that permit only angular movement in 1 plane.

Hinge

_______ & _______ are structural components of intervertebral articulations.

Intervertebral discs & ligaments

______ flexion occurs when the vertebral column bends to one side.

Lateral

Depression

Moves in inferior direction (down)

______ is the thumb movement that enables us to grasp objects.

Opposition

______ joints are monaxial joints that permit only rotation.

Pivot

______ involves moving something anteriorly; retraction involves moving it posteriorly.

Protraction

______ is the opposite of opposition.

Reposition

______ is a general term for pain & stiffness affecting the skeletal system, the muscular system, or both; several major forms exist.

Rheumatism

Pronation

Rotates forearm, radius over ulna-- turns the wrist & hand from palm facing front to palm facing back.

Pivot Joints

Rotation only (monaxial)

left / right, medial (internal) / lateral (external, /, in bones of the forearm, pronation / supination.

Rotational Movements

______ joints are biaxial joints w/ articular faces that are concave on 1 axis & convex on the other.

Saddle

- Also called the glenohumeral joint - Is the least stable - Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments - Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

Shoulder Joint

Ligaments

Support & strengthen joints

______ fluid resembles interstitial fluid, but contains a high concentration of proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane.

Synovial

Opposition

Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)-- is movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm / the pads of other fingers.

Eversion

Twists-- sole of foot laterally-- opposite of inversion.

Inversion

Twists-- sole of foot medially-- is a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole upward, elevating the medial edge of the sole.

_______ end plates cover the superior & inferior surfaces of the disc. Several ligaments stabilize the vertebral column.

Vertebral

The bony surfaces at diarthroses are enclosed w/in...

a joint capsule, also called an articular capsule, that is lined by synovial membrane.

slightly movable joints are

amphiarthroses joints

extrinsic ligaments

are seperated from the joint capsule.

W/ advancing age, ______ & other degenerative changes impair joint mobility.

arthritis

The bony surfaces w/in a synovial joint are covered by...

articular cartilages, & lubricated by synovial fluid.

joints are classified structurally (bfcs)

as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, / synovial.

Lateral flexion

bends vertebral column from side to side

Joints are called monaxial, biaxial, / triaxial...

depending on the planes of movements they allow.

The possible types of articular movements are...

linear movement (gliding), angular movement, & rotation.

Accessory synovial structures include...

menisci / articular discs; fat pads; accessory ligaments; tendons; & bursae.

Elevation

moves in superior direction (up)

The skeletal system also interacts w/ the ______, _______, _______, ________, _______, & ________ systems.

muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, & endocrine

Problems w/ joint function are relatively common, especially in _____ individuals.

older

Reposition

opposite of opposition-- is the movement that returns the thumb & fingers from opposition.

Joints are categorized according to their...

range of motion / anatomical organization.

The _______ system supports & stores energy & minerals for other body systems.

skeletal

accessory ligament

support, strengthen, & reinforce synovial joints.

The 3 major types of synarthroses are...

suture (skull bones bound together by dense connective tissue), a gomphosis (teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments), a synostosis (2 bones completely fused).

Immovable joints are

synarthroses joints

The 2 major types of amphiarthroses are...

syndesmosis (bones connected by a ligament) & a symphysis (bones separated by fibrocartilage).

What joints are freely movable articulations containing synovial fluid?

synovial joints

Extension & Flexion

these terms are usually applied to the movements of the long bones of the limbs, but they are also used to describe movements of the axial skeleton.